Mutanen Igbo a Jamaica
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
---|---|
Jamaika |
Mutanen Igbo a Jamaica 'yan Turai sun yi fataucin su a tsibirin tsakanin ƙarni na 18 zuwa 19 a matsayin ma'aikata a gonaki. Mutanen Igbo sun kasance babban ɓangare na yawan mutanen Afirka da suka bautar da su a Jamaica. Jamaica ta karbi mafi yawan bayi daga yankin biafra fiye da ko'ina a cikin diaspora a lokacin cinikin bayi. Wasu ƙididdigar sun ba da cikakken bayani game da yawan bayi na mutanen Igbo a gonaki daban-daban a ko'ina cikin tsibirin a kwanakin daban-daban cikin karni na 18. Kasancewarsu ta kasance babban bangare wajen samar da al'adun Jamaica, tasirin al'adun Igbo ya kasance a cikin harshe, rawa, kiɗa, al'adun gargajiya, abinci, addini da halaye. Jamaica ana kiran Igbo da Eboe ko Ibo. Akwai adadi mai yawa na kalmomin aro na Harshen Igbo a cikin Jamaican Patois. Mutanen Igbo galibi sun zauna a yankin arewa maso yammacin tsibirin.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An samo asali ne daga abin da aka fi sani da Bight of Biafra a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, an yi safarar 'yan kabilar Igbo da yawa zuwa Jamaica sakamakon cinikin bayi na Transatlantic, tun daga shekara ta 1750. Tashoshin ruwa na farko da aka kwaso mafi yawan wadannan bayin Allah daga Bonny da Calabar, garuruwa biyu masu tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Jiragen bayin da suka taho daga Bristol da Liverpool sun yi safarar mutane bayi zuwa yankunan da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka ciki har da Jamaica. Mafi yawan al’ummar Igbo da ke bautar sun isa a makare, a tsakanin shekarar 1790 zuwa 1807, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka kafa dokar hana cinikin bayi a daular Birtaniya. An baje kabilar Ibo akan gonaki a yankin arewa maso yammacin tsibirin, musamman yankunan da ke kusa da Montego Bay da St. Ann's Bay, [5] saboda haka tasirinsu ya ta'allaka a wurin. Yankin ya kuma yi tashe-tashen hankula da dama da ake dangantawa da ‘yan kabilar Ibo. Maigidan bawan Matthew Lewis ya shafe lokaci a Jamaica tsakanin 1815 zuwa 1817 kuma yayi nazarin yadda ake bautar da mutane da ya yi iƙirarin mallakar mallakar kabilanci kuma ya lura, alal misali, cewa a wani lokaci lokacin da ya “ gangara zuwa gidajen negro-gida don jin labarin. daukacin kungiyar Eboes sun shigar da kara a kan daya daga cikin masu rike da littafi”. [6]
Olaudah Equiano, wani fitaccen memba na kungiyar nan na kawar da fataucin bayi, dan kabilar Ibo ne haifaffen Afrika a da. A daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Amurka a matsayin mutum mai 'yanci, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin mujallarsa ta 1789, Dokta Charles Irving ya dauki Equiano hayar mutane don ya dauki bayi don shirinsa na Mosquito Shore na 1776 a Jamaica, wanda Equiano ya dauki hayar Igbo bayi, wanda ya zama bayi. mai suna "'yan kasara". Equiano ya kasance da amfani musamman ga Irving don sanin yaren Igbo, yana amfani da Equiano a matsayin kayan aiki don kiyaye zaman lafiya a tsakanin Igbo da yake bauta a Jamaica.[1]
An san Ibo da ake bautar da su, a lokuta da yawa, da yin turjiya maimakon tawaye da kiyaye "ka'idojin shuka da ba a rubuta ba" wanda aka tilasta masu shuka su bi su. Al'adun Igbo sun yi tasiri ga ruhin Jamaica tare da gabatar da sihirin mutanen Obeah ; Masu shukar sun rubuta asusun bautar "Eboe" da ake "yi wa juna biyayya". [6] Duk da haka, akwai wasu ra'ayoyin cewa kalmar "Obeah" ita ma 'yan Akan bayi ne suka yi amfani da su, kafin 'yan kabilar Igbo su isa Jamaica. Sauran tasirin al'adun Igbo sun haɗa da bukukuwan Jonkonnu, kalmomin Igbo irin su "unu", "una", salon magana, da karin magana a Jamaican patois . A cikin waƙar Maroon akwai waƙoƙin da aka samo daga wasu ƙabilun Afirka na musamman, daga cikin waɗannan akwai waƙoƙin da ake kira "Ibo" waɗanda ke da salo na musamman. Da kyar aka ce 'yan kabilar Igbo Maroon ne.
An san ’yan kabilar Ibo da ake bautar da su da kashe-kashen jama’a, ba wai don tawaye kawai ba, amma da imanin ruhinsu zai koma kasarsu ta uwa. [2] A cikin fitowar mujallar Massachusetts a shekara ta 1791, an buga wata waƙa ta nuna adawa da bautar da ake kira Monimba, wadda ta nuna wata almara mai ciki bayin Ibo wadda ta kashe kanta a kan wani jirgin ruwa bayi da ke zuwa Jamaica. Wakar dai ta kasance misali ne na ra’ayin ‘yan kabilar Ibo da ake bautar da su a Amurka. Har ila yau, bautar Ibo an bambanta su a zahiri ta hanyar yawan launin fata na "rawaya" wanda ya haifar da maganganun "jajayen eboe" da aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta mutane masu launin fata da kuma siffar Afirka. [14] Masu bautar bayi sun hada da matan Igbo bayi da Coromantee ( Akan ) maza domin su mallake na karshen saboda akidar cewa an daure matan Ibo zuwa wurin haihuwar ’ya’yansu na fari.
Archibald Monteith, wanda sunan haihuwarsa Aniaso, wani dan kabilar Ibo ne da aka kai shi bauta zuwa kasar Jamaica bayan wani dan kasuwar bayi dan Afirka ya yaudare shi. Anaeso ya rubuta wata jarida game da rayuwarsa, tun daga lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da shi daga yankin Igbo zuwa lokacin da ya zama Kirista. Igboland
Bayan kawar da bauta a Jamaica a cikin 1830s, 'yan kabilar Igbo su ma sun isa tsibirin a matsayin bayin da suka shiga tsakanin shekarun 1840 zuwa 1864 tare da yawancin mutanen Kongo da "Nago" ( Yoruba ). Tun daga karni na 19 yawancin jama'ar Jamaican Afirka sun shiga cikin jama'ar Jamaica.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Tawaye da tada kayar baya na bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yan kabilar Igbo da aka bautar da su, tare da "Angola" da "Congo" sun kasance suna tserewa, suna 'yantar da kansu daga bauta. A cikin tallace-tallacen gudun hijira da aka gudanar a gidajen aikin Jamaica a 1803 daga cikin 1046 na Afirka da aka rubuta, 284 an kwatanta su da "Eboes da Mocoes", 185 "Congoes", 259 "Angolas", 101 "Mandingoes", 70 Coromantees, 60 "Chamba" na Saliyo. Leone, 57 "Nagoes da Pawpaws" da 30 "watsewa". 187 an lissafta su a matsayin "ba a tantance su ba" kuma 488 sun kasance "Ba'amurke negroes da mulattoes".
Wasu fitattun tawaye na bayi da suka shafi Igbo sun haɗa da:
- Makircin Igbo na 1815 a Saint Elizabeth Parish na Jamaica, wanda ya shafi al'ummar Igbo da aka bautar da su kusan 250, da aka bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin tada kayar baya da ta haifar da yanayi na kawar da shi . Wasiƙar da Gwamnan Manchester Parish ya rubuta zuwa Bathurst a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1816, [3] ya nakalto shugabannin tawaye a kan shari'a suna cewa "yana da dukan Eboes a hannunsa', ma'ana ya ɓoye cewa duk Negroes daga Kasar ta kasance karkashinsa. [4] Makircin ya ci tura kuma an kashe mutane da dama da aka yi bauta.
- Makircin tawayen Black River na 1816, ya kasance bisa ga Lewis (1834: 227-28), wanda kawai mutanen asalin "Eboe". An gano wannan mãkirci a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1816, ta wani marubuci kuma mai shuka shuki mai suna Matthew Gregory "Monk" Lewis. Lewis ya rubuta abin da Hayward (1985) ya kira proto- Calypso waƙar juyin juya hali, wanda ƙungiyar 'yan bautar Igbo suka rera, wanda "Sarkin Eboes" ke jagoranta. Sun rera:
Oh ni Aboki mai kyau, Mista Wilberforce, ya ba mu 'yanci!
</br> Allah Madaukakin Sarki na gode! Allah Madaukakin Sarki na gode!
</br> Allah Madaukakin Sarki ka sa mu ’yanta!
</br> Buckra a kasar nan ba sa mu 'yantar da mu:
</br> Menene Negro don yin? Menene Negro don yin?
</br> Ɗauki ƙarfi da ƙarfi! Ɗauki ƙarfi da ƙarfi!
- "Mr. Wilberforce" yana magana ne akan William Wilberforce dan siyasar Birtaniya wanda ya kasance jagoran yunkurin kawar da cinikin bayi. "Buckra" kalma ce da 'yan kabilar Ibo da Efik da suke bauta a Jamaica suka bullo da su don nufin masu mallakar bayi da masu kula da farar fata .
Al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga cikin abubuwan al'adun Igbo a Jamaica akwai Eboe, ko gangunan Ibo da suka shahara a duk faɗin kiɗan Jamaica. An kuma rinjayi abinci, misali kalmar Igbo “mba” ma’ana “tushen yam” an yi amfani da ita wajen kwatanta wani nau’in doya a Jamaica mai suna “himba”. 'Yan kabilar Igbo da Akan da suka zama bayi sun shafi al'adun sha a tsakanin Bakaken fata a Jamaica, inda suke amfani da barasa a cikin al'ada da kuma shaye-shaye. A kasar Igbo da kuma gabar tekun Zinariya, ana amfani da giyar dabino a wadannan lokutan kuma dole ne a maye gurbinsu da rum a Jamaica saboda rashin ruwan dabino. Jonkonnu, fareti da ake gudanarwa a yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Indiya, an danganta shi da Njoku Ji "yam-spirit cult", Okonko da Ekpe na Igbo. Masallatai da yawa na Kalabari da Igbo suna da kamanni irin na masallatan Jonkonnu.
Harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin ɗabi'a da motsin zuciyar Jama'ar su kansu suna da faɗin asalin Afirka, maimakon takamaiman asalin Igbo. Wasu misalan su ne ayyukan da ba na baki ba kamar su “ tsotsi-hakora ” da aka fi sani da Ibo da “ima osu” ko “imu oso” da “yankan ido” da aka fi sani da “iro anya” da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na ido. ƙungiyoyi.
Akwai 'yan kalmomin Igbo a cikin Patois na Jamaica da suka haifar lokacin da aka hana mutanen da ake bautar da su magana da nasu harsuna. Har yanzu waɗannan kalmomin Igbo suna nan a harshen Jamaica, waɗanda suka haɗa da kalmomi kamar "unu" ma'ana "kai (jam'i)", [14] "di" ma'anar "zama (a cikin jihar)", wanda ya zama "de", da "Okwuru". ""Okra" kayan lambu. [32]
Wasu kalmomin asalin Igbo sune
- "akara", daga " àkàrà", nau'in abinci, kalmar aro daga Yarbanci
- "attoo", daga " átú" ma'ana " sandar tauna".
Magana kamar, ta hanyar Gullah "babban ido" daga Igbo "anya ukwu" ma'ana "mai zari";
- "breechee" daga " mbùríchì", wani mai martaba Nri-Igbo ;
- "de", daga " dì" [tare da adverbial] "shine" (zama) ;
- " obah " daga " obiạ" ma'ana "likita""sufi";
- " okra " daga " okwurụ", kayan lambu; [32] [5]
- "poto-poto" daga "poto-opoto",
- " mkpọtọ-mkpọtọ" ma'ana "laka" ko "laka", kuma daga Akan; [32]
- "Ibo", "Eboe", daga " Ị̀gbò",
- "se", daga " sĩ", "quote following", kuma daga Akan " se" da turanci " say" ;
- "soso", daga soso "kawai"; [32] "
- unu" ko "una" daga " únù" ma'ana "ku (jam'i)"
Karin Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]“Ilu” a harshen Igbo na nufin karin magana, wani bangare na harshe mai matukar muhimmanci ga Igbo. Karin maganar Igbo sun tsallaka tekun Atlantika tare da dimbin al’ummar Igbo da aka bautar da su. Karin magana da yawa na Igbo da aka fassara sun wanzu a Jamaica a yau saboda kakannin Ibo. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa da:
- Igbo : "Wanda zai hadiye tsaban udala sai ya duba girman duburarsa"
- Jamaican : "Dole ne saniya ta san 'ow 'im gindin zama kafin in haɗiye abbe [Twi' dabino '] iri"; "Dole ne Jonkro ya san me zan yi kafin in hadiye iri."
- Igbo : "Ina masu shayarwa da za su girma idan tsohuwar ayaba ta mutu?"
- Jamaican "Lokacin da plantain ya mutu, yana harbi [yana fitar da sabbin masu shayarwa]."
- Igbo : "Mutumin da ya yi wa wani matsala shi ma yana yi wa kansa."
- Jamaican : "Lokacin da kuka tona rami / rami daya, tona biyu."
- Igbo : "Kuda wanda ba shi da mai ba shi shawara ya bi gawar cikin kasa."
- Jamaican : "ƙuda mai zaki ya bi akwatin gawa ya shiga rami"; "Jakin da ba shi da aiki yana biye da karan-karko [Katin mai yankan rake] tafi fam [dabba]"; "Jaki mara aiki yana biye da abin banza (gashin abinci) har sai an je fam [sharar gida]."
- Igbo : "Baccin da ya kai wata rana kasuwa ya zama mutuwa."
- Jamaican : "Take barci alamar mutuwa [Barci yana kwatanta mutuwa]."
Addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]" Obeah " tana nufin ayyukan ruhaniya na jama'a waɗanda aka samo su daga tushen Afirka ta Yamma. Cibiyar WEB Du Bois Database ta goyi bayan an bibiyi oah zuwa ga " dibia" ko " obia" ma'ana "likita" [6] al'adun kabilar Igbo. Kwararru a cikin "Obia" (wanda kuma aka rubuta Obea ) an san su da "Dibia" (likita, mai hankali) suna yin irin wannan kamar yadda maza da mata na Caribbean, kamar tsinkaya nan gaba da kuma masana'antu masu kyan gani. [49] A cikin tatsuniyar Jamaica, "River Mumma", mai jinya, yana da alaƙa da "Oya" na Yarbawa da "Uhamiri/Idemili" na Igbo .
Daga cikin akidar Igbo a Jamaica akwai ra'ayin 'yan Afirka na iya komawa gida Afirka. Akwai rahotanni daga Turawa da suka ziyarci kasar Jamaica kuma suka zauna a kasar cewa, 'yan kabilar Igbo sun yi imanin cewa za su koma kasarsu bayan sun mutu. [53]
Sanannen Jama'ar kabilar Igbo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Archibald Monteith, wanda a da ake bautar da shi ana kiransa "Aniaso," ma'ana "Ruhun duniya ya hana" ko "Abin da ruhun duniya ya hana" an haife shi ne a yankin Igbo, kuma aka yi fataucinsa zuwa Jamaica. Daga baya ya zayyana tarihin rayuwar da mawallafa daban-daban suka rubuta. Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wasu abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a ƙasar Ibo, da sace-sacen da ya yi, da tafiyarsa zuwa Indiya ta Yamma, da kuma rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe, a lokacin bauta da kuma bayan an yi masa juyin mulki.
- Daya daga cikin kakannin Malcolm Gladwell na Turawa ya haifi yaro daga wata baiwar ‘yar kabilar Igbo, wanda ya fara ne daga dangin Ford na biyu a bangaren mahaifiyar Gladwell. [6]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Jamaican asalin Afirka
- Redbone (kabila)
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littafi Mai Tsarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Pages with reference errors
- Pages with empty citations
- All articles with dead external links
- Articles with dead external links from January 2020
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
- Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba