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Ƙididdigar ingancin iska

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Ƙididdigar ingancin iska
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Hoton tauraron dan adam da ke nuna hayaki daga gobarar daji a Girka, wanda ke haifar da iska mai iska ta AQI

Alamar ingancin iska (AQI) alama ce da hukumomin gwamnati suka kirkira [1] don sadarwa ga jama'a yadda iska ta gurɓata a halin yanzu ko kuma yadda aka gurɓata shi zai zama. [2][3] Yayin da matakan gurɓata iska ke ƙaruwa, haka kuma AQI, tare da haɗarin lafiyar jama'a. Yara, tsofaffi da mutanen dake fama da matsalolin numfashi ko na zuciya galibi sune kungiyoyi na farko da ke fama le rashin ingancin iska. Lokacin da AQI ta fi girma, hukumomin gwamnati gabaɗaya suna ƙarfafa mutane su rage ayyukan jiki a waje, ko ma guje wa fita gaba ɗaya. Lokacin da gobarar daji ta haifar da babban AQI, ana ƙarfafa amfani da abin rufe fuska (kamar mai numfashi na N95) a waje da mai tsabtace iska (wanda ya haɗa da HEPA da matattarar carbon) a cikin gida. [4][5]

Kasashe daban-daban suna da alamun ingancin iska, wanda yadace da ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sune Air Quality Health Index na Kanada, Malaysia's Air Pollution Index, da Singapore's Pollutant Standards Index.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

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Tashar auna ingancin iska a Edinburgh, Scotland

Lissafin AQI yana buƙatar maida hankali kan gurɓataccen iska akan wani matsakaicin lokacin da aka ƙayyade, wanda aka samo daga mai saka idanu na iska ko samfurin. Tare, maida hankali da lokaci suna wakiltar sashi na gurɓataccen iska. Tasirin kiwon lafiya wanda ya dace da wani sashi da aka bayar an kafa shi ne ta hanyar binciken yaduwar cututtuka.[6] Masu gurɓata iska sun bambanta da ƙarfi, kuma aikin da akayi amfani dashi don canzawa daga gurɓataccen iska zuwa AQI ya bambanta da gurɓata. Ana rarraba ƙimar ƙimar ƙirar iska a cikin kewayon. Kowane kewayon an sanya mai bayyanawa, lambar launi, da kuma daidaitaccen shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a.

AQI na iya ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar hayaki. Misali, a lokacin zirga-zirga na gaggawa ko kuma lokacin da akwai gobarar daji ko kuma daga rashin narkewar gurbataccen iska. Rashin iska, sau da yawa ya haifar da anticyclone, juyawa na zafin jiki, ko ƙananan saurin iska yana barin gurɓata iska ta kasance a cikin yanki, wanda ke haifar da babban taro na gurɓataccen abu, halayen sunadarai tsakanin gurɓatawar iska da yanayin ha

Alamar alama a Gulfton, Houston, Texas, tana nuna agogon ozone

A ranar da akayi hasashen cewa za a kara AQI saboda gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, wata hukuma ko ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a na iya:

  • shawarwari ga ƙungiyoyi masu hankali, kamar tsofaffi, yara da waɗanda keda matsalolin numfashi ko na zuciya, don kauce wa motsa jiki a waje.[7]
  • bayyana "ranar aiki" don ƙarfafa matakan son rai don rage hayaki na iska, kamar amfani da sufuri na jama'a.[8]
  • bayar da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska a waje da masu tsarkake iska a cikin gida don hana ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daga shiga huhu [9]

A lokacin da iska ta lalace sosai, kamar wani yanayi na gurɓata iska, lokacin da AQI ta nuna cewa bayyanar mai tsanani na iya haifar da mummunar lahani ga lafiyar jama'a, hukumomi na iya kiran shirye-shiryen gaggawa wanda ke basu damar bada umarni ga manyan masu fitarwa (kamar masana'antun kone kwal) don rage hayaki har sai yanayin haɗari ya ragu.

Yawancin gurɓataccen iska ba su da AQI mai alaƙa. Kasashe dayawa suna sa ido kan ozone, ƙwayoyin cuta, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide da nitrogen dioxide, kuma suna lissafin ƙididdigar ingancin iska don waɗannan gurbatawa.[10]

Ma'anar AQI a cikin wata al'umma tana nuna maganganun da ke kewaye da ci gaban ka'idodin ingancin iska na ƙasa a wannan al'umma.[11] Gidan yanar gizon da ke bada izinin hukumomin gwamnati a ko'ina cikin duniya don gabatar da bayanan sa ido na iska na ainihi don nunawa ta amfani da ma'anar ma'anar ingancin iska kwanan nan ya zama samuwa.[12]

Alamomi ta wurin

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Ostiraliya

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Kowace daga cikin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya suna da alhakin saka idanu kan ingancin iska da kuma buga bayanai daidai da ka'idojin Kare Muhalli na Kasa (Kyakkyawan Air) (NEPM). [13]

Kowace jiha da yanki suna buga bayanan ingancin iska don wuraren sa ido na mutum, kuma yawancin jihohi da yankuna suna buga alamun ingancin iska ga kowane wurin sa ido.

A duk faɗin Ostiraliya, ana ɗaukar tsari mai daidaituwa tare da ƙididdigar ingancin iska, ta amfani da sikelin layi mai sauƙi inda 100 ke wakiltar matsakaicin maida hankali ga kowane gurbatawa, kamar yadda NEPM ta saita. Wadannan iyakar maida hankali sune:

Mai gurɓata Matsakaicin lokaci Matsakaicin maida hankali
Carbon monoxide Sa'o'i 8 9 ppm
Nitrogen dioxide Sa'a 1 0.12 ppm
Shekara 1 0.03 ppm
Ozone Sa'a 1 0.10 ppm
Sa'o'i 4 0.08 ppm
Sulfur dioxide Sa'a 1 0.20 ppm
Rana 1 0.08 ppm
Shekara 1 0.02 ppm
Lead Shekara 1 0.50 μg/m3
PM 10 Rana 1 50 μg/m3
Shekara 1 25 μg/m3
PM 2.5 Rana 1 25 μg/m3
Shekara 1 8 μg/m3

Alamar ingancin iska (AQI) don wani wuri shine kawai mafi girma daga cikin ƙimar ingancin iska don kowane gurbataccen da ake saka idanu a wannan wuri.

AQI Kashi Shawarwarin kiwon lafiya
0-33 Daɗi sosai Jin daɗin ayyukan
34-66 Daɗi Jin daɗin ayyukan
67-99 Daidaitaccen Mutanen da ba a saba da su ba ga gurɓataccen iska: Tsara ayyukan waje masu ƙarfi lokacin da ingancin iska ya fi kyau
100-149 Talakawa Ƙungiyoyin masu saurin ji: Yankewa ko sake tsara ayyukan waje masu ƙarfi
150-200 Talakawa sosai Ƙungiyoyin masu saurin ji: Guji ayyukan waje masu ƙarfi

Kowane mutum: Yankewa ko sake tsara ayyukan waje masu wahala

200+ Mai haɗari Ƙungiyoyin masu hankali: Guji duk ayyukan jiki na waje

Kowa: An rage shi sosai a ayyukan jiki na waje

Kanada

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  An bayar da rahoton ingancin iska a Kanada shekaru dayawa tare da ƙididdigar ingancin iska na lardin (AQIs). Abu mai mahimmanci, dabi'un AQI suna nuna manufofin kula da ingancin iska, waɗanda suka dogara ne akan mafi ƙarancin fitarwa, maimakon damuwa ta musamman ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) sikelin ne da aka tsara don taimakawa fahimtar tasirin ingancin iska akan kiwon lafiya. Kayan aiki ne na kariya na kiwon lafiya wanda ake amfani dashi don yanke shawara don rage gajeren lokaci ga gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar daidaita matakan aiki yayin karuwar matakan gurɓatawar iska. Air Quality Health Index kuma yana bada shawara kan yadda za'a inganta ingancin iska ta hanyar bada shawarar canjin halayyar don rage sawun muhalli. Wannan alamar tana mai da hankali ga mutanen dake da hankali ga gurɓataccen iska. Yana ba su shawara game da yadda za'a kare lafiyarsu yayin matakan ingancin iska dake da alaƙa da ƙananan, matsakaici, manyan da haɗarin kiwon lafiya.

AQHI tana bada lamba daga 1 zuwa 10+ don nuna matakin haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da ingancin iska na gida. A wani lokaci, lokacin da yawan gurɓataccen iska yayi yawa, adadin na iya wuce 10. AQHI tana bada ƙimar ingancin iska na yanzu da kuma hasashen ingancin iska a yau, daren dare, da gobe, kuma tana bada shawarar kiwon lafiya mai alaƙa.[14]

Hadarin lafiya AQHI Saƙonnin kiwon lafiya
Jama'a masu haɗari Yawan jama'a
Ƙananan hadarin 1-3 Ka ji daɗin ayyukanka na waje na yau da kullun. Kyakkyawan iska don ayyukan waje.
Matsakaici hadarin 4-6 Ka yi la'akari da ragewa ko sake tsara ayyukan gaggawa a waje idan kana fuskantar alamomi. Babu buƙatar canza ayyukanku na waje na yau da kullun sai dai idan kun fuskanci alamomi kamar tari da haushi na makogwaro.
Babba hadarin 7-10 Rage ko sake tsara ayyukan gaggawa a waje. Yara da tsofaffi ma ya kamata su yi sauƙi. Ka yi la'akari da ragewa ko sake tsara ayyukan gaggawa a waje idan ka fuskanci alamomi kamar tari da haushi na makogwaro.
Yana da tsawo sosai hadarin Sama da 10 Ka guji ayyukan gaggawa a waje. Yara da tsofaffi ya kamata su guji motsa jiki na waje. Rage ko sake tsara ayyukan gagarumin aiki a waje, musamman idan kuna fuskantar alamomi kamar tari da haushi na makogwaro.

China

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Hong Kong

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A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2013, Hong Kong ta maye gurbin Air Pollution Index tare da sabon alamar da ake kira Air Quality Health Index . [15] Wannan lissafin, wanda Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta ruwaito, an auna shi a kan sikelin 1 zuwa 10+ kuma yana la'akari da gurɓataccen iska guda huɗu: ozone; nitrogen dioxide; sulfur dioxide da kwayoyin halitta (ciki har da PM10 da PM2.5). Ga kowane sa'a ana lissafin AQHI daga jimlar yawan haɗarin shiga asibiti na yau da kullun wanda ya danganta da matsakaicin motsi na awa 3 na waɗannan gurbatawa huɗu. An rarraba AQHIs zuwa nau'ikan haɗarin kiwon lafiya guda biyar tare da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya da aka bayar: [16]

Matsayin haɗarin kiwon lafiya AQHI
Ƙananan 1
2
3
Matsakaici 4
5
6
Babba 7
Yana da tsawo sosai 8
9
10
Mai tsanani 10+

Babban yankin kasar Sin

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Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta kasar Sin (MEP) tana da alhakin auna matakin gurɓataccen iska a kasar Sin. Ya zuwa Janairu 1, 2013, MEP tana sa ido kan matakin gurɓataccen yau da kullun a cikin 163 daga cikin manyan biranen. Matakin AQI ya dogara ne akan matakin gurɓataccen yanayi guda shida, wato sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar dasu karami fiye da 10 μm a diamita na iska (PM10), ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da suka fi 2.5 μm a cikin diamita na aerodynamic (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), da ozone (O3) da aka auna a tashoshin sa ido a ko'ina cikin kowane birni. [17]

Injiniyoyin AQI

Ana lissafin ƙimar mutum (Individual Air Quality Index, IAQI) ta amfani da maida hankali a ƙasa, da kuma amfani da aiki iri ɗaya na layi don lissafin ƙididdigar matsakaici kamar sikelin AQI na Amurka. kuma Za'a iya lissafin darajar AQI ta ƙarshe ko dai a kowace awa ko a kowace awa 24 kuma itace mafi yawan waɗannan ƙididdigar shida.[17]

Kasar AQI ta kasar Sin da wuraren gurbatawa [17]
Lissafin mutum raka'a suna cikin μg / m3 ban da CO, wanda ke cikin mg / m3
IAQI Sulfur dioxide (SO2) matsakaicin sa'o'i 24 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 1 sa'a ma'ana (1) （1） Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 24 hours ma'ana Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1 awa yana nufin (1) （1） PM10 na sa'o'i 24 Carbon monoxide (CO) 24 hours ma'ana Carbon monoxide (CO) 1 awa ma'ana (1) （1） Ozone (O3) 1 sa'a ma'ana Ozone (O3) 8 sa'a motsi matsakaici PM2.5 na sa'o'i 24
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 50 150 40 100 50 2 5 160 100 35
100 150 500 80 200 150 4 10 200 160 75
150 475 650 180 700 250 14 35 300 215 115
200 800 800 280 1200 350 24 60 400 265 150
300 1600 (2) 565 2340 420 36 90 800 800 250
400 2100 (2) 750 3090 500 48 120 1000 (3) 350
500 2620 (2) 940 3840 600 60 150 1200 (3) 500

Sakamakon kowane gurbataccen abu ba layi ba ne, kamar yadda ya kasance na karshe na AQI. Don haka AQI na 300 baya nufin sau biyu na gurɓataccen AQI a 150, kuma ba ya nufin iska ta ninka sau biyu. Maida hankali ga gurbataccen lokacin da IAQI ya kasance 100 ba daidai ba ne sau biyu da maida hankali lokacin da IA QI ya kasance 50, kuma ba yana nufin gurbataccen ya ninka sau biyu da lahani. Duk da yake AQI na 50 daga rana 1 zuwa 182 da AQI na 100 daga rana 183 zuwa 365 yana samar da matsakaicin shekara-shekara na 75, ba yana nufin gurɓataccen abu ne mai karɓa ko da an dauki alamar 100 lafiya. Saboda ma'auni shine manufa ta sa'o'i 24, kuma matsakaicin shekara-shekara dole ne ya dace da manufa ta shekara-sheko, yana yiwuwa a sami iska mai aminci kowace rana ta shekara amma har yanzu ya kasa ma'aunin gurɓataccen shekara-shetare.[17]

AQI and health implications
AQI Air Pollution Level Air Pollution

Category 		Health Implications Recommended Precautions
0-50 Level 1 Excellent No health implications. Everyone can continue their outdoor activities normally.
51-100 Level 2 Good Some pollutants may slightly affect very few hypersensitive individuals. Only very few hypersensitive people should reduce outdoor activities.
101-150 Level 3 Lightly Polluted Healthy people may experience slight irritations and sensitive individuals will be slightly affected to a larger extent. Children, seniors and individuals with respiratory or heart diseases should reduce sustained and high-intensity outdoor exercises.
151-200 Level 4 Moderately Polluted Sensitive individuals will experience more serious conditions. The hearts and respiratory systems of healthy people may be affected. Children, seniors and individuals with respiratory or heart diseases should avoid sustained and high-intensity outdoor exercises. General population should moderately reduce outdoor activities.
201-300 Level 5 Heavily Polluted Healthy people will commonly show symptoms. People with respiratory or heart diseases will be significantly affected and will experience reduced endurance in activities. Children, seniors and individuals with heart or lung diseases should stay indoors and avoid outdoor activities. General population should reduce outdoor activities.
301-500 Level 6 Severely Polluted Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities and may also show noticeably strong symptoms. Other illnesses may be triggered in healthy people. Elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals should avoid outdoor activities. Children, seniors and the sick should stay indoors and avoid physical exertion. General population should avoid outdoor activities.

EU

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Common Air Quality Index (CAQI) shine ƙididdigar ingancin iska da akayi amfani dashi a Turai tun shekara ta 2006. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta bada sanarwar European Air Quality Index (EAQI) kuma ta fara ƙarfafa amfani da ita a shafukan yanar gizo da sauran hanyoyin sanar da jama'a game da ingancin iska.

CAQI

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As of 2012, aikin CiteairII da EU ke tallafawa yayi jayayya cewa an kimanta CAQI a kan "babban saiti" na bayanai, kuma ya bayyana dalilin CAQI da ma'anar. CiteairII ya bayyana cewa samun ƙididdigar ingancin iska wanda zai zama da sauƙi ga jama'a gaba ɗaya shine babban abin da ya motsa shi, yabar tambaya mai rikitarwa na ƙididdigal na kiwon lafiya, wanda zai buƙaci, alal misali, tasirin haɗuwa da matakan gurbatawa daban-daban. Babban manufar CAQI ita ce samun alamar da za ta karfafa kwatankwacin a duk faɗin EU, batare da maye gurbin alamun gida ba. CiteairII ya bayyana cewa "babban burin CAQI ba don gargadi mutane game da yiwuwar mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya na iska mara kyau ba amma don jawo hankalinsu ga gurɓataccen iska na birane da babban tushen sa (tafiye-tafiye) da kuma taimaka musu rage bayyanar su. "

Wasu daga cikin mahimman gurɓataccen maida hankali a cikin μg/m3 don ƙididdigar baya na sa'a, ƙididdigatattun ƙididdiga, da kewayon CAQI guda biyar da bayanin magana kamar haka.

Qualitative name Index or sub-index Pollutant (hourly) concentration
NO2 μg/m3 PM10 μg/m3 O3 μg/m3 PM2.5 (optional) μg/m3
Very low 0-25 0-50 0-25 0-60 0-15
Low 25-50 50-100 25-50 60-120 15-30
Medium 50-75 100-200 50-90 120-180 30-55
High 75-100 200-400 90-180 180-240 55-110
Very high >100 >400 >180 >240 >110

Ana nuna dabi'u da taswirar CAQI da ake sabuntawa akai-akai a kan www.airqualitynow.eu [18] da sauran shafukan yanar gizo. An kuma bayyana wani nau'i na shekara na matsakaicin iska (YACAQI), wanda aka rarraba nau'ikan gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi daban-daban zuwa darajar dake kusa da hadin kai. Misali, matsakaicin shekara-shekara na NO2, PM10 da PM2.5 an rabasu da 40 μg / m3, 40 μg - m3 da 20 μg / M3, bi da bi. Gabaɗaya bango ko zirga-zirgar YACAQI don birni shine ma'anar lissafi na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden waɗannan ƙananan alamomi.

Indiya

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An ƙaddamar da National Air Quality Index (NAQI) a New Delhi a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2014, a ƙarƙashin Swachh Bharat Abhiyan .

Hukumar Kula da Pollution ta Tsakiya tare da Kwamitin Kula da Pollition na Jiha suna aiki da Shirin Kula da Jirgin Sama na Kasa (NAMP) wanda ke rufe birane 240 na ƙasar da ke da tashoshin sa ido sama da 342.[19] An kafa Kungiyar Kwararru da ta kunshi masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya, masana ingancin iska, masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, da SPCBs kuma an bada binciken fasaha ga IIT Kanpur. IIT Kanpur da Kungiyar Kwararru sun bada shawarar shirin AQI a cikin 2014. [20] Duk da yake ma'aunin da yagabata ya iyakance ga alamomi uku, sabon ma'auni ya auna sigogi takwas.[21] Ana shigar da tsarin sa ido na ci gaba wanda ke bada bayanai a kusa da ainihin lokacin a New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata da Ahmedabad.

Akwai nau'ikan AQI guda shida, ''daɗi'', ''mai gamsarwa'', ''matsakaici'', ''talakawa'', ''talakawa sosai'' da ''mai tsanani''. AQI da aka gabatar za tayi la'akari da gurɓataccen abubuwa takwas (PM2" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sub","href":"./Template:Sub"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"10"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAoI" typeof="mw:Transclusion">10, PM2" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"sub","href":"./Template:Sub"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"2.5"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAoM" typeof="mw:Transclusion">2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, da Pb) wanda aka tsara gajeren lokaci (har zuwa matsakaicin sa'o'i 24) Ka'idodin Ingancin Ruwa na Kasa.[22] Dangane da ma'aunin yanayi, daidaitattun ƙa'idodi da yiwuwar tasirin kiwon lafiya, ana lissafin sub-index ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurbatawa. Mafi munin sub-index yana nuna AQI gaba ɗaya. Hakanan an bada shawarar tasirin kiwon lafiya ga nau'ikan AQI daban-daban da gurɓataccen abu, tare da shigarwar farko daga masana kiwon lafiya a cikin rukuni. Darajar AQI da daidaitattun yanayin da suka dace (maɓallin kiwon lafiya) da kuma tasirin kiwon lafiya dake tattare dasu ga masu gurɓataccen abubuwa takwas da aka gano kamar haka:

Rukunin AQI (Range) PM10
24-hr		 PM2.5
24-hr		 NO2
24-hr		 O3
8-hr		 CO
8-hr (mg/m3)		 SO2
24-hr		 NH3
24-hr		 Pb
24-hr
Daɗi (0-50) 0-50 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-1.0 0-40 0-200 0-0.5
Mai gamsarwa (51-100) 51-100 31-60 41-80 51-100 1.1-2.0 41-80 201-400 0.5-1.0
Matsakaici (101-200) 101-250 61-90 81-180 101-168 2.1-10 81-380 401-800 1.1-2.0
Talakawa (201-300) 251-350 91-120 181-280 169-208 10-17 381-800 801-1200 2.1-3.0
Talakawa sosai (301-400) 351-430 121-250 281-400 209-748* 17-34 801-1600 1200-1800 3.1-3.5
Mai tsanani (401-500) 430+ 250+ 400+ 748+* 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+
AQI Magana Lambar Launi Mahimman Tasirin Lafiya
0-50 Daɗi Ƙananan tasiri
51-100 Mai gamsarwa Ƙananan rashin jin daɗin numfashi ga mutane masu hankali
101-200 Matsakaici Rashin jin daɗi ga masu fama da huhu, asma da cututtukan zuciya
201-300 Talakawa Rashin jin daɗin numfashi ga yawancin mutane akan dogon bayyanar da su
301-400 Talakawa sosai Rashin lafiya na numfashi a kan tsawan lokaci mai tsawo
401-500 Mai tsanani Yana shafar mutane masu lafiya kuma yana tasiri sosai ga waɗanda ke da cututtukan da ke akwai

Singapore

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Singapore tana amfani da Pollutant Standards Index don bayar da rahoto game da ingancin iska, [23] tare da cikakkun bayanai game da lissafin da sukayi kama amma ba daidai bane da waɗanda akayib amfani dasu a Malaysia da Hong Kong. [24]Shafin PSI dake ƙasa an haɗa shi ta ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da masu bayyanawa, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa.[25]

PSI Kashi Mutane Masu Lafiya Manya, Mata masu ciki, Yara Mutanen da ke da Ciwon huhu ko Ciwon Zuciya
0-50 Daɗi Ayyukan al'ada Ayyukan al'ada Ayyukan al'ada
51-100 Matsakaici Ayyukan al'ada Ayyukan al'ada Ayyukan al'ada
101-200 Rashin lafiya Iyakacin tsayin daka ko matsananciyar motsa jiki na waje Rage tsayin daka ko matsananciyar motsa jiki na waje Guji tsayin daka ko matsananciyar motsa jiki na waje
201-300 Ba shi da lafiya sosai Guji tayin daka ko matsananciyar mosta jiki na waje Rage ayyukan waje Guji ayyukan waje
301-500 Mai haɗari Rage ayyukan waje Guji ayyukan waje Guji ayyukan waje

Koriya ta Kudu

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Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu tana amfani da Comprehensive Air-quality Index (CAI) don bayyana ingancin iska na yanayi bisa ga haɗarin kiwon lafiya na gurɓataccen iska. Alamar tana da niyyar taimaka wa jama'a su fahimci ingancin iska da kuma kare lafiyar mutane. CAI yana kan sikelin daga 0 zuwa 500, wanda aka raba shi zuwa kashi shida. Mafi girman darajar CAI, mafi girman matakin gurɓataccen iska.Daga cikin dabi'u na gurɓataccen iska guda biyar, mafi girma shine darajar CAI. Har ila yau, alamar tana da alaƙa da tasirin kiwon lafiya da wakilcin launi na rukunoni kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.[26]

CAI Bayyanawa Tasirin Lafiya
0-50 Daɗi Matakin da ba zai shafi marasa lafiya da cututtukan da suka shafi gurɓataccen iska ba
51-100 Matsakaici Matsayin da zai iya samun tasiri kaɗan ga marasa lafiya idan akwai bayyanar cututtuka
101-250 Rashin lafiya Matsayin da zai iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga marasa lafiya da membobin kungiyoyi masu hankali (yara, tsofaffi ko marasa ƙarfi), kuma ya haifar da rashin jin daɗin jama'a gaba ɗaya
251-500 Ba shi da lafiya sosai Matsayin da zai iya samun mummunar tasiri ga marasa lafiya da membobin kungiyoyi masu hankali idan akwai gagarumin bayyanar

Hasumiyar N Seoul a kan Dutsen Namsan a tsakiyar Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu, tana haskakawa da shuɗi, daga faɗuwar rana zuwa 23:00 da 22:00 a cikin hunturu, a kwanakin da ingancin iska a Seoul ya kasance 45 ko ƙasa. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2012, an kunna Hasumiyar har kwana 52, wanda yafi kwana huɗu fiye da na shekara ta 2011.

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamar ingancin iska da akafi amfani da ita a Burtaniya itace Daily Air Quality Index da Kwamitin Kula da Tasirin Kiwon Lafiya na Air Pollutants (COMEAP) yabada shawarar. [27] Wannan alamar tana da maki goma, waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu: ƙasa, matsakaici, sama da kuma sama sosai. Kowace ƙungiya ta zo tare da shawara ga ƙungiyoyin dake cikin haɗari da yawan jama'a.[28]

Gurbacewar iska Daraja Saƙonnin kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari Saƙonnin kiwon lafiya ga yawan jama'a
Ƙananan 1-3 Ka ji daɗin ayyukanka na waje na yau da kullun. Ka ji daɗin ayyukanka na waje na yau da kullun.
Matsakaici 4-6 Manya da yara da ke fama da matsalolin huhu, da manya da ke fama le matsalolin zuciya, waɗanda ke fuskantar alamomi, ya kamata suyi la'akari da rage yawan motsa jiki, musamman a waje. Ka ji daɗin ayyukanka na waje na yau da kullun.
Babba 7-9 Manya da yara da ke fama da matsalolin huhu, da manya da ke fama le matsalolin zuciya, ya kamata su rage matsanancin motsa jiki, musamman a waje, kuma musamman idan sun sami alamomi. Mutanen da ke fama da asma na iya samun cewa suna buƙatar amfani da inhaler sau da yawa. Ya kamata tsofaffi su rage yawan motsa jiki. Duk wanda ke fama da rashin jin daɗi kamar ciwon idanu, tari ko ciwon makogwaro, ya kamata suyi la'akari da rage aiki, musamman a waje.
Ya Yi Girma 10 Manya da yara da ke fama da matsalolin huhu, manya da ke fama le matsalolin zuciya, da tsofaffi, ya kamata su guji motsa jiki mai tsanani. Mutanen da ke fama da asma na iya samun cewa suna buƙatar amfani da inhaler sau da yawa. Rage motsa jiki, musamman a waje, musamman idan kuna fuskantar alamun kamar tari ko ciwon makogwaro.

Lissafin ya dogara ne akan yawan gurɓataccen abubuwa guda biyar. An lissafa alamar daga maida hankali ga masu gurɓataccen abubuwa masu zuwa: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur ioxide, PM2.5 da PM10. An bayyana raguwa tsakanin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ga kowane gurbatacce daban kuma an bayyana ƙididdigarsa gaba ɗaya a matsayin matsakaicin ƙimar ƙididdigal. Ana amfani da matsakaicin lokaci daban-daban don gurɓataccen abu daban-daban.[28]

Lissafi Ozone, yana gudana 8 awa daya (μg/m3) Nitrogen dioxide, ma'auni na sa'a (μg/m3) Sulfur dioxide, matsakaicin minti 15 (μg/m3) PM2.5 barbashi, 24 hours matsakaici (μg/m3) PM10 barbashi, 24 hours ma'ana (μg/m3)
1 0-33 0-67 0-88 0-11 0-16
2 34-66 68-134 89-177 12-23 17-33
3 67-100 135-200 178-266 24-35 34-50
4 101-120 201-267 267-354 36-41 51-58
5 121-140 268-334 355-443 42-47 59-66
6 141-160 335-400 444-532 48-53 67-75
7 161-187 401-467 533-710 54-58 76-83
8 188-213 468-534 711-887 59-64 84-91
9 214-240 535-600 888-1064 65-70 92-100
10 ≥ 241 ≥ 601 ≥ 1065 ≥ 71 ≥ 101

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
AQI Kashi Launi Tasirin lafiya Me ya kamata mutane su yi
0-50 Daɗi Green Ana ɗaukar ingancin iska mai gamsarwa, kuma gurɓacewar iska ba ta da haɗari ko kaɗan. Rana ce mai girma don yin aiki a waje.
51-100 Matsakaici Yellow An yarda da ingancin iska; duk da haka, ga wasu gurɓattatun abubuwa za a iya samun matsakaicin damuwa na kiwon lafiya ga ƙaramin adadan mutanen da ba a saba ganin gurɓacewar iska ba. Mutanen da ba a saba da su ba: Yi la'akari da rage tsayin daka ko aiki mai nauyi. Kula da alamu kamar tari ko ƙarancin numfashi. Waɗannan alamu ne don ɗaukar sauƙi.

Kowa: Yana da kayu a yi aiki a waje.

101-150 Rashin lafiya ga Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da hankali Orange Membobin ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na iya fuskantar tasirin lafiya. Jama'a ba zai yiwu a shafa ba. Ƙungiyoyi masu hankali: Rage tsayin daka ko aiki mai nauyi. Yana da kyau a kasance mai ƙwazo a waje, amma ɗaukar ƙarin hutu kuma ƙara ƙarancin ayyuka. Kula da alamu kamar tari ko ƙarancin numfashi.
Mutanen da ke fama da asma yakamata su bi tsare-tsaren aikin su na asma kuma su ci gaba da yin amfani da maganin agaji cikin gaggawa.
Idan kana da cututtukan zuciya: Alamun kamar bugun zuciya, ƙarancin numfashi, ko gajiya da ba a saba gani ba na iya nuna babbar matsala. Idan kuna da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, tuntuɓi mai ba da lafiyar ku.
151-200 Rashin lafiya Red Kowa na iya fara samun illar lafiya; membobin ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na iya fuskantar mummuman tasirin lafiya. Ƙungioyoyi masu hankali: Guji tsayin daka ko aiki mai nauyi. Matsar da ayyuka cikin gida ko sake tsarwa zuwa lokacin da ingancin iska ya fi kyau.

Kowa: Rage tsayin daka ko aiki mai nauyi. Ɗauki ƙarin hutu yayin duk ayyukan waje.

201-300 Ba shi da lafiya sosai Purple Faɗakarwar lafiya: kowa na iya fuskantar ƙarin illar lafiya. Ƙungiyoyi masu hankali: Guji duk ayyukan jiki a waje. Matsar da ayyuka cikin gida ko sake tsarwa zuwa lokacin da ingancin iska ya fi kyau.

Kowa: Guji tsayin daka ko aiki mai nauyi. Yi la'akari da motsin ayyukan cikin gida ko sake tsarawa zuwa lokacin da ingancin iska ya fi kyau.

301-500 Mai haɗari Maroon Gargadin lafiya game da yanayin gaggawa. Yawan jama'a ya fi shafa. Kowa: Guji duk ayyukan jiki a waje.

Ƙungioyoyi masu hankali: Kasance a cikin gida kuma ku rage matakan ayyukan. Bi shawarwari don kiyaye matakan ayyuka kaɗan a bikin gida.

PM2.5 24-Hour AQI Loop, Yarjejeniyar US EPA

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta haɓaka Ƙididdigar Ingancin Air wanda ake amfani dashi don bayar da rahoton ingancin iska. Wannan AQI ya kasu kashi shida wanda ke nuna karuwar matakan damuwa na kiwon lafiya.[10]

AQI ya dogara ne akan "ma'auni" gurɓataccen abubuwa guda biyar da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa: ozone na ƙasa, kwayoyin halitta, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da nitrogen dioxide. EPA ta kafa ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa (NAAQS) ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurɓata don kare lafiyar jama'a. Darajar AQI ta 100 gabaɗaya ta dace da matakin NAAQS don gurɓataccen.[29] Dokar Tsabtace Iska (Amurka) (1990) tana buƙatar EPA ta sake duba ka'idojin Ingancin Iska na Kasa a kowace shekara biyar don nuna bayanan tasirin kiwon lafiya. Ana daidaita Air Quality Index lokaci-lokaci don nuna waɗannan canje-canje.

Yin lissafin AQI

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alamar ingancin iska aiki ne na layi na yanki na maida hankali ga gurbatawa. A kan iyaka tsakanin rukunin AQI, akwai tsalle-tsalle na ƙungiyar AQI ɗaya. Don canzawa daga mai da hankali zuwa AQI ana amfani da wannan daidaituwa:

(Idan an auna gurbataccen abubuwa da yawa, ƙididdigar AQI itace mafi girman darajar da aka lissafa daga ma'aunin dake sama da akayi amfani dashi ga kowane gurbataccen.)

Na {\ = ƙididdigar (Air Quality),
C {\ = yawan gurbatawa,
C l o w {\ = maida hankali wanda shine ≤ C {\displaystyle C} ,
C h da g h {\ = maɓallin maida hankali wanda shine ≥ C {\displaystyle C} ,
Na l o w {\displaystyle I_{low}} = alamar raguwa daidai da C l o w {\displaystyle C_{low}} ,
Na h da g h {\displaystyle I_{high}} = alamar raguwa daidai da C h da g h {\displaystyle C_{high}} .


The EPA's table of breakpoints is:[30][31][32]

O3 (ppb) 8-hr O3 (ppb) 1-hr PM2.5 (μg/m3) 24-hr PM10 (μg/m3) 24-hr CO (ppm) 8-hr SO2 (ppb) 1-hr; 24-hr NO2 (ppb) 1-hr AQI AQI Category
0.0-54 - 0.0-9.0 0.0-54 0.0-4.4 0-35 0-53 0-50 Daɗi
55-70 - 9.1-35.4 55-154 4.5-9.4 36-75 54-100 51-100 Matsakaici
71-85 125-164 35.5-55.4 155-254 9.5-12.4 76-185 101-360 101-150 Rashin lafiya ga Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da hankali
86-105 165-204 55.5-125.4 255-354 12.5-15.4 186-304 361-649 151-200 Rashin lafiya
106-200 205-404 125.5-225.4 355-424 15.5-30.4 305-604 650-1,249 201-300 Ba shi da lafiya sosai
- 405-604 225.5-325.4 425-604 30.5-50.4 605-1,004 1,250-2,049 301-500 Mai haɗari

Kayii la'akari da mai saka idanu yana yin rikodin matsakaicin sa'o'i 24 (PM2.5) na 26.4 micrograms a kowace cubic mita. Daidaitawar dake sama tana haifar da AQI na:

which rounds to index value of 83, corresponding to air quality in the "Moderate" range.[33] To convert an air pollutant concentration to an AQI, EPA has developed a calculator.[34]

Idan an auna gurbataccen abu dayawa a wurin saka idanu, to ana bada rahoton mafi girma ko "mafi girma" AQI don wurin. Ana lissafin ozone AQI tsakanin 100 da 300 ta hanyar zabar mafi girma daga cikin AQI da aka lissafa tare da darajar ozone na awa 1 kuma AQI ya lissafa tare le darajar ozoni na awa 8.

Matsakaicin ozone na sa'o'i takwas baya bayyana ƙimar AQI sama da 300; ƙimar AQ I na 301 ko mafi girma ana lissafa su tare da maida hankali ga ozone na awa 1. Darajar SO2 na awa 1 bata bayyana darajar AQI mafi girma fiye da 200. Ana lissafin ƙimar AQI na 2 ko mafi girma tare da maida hankali na SO2 na awanni 24.

Bayanan saka idanu na ainihi daga masu sa ido na cigaba yawanci suna samuwa a matsayin matsakaicin awa 1. Koyaya, lissafin AQI don wasu gurɓataccen abu yana buƙatar matsakaicin sa'o'i da yawa na bayanai. (Misali, lissafin ozone AQI yana buƙatar lissafin matsakaicin sa'o'i 8 da lissafin PM2.5 ko PM10 AQI yana buƙata matsakaicin awa 24.) Don nuna ingancin iska na yanzu daidai, matsakaicin tsawon sa'o-i da akayi amfani dashi don lissafin AQI ya kamata ya kasance a kan lokacin yanzu, amma kamar yadda ba'a san yawan sa'oƙi na gaba ba kuma yana da wahala a kimanta daidai, EPA yana amfani da maida hankali ga waɗannan matsakaicin matsakaicin lokutan sa'o. Don bayar da rahoton PM2.5, PM10 da ƙididdigar ingancin iska na ozone, ana kiran wannan maida hankali ga NowCast. Nowcast wani nau'i ne na matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyi wanda ke bada ƙarin nauyi ga bayanan ingancin iska na baya-bayan nan lokacin da matakan gurɓata iska ke canzawa.[35][36]

Samun jama'a na AQI

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar ingancin iska ta duniya

Bayanan saka idanu na ainihi da tsinkaye na ingancin iska waɗanda aka tsara su dangane da ƙididdigar ingancin iska suna samuwa daga shafin yanar gizon AirNow na EPA.[37] Sauran kungiyoyi suna bada saka idanu ga membobin kungiyoyi masu hankali kamar su asthmatics, yara da manya sama da shekaru 65.[38] Bayanan sa ido na iska na tarihi ciki har da sigogi da taswirar AQI suna samuwa a shafin yanar gizon AirData na EPA.[39] Akwai sabis na biyan kuɗi na imel kyauta ga mazaunan New York - AirNYC . [40] Masu biyan kuɗi suna samun sanarwa game da canje-canje a cikin ƙimar AQI don wurin da aka zaɓa (misali adireshin gida), bisa ga yanayin ingancin iska. Cikakken taswirar dake dauke da matakan AQI na yanzu da hasashen AQI na kwana biyu yana samuwa a shafin yanar gizon Aerostate.[41]

Masu Kula da Jirgin Sama da na'urori masu saukin farashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tarihi, EPA kawai ta bada izinin bayanai daga masu sa ido dake aiki da masu kula da lafiya ko masu kula da lafiyar jama'a don a haɗa su a cikin taswirar ƙasa na ainihi.[42][43] A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, na'urori masu auna sigina masu arha (LCS) sun zama masu shahara tare da masana kimiyya na ƙasa, kuma manyan cibiyoyin sadarwar LCS sun tashi a Amurka da kuma duk faɗin duniya. Kwanan nan, EPA ta haɓaka algorithm na gyaran bayanai don wani nau'in PM2.5 LCS (mai saka idanu na Purple Air) wanda ke sa bayanan LCS su zama kwatankwacin bayanan tsari don manufar lissafin AQI.[44][45] Wannan gyaran bayanan LCS a halin yanzu ya bayyana tare da bayanan tsari akan taswirar wuta ta kasa ta EPA.[46]

Tarihin AQI

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

AQI ta fara bugawa a shekarar 1968, lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Pollution ta Kasa ta fara wani shiri don bunkasa ingancin iska da kuma amfani da hanyar zuwa Yankunan Kididdiga na Metropolitan. Motsi shine don jawo hankalin jama'a ga batun gurɓataccen iska da kuma tura jami'an gwamnati na cikin gida dake da alhakin daukar mataki don sarrafa hanyoyin gurɓata da inganta ingancin iska a cikin ikonsu.

Jack Fensterstock, shugaban National Inventory of Air Pollution Emissions and Control Branch, an bashi aikin jagorantar ci gaban hanyar da kuma tattara ingancin iska da bayanan fitarwa da ake buƙata don gwadawa da daidaita alamun sakamakon.[47]

Farkon maimaitawar ingancin iska yayi amfani da daidaitattun gurɓataccen yanayi don samar da alamun gurɓatawar mutum. Wadannan alamomi an auna su kuma an hada su don samar da jimlar ingancin iska guda ɗaya. Hanyar gabaɗaya na iya amfani da maida hankali waɗanda aka ɗauka daga bayanan sa ido na yanayi ko kuma anyi hasashen ta hanyar samfurin watsawa. Daga nan ne aka mayar da hankali zuwa daidaitattun rarrabawar kididdiga tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin da daidaitattun karkatarwa. Ana ɗaukar alamun gurɓataccen mutum daidai, kodayake ana iya amfani da dabi'u ban da hadin kai. Hakazalika, alamar na iya haɗawa da kowane adadin gurɓataccen ko dayake anyi amfani dashi ne kawai don haɗa SO<sub id="mwBO8">x</sub>, CO, da TSP [48] saboda rashin bayanan da ke akwai don wasu gurɓata.

Duk dayake an tsara hanyar don ta kasance mai ƙarfi, aikace-aikacen da ya dace ga duk yankunan birni ya tabbatar da rashin daidaituwa saboda ƙarancin bayanan sa ido na iska, rashin yarjejeniya game da abubuwan nauyi, da rashin daidaito na ƙa'idodin ingancin iska a fadin iyakokin ƙasa da siyasa. Duk da wadannan batutuwan, bugawa na jerin sunayen yankunan birane sun cimma manufofin manufofin jama'a kuma sun haifar da cigaban na ingantaccen alamomi da aikace-aikacen su na yau da kullun.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "International Air Quality". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  2. ↑ "Create a Clean Room to Protect Indoor Air Quality During a Wildfire". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  3. ↑ "MACC Project - European Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting". Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  4. ↑ "Create a Clean Room to Protect Indoor Air Quality During a Wildfire". epa.gov. November 1, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  5. ↑ "How to mitigate post-fire smoke impacts in your home". Cooperative Institute for Research In Environmental Sciences (cires.colorado.edu). January 4, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Step 2 - Dose-Response Assessment". 26 September 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  7. ↑ "Air Quality Index - American Lung Association". American Lung Association. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  8. ↑ "Spare the Air - Summer Spare the Air". Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  9. ↑ "FAQ: Use of masks and availability of masks". Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Air Quality Index (AQI) - A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health". US EPA. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  11. ↑ Jay Timmons (13 August 2014). "The EPA's Latest Threat to Economic Growth". WSJ. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  12. ↑ "World Air Quality Index". Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  13. ↑ "National Environment Protection (Ambient Air Quality) Measure". 3 February 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  14. ↑ "Environment Canada - Air - AQHI categories and explanations". Ec.gc.ca. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
  15. ↑ Hsu, Angel. "China's new Air Quality Index: How does it measure up?". Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  16. ↑ "Air Quality Health Index". Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "环境空气质量指数(AQI) 技术规定(试行)" [Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality Index (on trial)] (PDF). Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (in Harshen Sinanci). 2012-03-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  18. ↑ "Home". airqualitynow.eu.
  19. ↑ "Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations" (in Turanci). 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
  20. ↑ "Indian Air Quality Index". Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
  21. ↑ "National Air Quality Index (AQI) launched by the Environment Minister AQI is a huge initiative under 'Swachh Bharat'". Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  22. ↑ "::: Central Pollution Control Board :::". Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  23. ↑ "MEWR - Key Environment Statistics - Clean Air". App.mewr.gov.sg. 2011-06-08. Archived from the original on 2011-10-09. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
  24. ↑ "National Environment Agency - Calculation of PSI" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
  25. ↑ "National Environment Agency". App2.nea.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
  26. ↑ "What's CAI". Air Korea. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  27. ↑ COMEAP. "Review of the UK Air Quality Index". COMEAP website. Archived from the original on 2011-11-15.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Daily Air Quality Index". Air UK Website. Defra.
  29. ↑ "Air Quality Index (AQI) - A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health". US EPA. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  30. ↑ "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Parts 50, 51, 52, 53 and 58 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0699; FRL-9913-18-OAR] RIN 2060-AP38 – National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
  31. ↑ "pm-naaqs-air-quality-index-fact-sheet" (PDF). epa.gov. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  32. ↑ "Final Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter" (PDF). epa.gov. February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  33. ↑ "How does the EPA measure air quality?". www.purakamasks.com (in Turanci). 2019-02-06. Archived from the original on 2019-02-10. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  34. ↑ "AQI Calculator". Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  35. ↑ "AirNow API Documentation". Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  36. ↑ "How are your ozone maps calculated?". Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  37. ↑ "AirNow". Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2012..
  38. ↑ "Air Quality Lookup for Children, Seniors and Sensitive Groups". www.cleanairresources.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  39. ↑ "AirData". US Environmental Protection Agency. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  40. ↑ "AirNYC - Air quality in New York. Online". Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  41. ↑ "Aerostate AQI map". aerostate.io. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  42. ↑ "AirNow Interactive Map". gispub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  43. ↑ "AirNow Interactive Map". gispub.epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  44. ↑ Barkjohn, Karoline K.; Gantt, Brett; Clements, Andrea L. (2021-06-22). "Development and application of a United States-wide correction for PM2.5 data collected with the PurpleAir sensor". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (in English). 14 (6): 4617–4637. doi:10.5194/amt-14-4617-2021. ISSN 1867-1381. PMC 8422884 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34504625 Check |pmid= value (help).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  45. ↑ Barkjohn, Karoline K.; Holder, Amara L.; Frederick, Samuel G.; Clements, Andrea L. (January 2022). "Correction and Accuracy of PurpleAir PM2.5 Measurements for Extreme Wildfire Smoke". Sensors (in Turanci). 22 (24): 9669. Bibcode:2022Senso..22.9669B. doi:10.3390/s22249669. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 9784900 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36560038 Check |pmid= value (help).
  46. ↑ "Fire and Smoke Map". fire.airnow.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
  47. ↑ J.C Fensterstock et al., " The Development and Utilization of an Air Quality Index," Paper No. 69–73, presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Administration, June 1969.
  48. ↑ "Appendix B to Part 50—Reference Method for the Determination of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High-Volume Method)". US EPA. 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2023-07-01.

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