Sare gandun daji a tsakiyar amurka

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Sare gandun daji a tsakiyar amurka
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Gandun daji

Kasashen Amurka ta tsakkiya sun fuskanci zagayowar sare gandun daji da sare dazuzzuka tun bayan faduwar wayewar Maya, da abubuwa da yawa suka rinjayi kamar karuwar yawan jama'a, noma, rarraba narcotic da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga shekarar 2001 zuwa 2010, 5,376 square kilometres (2,076 sq mi) an yi asarar gandun daji a yankin.[1] A cikin shekarata 2010 Belize tana da kashi 63% na ragowar gandun daji, Costa Rica 46%, Panama 45%, Honduras 41%, Guatemala 37%, Nicaragua 29%, El Salvador 21%. [1] Yawancin hasarar ta faru ne a cikin gandun dajin, mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 12,201 . An saita asarar ciyayi ta wani yanki ta hanyar ƙari a cikin gandun daji na coniferous tare da 4,730 km2, da 2,054 km2 . [1] Mangroves da hamada sun ba da gudummawar kashi 1 cikin ɗari kawai ga asarar ciyayi na gandun daji. [1] Mafi yawan sare itatuwan dazuzzukan ya kasance ne a tsaunin Caribbean na Nicaragua tare da raguwar dazuzzukan da ya kai murabba'in kilomita 8,574 a tsakanin shekarar 2001 zuwa shekarata 2010. Mafi mahimmancin sake girma na 3,050 kilomita 2 na gandun daji an gansu a cikin ciyayi na katako na Honduras. [1]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sake sare dazuka a Amurka ta tsakiya na daya daga cikin matsalolin muhalli da ke da nasaba da matsugunan kan iyakokin noma da manoma masu neman filaye da masu sana'ar noma suka yi, wadanda suka taimaka wajen mayar da gandun daji zuwa kiwo, da Kuma karin fadada amfanin gona kamar kofi, ayaba, saren daji. ayyuka, kiwo da itacen mai da sauran ayyukan raya birane.[2] Yankin tsakiyar Amurka ya sami mafi girman adadin sare dazuzzuka a duniya tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. [2] Abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" shi ne babban dalilin sare dazuzzuka a yankin, tare da ƙarin mazauna da suka mayar da hankali kan share filayen don kiwon shanu da kuma harkokin kasuwanci.[2] Bugu da ƙari, ƙididdiga daban-daban na bincike sun ba da cewa kimanin eka 949,150 na gandun daji, wanda ya kai hekta 384,107.377 na gandun daji, an yi hasarar kowace shekara tsakanin shekarun 1990 da 2010 a Amurka.[3] A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO), Amurka ta tsakiya ta yi hasarar matsakaicin hekta 285,000 na gandun daji a duk shekara tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2005. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tayar da hankali da kungiyar masu bincike ta yi a cikin rahoton ita ce, a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, an rage girman gandun daji uku mafi girma a Amurka ta tsakiya da fiye da kashi 23 cikin dari.[4]

Karni na sha biyar

A karni na sha biyar, aikin noma na Mayan ya rage dazuzzuka sosai, amma bai lalata su gaba daya ba. Kafin zuwan Turawa, gandun daji sun mamaye murabba'in kilomita 500,000 - kusan kashi 90% na yankin. [5] Zuwan mutanen Sipaniya ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a sakamakon kamuwa da cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa da 'yan ci suka kawo. [5] Wannan raguwar matsin lamba na ɗan adam ya ba da yawancin ƙasar da aka share don lokacin noma don farfadowa. [5] Daga karshe, tilastawa "tattalin arzikin kudin Turai a Latin Amurka" ya haifar da bukatar fitar da kayayyakin farko, wanda ya gabatar da bukatar samar da filayen noma mai yawa don samar da wadannan kayayyakin. [5] Yayin da noman wasu kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje kamar indigo da rini na cochineal sun yi aiki cikin jituwa tare da ciyayi da ke kewaye da su, da Dai sauran amfanin gona irin su sukari na bukatar yanke filaye da yawan itacen wuta don kara kuzarin aikin tacewa, wanda ya haifar da saren gandun daji cikin gaggawa. [5]

Karni na sha takwas zuwa karni na ashirin Daga karni na goma sha takwas zuwa karni na ashirin, mahogany da ake fitarwa zuwa kayan daki ya zama babban dalilin gajiyar dazuzzuka. Kuma Yankin ya sami canjin tattalin arziki a karni na sha tara ta hanyar "cikakkiyar haɗin kai a tsarin jari hujja na duniya". [5] Wannan, haɗe da rikici tare da Spain, ya ba da fifiko mafi girma ga noman shuka. [5] A cikin karni na goma sha tara da ashirin, sannan Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun zama manyan masu shigo da noman kofi da ayaba a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa ake samun karuwar bukatu a kasar don samar da adadi mai yawa na wadannan amfanin gona da kuma cigaba da aikin share dazuka a kokarin da ake yi na samar da dazuzzuka masu yawa. samun filayen noma masu amfani. [5]

Mafi kwanan nan Kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1960, kiwo ya zama dalilin farko na share fage. [5] Dabbobin ciyawa masu ciyayi da Kuma wuraren kiwo na Amurka ta tsakiya ke samarwa (sabanin shanun da ake kiwon hatsi da ake kiwon su a wasu wurare a Amurka) sun dace da gidajen cin abinci na Arewacin ƙasar Amurka kuma wannan kasuwa da alama mara tushe ta haifar da abin da ake kira "haɗin hamburger" ya danganta "salon mabukaci a Arewacin Amurka tare da sare itatuwa a Amurka ta tsakiya". [5] Wannan ya nuna yadda kasashen da suka ci gaba suka yi tasiri a kaikaice a kan yanayi da yanayin kasashe masu tasowa.

A Amurka ta tsakiya, yawan sare dazuzzuka kuma yana barazana ga rayuwar fitattun nau'ikan irin su jaguars, tapirs, da macaws masu ja. Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag Ecology PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University.Peccary mai launin fari, da Kuma wani muhimmin nau'in dutse mai mahimmanci ga dazuzzuka na Amurka ta Tsakiya, yana cikin haɗari sosai wanda zai iya ɓacewa nan ba da jimawa ba a yankin. [6] Farin leɓoɓin peccaries suna ƙaura a cikin manyan garkuna don neman 'ya'yan itace da sauran abinci a cikin manyan gandun daji, Kuma suna aiki duka biyun a matsayin mai nuna lafiyar daji da haɗin kai kuma a matsayin babban nau'in ganima ga jaguar. [6]

Shiga[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yin sare itace wani abu ne da ke ƙara sare itatuwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Sannan Kuma Shiga cikin dazuzzukan da tituna ke kara yawan amfani da albarkatu, kamar saren daji ba bisa ka'ida ba, da farautar naman daji. [6] Ko da yake ka'ida ba ta da illa ga gandun daji, to amma ba a kula da shi ba ya zama ruwan dare a kasashe masu tasowa saboda bukatar katako zuwa gidaje da ake nomawa, da kuma rashin tattalin arziki na masu sana'ar dogaro da kai daga daji da kanta. [6] Bugu da ƙari, kowane nau'i na katako yana buƙatar gina tituna, wanda ke ba da damar shiga cikin sauƙi ga masu neman sabon fili don yin noma. [7] Amfani da itace a matsayin man da ake amfani da shi na farko wajen dafa abinci da dumama yana da nasaba da rashin iya biyan farashin mai a kasashe masu tasowa. Kuma Sakamakon haka, bukatar itacen “daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da su na sare itatuwa”. [7]

A Guatemala, saboda aikin noma da masana'antar katako, kashi 98 cikin ɗari na ainihin gandun daji an lalata su a wannan yanki. [6] Manyan yankunan dazuzzukan, sannan Kuma a cikin mafi yawan yanayi, ana asara ne kawai don lalata wasu bishiyu masu kima. Akwai tasiri na dindindin na tasirin wannan barnar: injuna masu nauyi sun haɗa ƙasa kuma suna sa ta zama mai saurin lalacewa. [6]

Sakamakon matakan sare dazuzzuka saboda dalilai na kiwon shanu a yankin Honduras.

Narco-yanke daji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The pervasion of the illegal drug trade throughout the region decimates forestland and is primarily fueled by demand for narcotics in North America. Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua have suffered from some of the highest rates of deforestation in the world since 2000 and in 2005 these rates of forest loss began to accelerate, coinciding with an influx of drug trafficking activity.[8] Following the election of Felipe Calderón in 2006 and the ignition of the Mexican Drug War, many Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTO) relocated their operations southward enticed by the porous borders, corruption, and weak public institutions characteristic of Guatemala and Honduras. The sparsely populated forested highlands in these countries harbor little state presence and offer perfect refuge for DTO's looking to evade interdiction.[9]

Kasuwancin avocado a Mexico

Masana'antar avocado na biliyoyin daloli na Mexico sun zama babbar manufa ga DTOs, waɗanda ke kame gonaki tare da share wuraren da aka ba da kariya don shuka avocado. An san membobin Cartel da fitowa ba tare da an sanar da su ba, dauke da makamai masu sarrafa kansu da sarƙoƙi. Lokacin da mutanen yankin suka yi zanga-zangar cewa an kare yankin daga sare itatuwa, sai kuma a rike su da bindiga tare da ba su umarnin yin shiru. Ba koyaushe ake saran gandun daji ba - masu saran daji suna asirce kawai suna gyara alfarwar dajin, suna dasa itatuwan avocado a cikin wani ɓoye na ƙasa. Wannan al'ada tana ƙara gurɓataccen hayaƙi yayin da gandun daji ke raguwa don samar da ƙarin gonakin gonaki.

Kiwo ba bisa ka'ida ba

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka an ƙaddara shi ne babban kiwo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, yawancinsa yana faruwa ne a cikin wuraren da aka ba da kariya da kuma yankuna na asali. [9] Sau da yawa, wannan aikata laifuka yana da alaƙa da fataucin muggan kwayoyi da safarar kuɗi. Cin hanci da rashawa ya sa matalautan gandun daji ba su da yuwuwar yin aikin kiyayewa, na tilastawa ko na son rai. Sannan duk Wani da aka yi hira da shi ya fayyace ilimin gama gari a tsakanin al'ummomin gandun daji: manyan masu hannu da shuni ne, masu alaka da siyasa, da narko-masu wadatar da muhalli ke aikata laifukan. [9]

Ƙara yawan fataucin hodar iblis ta Guatemala da Honduras yana da alaƙa da hauhawar asarar gandun daji a yankin. A cikin dazuzzukan gabashin Honduras, adadin sabbin sare dazuzzuka da aka gano ya zarce hekta 5.29 yayin da a Peten na Guatemala, yawan asarar gandun daji ya yi daidai da adadin hodar iblis da ba a taɓa gani ba.[10] A cewar Dr. Kendra McSweeney daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, adadin sare itatuwan daji a yankin kusan 20. kilomita 2 a kowace shekara ya haɓaka zuwa 60 km 2 a kowace shekara a ƙarƙashin tasirin narco - adadin sare gandun daji na kusan 10%. [8] A cikin shekarata 2011, Rio Plátano Biosphere Reserve da ke Honduras ya kasance a matsayin "Al'adun Duniya na Haɗari" ta UNESCO saboda babban matakin sare gandun daji a hannun masu safarar muggan kwayoyi.

Hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da narcotics da asarar gandun daji

Hanyoyi guda uku masu alaƙa sun bayyana yanayin asarar gandun daji bayan kafa cibiyar jigilar magunguna. Kuma Na farko shi ne share gandun daji domin gina tituna na sirri da filayen saukar jiragen sama da motocin da ke safarar miyagun kwayoyi da magungunan kashe qwari da takin zamani ke amfani da su. Na biyu, kwararowar makudan kudade da makamai zuwa yankunan da tuni aka gaza gudanar da mulki na kara tsananta matsin da ake fuskanta a dazuzzuka. [8] Shigar da narco-Capital a cikin waɗannan iyakokin yana ƙarfafa masu mallakar filaye da sauran masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a yankin su shiga cikin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda yawanci yakan bar al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar su rasa filayensu da rayuwarsu. [8] A ƙarshe, babban ribar da ake samu ga masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ƙarfafa DTOs don canza gandun daji zuwa aikin noma don lalata waɗannan ribar. [8] "Inganta" ƙasa mai nisa ba wai kawai yana bawa masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi damar canza kadarorin su ba tare da fa'ida ba amma kuma yana halatta kasancewar DTO a yankin. [11] Ko da yake canza filaye a cikin dazuzzukan da ke da kariya da kuma al'ummomin ƴan asalin haramun ne, masu fataucin suna da tasirin siyasa da ya dace don tabbatar da hukunci. [11] Dangane da al’ummomin ’yan asalin da aka ware saboda karuwar safarar muggan kwayoyi, ba su da wani karfi wajen fuskantar tashe- tashen hankula da cin hanci da rashawa; Kuma Ana fuskantar barazana ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a yankin sannan kuma ana baiwa masu gabatar da kara na jihar cin hanci don su rufe ido kan "yankin narko" ba bisa ka'ida ba. [8] A cewar Dr. Kendra McSweeney daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, adadin sare itatuwa a yankin kusan 20. kilomita 2 a kowace shekara ya haɓaka zuwa 60 km2 . [8] McSweeney ya ba da misali da kisa mafi girma a kasar Honduras a duniya, yana mai bayanin cewa masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a suna matukar fargabar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan lamarin, saboda haka za su iya haifar da illa da barazanar rufe su. [8] Kungiyoyin kare muhalli na kasa da kasa sun yi nuni da mutuwar Jairo Mora Sandoval a matsayin misali na irin wannan shiru da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi suka yi wa masu kare muhalli, sannan Kuma lamarin da ke nuni da cewa an ji tasirin muhalli da zamantakewar cinikin muggan kwayoyi a duk fadin Amurka ta tsakiya. [11]

Girman yawan jama'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da kasashen wannan yanki ke ci gaba da bunkasa, yawan jama'a, da kuma cinikayya da kasashen da suka ci gaba, na matsa lamba kan albarkatun kasa ta hanyar samar da da dama daga cikin al'amuran da aka tattauna a baya, kamar dai yadda ya kamata a cire filayen noma da gidaje. [11] Wani bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha a Amurka ta tsakiya ( Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot) a haƙiƙa yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan adadin sare bishiyoyi. [12]

Sauran yankuna a tsakiyar Amurka sun sami karuwar yawan jama'a, kamar Petén, saboda gano mai da kuma hanyar korar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga yakin basasar Guatemala . [6] Yawan karuwar birane da karuwar yawan jama'a ya haifar da karuwar sare itatuwa . Dangane da kididdigar kwanan nan, yawan jama'ar Amurka ta tsakiya ya ninka cikin kewayon shekaru 15, daga 2.1. miliyan har 2000 zuwa 4.2 miliyan a shekarata 2015.

Tasirin duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Biri gizo-gizo na fuskantar barazana saboda ayyukan sare dazuzzuka

Rasa dazuzzukan Amurka ta tsakiya ba kawai barazana ga yankin ba ne; yana da tasiri a duniya. Dazuzzuka suna taimakawa sha da adana carbon dioxide da ke dumama duniya . Amma duk lokacin da aka lalata su, suna ƙara yawan iskar carbon zuwa yanayin don haka dumama duniyar don sha'awar wasu 'yan ƙasa, 'yan kasuwa, da masu fataucin muggan ƙwayoyi . Bayan haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar carbon da ke haifar da tsarin sare dazuzzuka ana ba da rahoton cewa suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da hana yanayi kuma suna iya taka rawa wajen ɗumamar duniya. A cikin abin da, Kuma wannan yana da alaƙa da taka rawa wajen haɓakar iskar carbon a cikin yanayi, adadin da aka ruwaito na 10-20% an ƙididdige shi daga matakan sare dazuzzuka. [13] Haka kuma, masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yankin na kara yawan yin hijira ko kaura ga mazauna yankin a lokacin da suke raya hanyoyin a yankunan. Sannan kuma Wannan yana kara yawan talauci da rashin zaman lafiya a yankin. [10] A daya bangaren kuma, bunkasar wadannan masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a yankin na kara samun da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi a cikin al’umma don haka ka iya lalata matasa, iyalai, da kuma samar da wadata a cikin al’umma. [10] Kawar da wurin zama na nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba kamar jaguar, tapirs, da macaws ja na iya rage yawan masu yawon bude ido, wanda lamari ne na gida da na duniya. [10] Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa ta hanyar sare itatuwan wurare masu zafi kamar na Amurka ta tsakiya, an yi asarar jinsuna 140. [13] Yiwuwar asara ko asarar nau'o'i ko asara, suna ba da gudummawa ga sarkar abinci." [13]

Hakazalika ga gandun daji na Amazonian, dajin ƙasar Amurka ta tsakiya shima "yana kara zafi a cikin gida ta hanyar motsin rai". [14] Ba tare da ƙarin danshi daga haifuwa ba, jimlar ruwan sama yana raguwa sosai. Bugu da ƙari, tare da ƙarancin danshi a cikin iska ya zo da ƙarar daɗaɗɗen wuta. Wadannan gyare-gyare na gida suna da matukar tsanani kuma suna shafar rayuwar al'ummomin da ke kewaye, musamman ma matalauta, kuma mutanen karkara waɗanda suka dogara da ƙasa don rayuwarsu. Bugu da ƙari, da damuwa a kan yanayin gida, lalata dazuzzuka yana da "tasiri mafi girma, yana shafar yanayin duniya da bambancin halittu ". [14]

Bayanan kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da sare bishiyoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Misalin ambaliya da ke faruwa a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam kamar na sare itatuwa.

A wani ɓangare na matakan sare gandun daji na yankin Amurka ta tsakiya, ayyuka masu zuwa suna da alaƙa da fannonin kimiyya. Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, bishiyoyin da ke wurin suna shan carbon dioxide kuma suna taimakawa wajen adana wannan abu daga sararin samaniya. Kuma A cikin wanne da gaske, ke ba da gudummawa don taimakawa wajen samar da yanayi ya zama yanayi mafi koshin lafiya. Duk da haka, a cikin aiwatar da saran gandun daji, ana cire bishiyoyi kuma don haka, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan bishiyoyi da ake da su don cire abu kuma zai iya haifar da haɓakar tasirin greenhouse . [15] Haɓaka tasirin greenhouse shine samfurin yanayi wanda ke ɗumamawa. [15] A wannan yanayin, Kuma zai buɗe tasiri daban-daban kamar haɗawa da ambaliya a wasu yankuna, fari a wasu yankuna kuma gabaɗaya yana nuna nau'ikan abubuwan canjin yanayi . [15] Dumamar yanayi na iya haɗawa da duk waɗannan abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar tarwatsa sararin samaniyar ozone, sannan kuma ya mallaki tasirin da zai iya sanya wasu glaciers da tsarin ƙanƙara su narke sannan su haifar da hawan matakin teku. [15] Ana iya lura da hakan don samar da matsanancin matakan ruwa wanda zai iya yuwuwa ya mamaye filaye kuma ya haifar da ambaliya. [15] Bugu da ƙari, tsarin da ɗumamar yanayi ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, zai iya haifar da Rana ta hanyar karuwa tare da hasken UV mai karfi wanda zai iya shiga cikin yanayi. [15] Sabili da haka, sarrafa don haifar da wuraren da za su bushe kuma su sami dogon lokaci mai tsawo idan aka kwatanta da adadin hasken rana da ake buƙata akai-akai. [15] Bayan haka, tasirin sauyin yanayi kamar samar da yanayin yanayin da ba a saba gani ba yana da alaƙa tare da dumama yanayi. Kuma Wannan zai kasance ta hanyar rugujewar Layer na Ozone a cikin yanayi da kuma samun ƙasa mai saurin kamuwa da ƙarin hasken rana a wuraren da yawanci ba su da isasshen hasken rana da zafi a cikin yanayi na musamman, kuma yana iya yuwuwar samun rani mai tsayi tare da shi, sannan Kuma a cikin wani ɓangare na ƙãra hasken rana da yanayin da ke da ƙarin buɗe ido don hasken rana ya zo. [15]

Misalin zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon ayyuka masu alaƙa da ɗan adam kamar sare dazuzzuka.

Zaizayar kasa

Haka kuma, wani fannin da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin sare dazuzzuka shine zaizayar ƙasa . Kuma A cikin abin da aka lura a matsayin tsari wanda ke faruwa ta dabi'a, duk da haka an lura cewa yana da sauri da kuma samar da shi a cikin adadin da ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ke faruwa lokacin da sarewar daji ya faru. Bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu zuwa suna kasancewa a cikin mahalli don da gaske rage saurin yadda ruwa ke tafiya a cikin muhalli. [16] Tushen bishiyun da ke nan suna nan don tabbatar da cewa ba a ɗauke ƙasa daga ruwan da ke wucewa ba. [16] Bugu da ƙari, rashin bayyanar bishiyoyi / nau'in tsire-tsire na iya yuwuwar yin wasa a cikin ɓangaren saman ƙasa don ya ɓace cikin yanayin da yake da sauri kamar. [16] Zazzage ƙasa na iya samun dalili don hana ƙasa mai kyau ta bunƙasa da tabbatar da jinsuna suna girma yadda ya kamata. [16]

Matakan ruwan karkashin kasa

Ana danganta sare dazuzzuka da abubuwan da suka shafi matakan ruwan karkashin kasa . Bishiyoyi suna taimakawa kuma suna ba da gudummawa wajen samar da abin da ke cikin tururin ruwa a cikin yanayi. [17] Saboda haka, sannan Kuma a cikin aikin sare dazuzzuka, wannan na iya nufin ƙarancin tushen bishiyoyi don ba da gudummawar tururin ruwa zuwa sararin samaniya. [17] A cikin abin da ke haifar da raguwar samar da ruwan sama kuma a kaikaice yana taka rawa wajen haifar da illa na jimlar yawan ruwan karkashin kasa. [17]

Ƙoƙarin mayar da illolin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hoton ya nuna wata kungiya mai fafutukar kare muhalli da ke bunkasa girma bishiyoyi, ta hanyar dasa su a wannan yanki. Wannan bi da bi yana gabatar da, yiwuwar aiwatar da aiki yayin ƙoƙarin yaƙar matakan sare itatuwa.

An samo shi a duk tsawon karatu da bincike cewa yawancin mutane a Amurka ta tsakiya har yanzu suna dogara ne akan itace da gawayi a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko. Don haka, nuna yadda rage ingantaccen ikon magance matsalar sare itatuwa a yankin zai iya haifar da tasiri. Sannan Duk da haka, an ba da shawara daga kungiyoyi kamar Conservation International, Trees for Future and Rainforest Alliance, cewa yankuna na Amurka ta tsakiya ya kamata su inganta sake dasa bishiyoyi a yankin. [18] Wannan na iya zama yuwuwar turawa ta hanyar da ta dace, saboda wannan hanyar zata iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaito da rage fitar da iskar carbon zuwa muhalli. [18] Ya kamata a lura da kuma sani, cewa gwamnati kuma za ta iya daukar wani mataki don ci gaba da gudanar da yakin neman zabe na inganta zaman gida a dasa itatuwa da kuma kiyayewa don rage sare dazuzzuka . [18] Har ila yau, ana ba da shawara mai karfi daga kungiyoyi daban-daban da bangarorin gwamnati, sannan cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta samar da tsare-tsaren da za su kare al'ummar yankin tare da ba su hakkin mallakar filaye don yaki da 'yancinsu da kuma rage fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yankin. Bugu da kari, sauran jam’iyyu da kungiyoyin gwamnati da aka ambata a baya suna bayyana cewa ya kamata gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da na kasa su tsara yadda ake gudanar da aikin sare itatuwa a yankunan domin tabbatar da cewa ana sake dasa itatuwa da kuma kiyaye daidaiton muhalli. [19] Bugu da kari kuma, ana ba da shawarar cewa, ya kuma kamata gwamnati, tare da hadin gwiwar sauran kungiyoyi, su baiwa jama'ar yankin damar kiyaye albarkatun kasa, ta hanyar ilmi, samar da ayyukan yi, da tabbatar da adalci, da dai kuma sauransu. [19] Har ila yau, ana tunatar da yankuna na Amurka ta tsakiya akai-akai kuma ana ba su shawara sosai don inganta tattalin arzikin karkara mai dorewa ta hanyar noman gandun daji tare da noman koko . [19]

Kasashe da dama sun yi shiri na kiyayewa da kuma cike dazuzzukan saboda karuwar sare itatuwa a baya-bayan nan. Shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar, masu kula da filaye na al'umma, da masu kula da wurin shakatawa suna sanya rayuwarsu kowace rana a kan layi don kare gandun daji na Mesoamerica . Har ila yau, al'umma da masu kula da yanki sun haɓaka sanarwar Petén, Kuma wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da matakai na musamman guda biyar don dawo da gandun daji na yankin: 1) tallafi ga gandun daji na gida da al'ummomin asali don samun ikon mallakar ƙasa; 2) inganta tsaro na yankuna masu kariya; 3) ƙarfafa ƙaddamar da laifukan muhalli; 4) mayar da hankali kan haramtattun dabbobi a matsayin babban dalilin sare itatuwa; da kuma kare al’ummar yankin da ke jefa rayuwarsu cikin kasada don kare muhalli. [20]

Alal misali, a Nicaragua, kula da gandun daji ya ƙunshi sauyawa daga katako zuwa girbin da ba na katako ba tare da ɗorewar hanyoyin sare itace. [21] A Costa Rica, hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su da suka taɓa ƙara matsalar sare dazuzzuka ana yin bincike a matsayin hanyoyin da za a iya sake dasa itatuwa. Sannan Kuma Bugu da ƙari kuma, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, an aiwatar da "la'aikan katako mai lalacewa" don hana yawaitar sare itatuwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba . [22] Shawarwari da shawarwarin da za a iya magance batutuwa irin waɗannan, suna nan don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafawa mazauna yankin da kuma sake dawo da ƙimar lalacewa a yankin.

Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • sare itatuwa a Amurka
  • Nau'in da ke cikin haɗari
  • Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona
  • Amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa, da gandun daji
  • Fadada aikin noma
  • Geography na Honduras
  • Geography na Nicaragua
  • Geography na Costa Rica
  • Geography na Panama
  • Geography na Guatemala

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Daniel J. Redo, H. Ricardo Grau, T. Mitchell Aide, and Matthew L. Clark. Asymmetric forest transition driven by the interaction of socioeconomic development and environmental heterogeneity in Central America in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. June 5, 2012; 109(23): 8839–8844.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Utting, Peter (1997), de Groot, Jan P.; Ruben, Ruerd (eds.), "Deforestation in Central America: Historical and Contemporary Dynamics", Sustainable Agriculture in Central America (in Turanci), London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 9–29, doi:10.1057/9780230378087_2, ISBN 978-0-230-37808-7, retrieved April 9, 2021
  3. ↑ Mayaux, Philippe; Pekel, Jean-François; Desclée, Baudouin; Donnay, François; Lupi, Andrea; Achard, Frédéric; Clerici, Marco; Bodart, Catherine; Brink, Andreas; Nasi, Robert; Belward, Alan (September 5, 2013). "State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1625): 20120300. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0300. PMC 3720022. PMID 23878331.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Myers, Norman, and Richard Tucker. "Deforestation in Central America: Spanish Legacy and North American Consumers Archived 2019-08-15 at the Wayback Machine." Environmental Review 11, no. 1 (1987): 55–71.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Conde, D. A. (2008). Road impact on deforestation and jaguar habitat loss in the Mayan Forest. Ecology PhD, Nicholas School of the Environment. Duke University.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Allen, Julia C., and Douglas F. Barnes. "The Causes of Deforestation in Developing Countries." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75, no. 2 (1985): 163–184.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Narco-deforestation
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Empty citation (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Sesnie, Steven E; Tellman, Beth; Wrathall, David; McSweeney, Kendra; Nielsen, Erik; Benessaiah, Karina; Wang, Ophelia; Rey, Luis (May 1, 2017). "A spatio-temporal analysis of forest loss related to cocaine trafficking in Central America". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (5): 054015. Bibcode:2017ERL....12e4015S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa6fff. ISSN 1748-9326.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Rudel, Tom, and Jill Roper. "Regional Patterns and Historical Trends in Tropical Deforestation 1976–1990: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis Archived 2020-07-21 at the Wayback Machine." Ambio 25, no. 3 (1996): 160–166.
  12. ↑ Jha, S., and K.S. Bawa. "Population Growth, Human Development, and Deforestation in Biodiversity Hotspots." Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2006): 906–912
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Butler, Rhett. "Global Consequences of Deforestation in the Tropics." Rainforests. http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0901.htm (accessed March 28, 2010).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :11
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  21. ↑ Salick, Jan, Alejandro Mejia, and Todd Anderson. "Non-Timber Forest Products Integrated with Natural Forest Management, Rio San Juan, Nicaragua." Ecological Applications 5, no. 4 (1995): 878–895.
  22. ↑ Gariguata, Manuel R., and Juan M. Dupuy. "Forest Regeneration in Abandoned Logging Roads in Lowland Costa Rica." Biotropica 29, no. 1 (1997): 15–28.
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