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Bakolori Dam

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Bakolori Dam
Kogin Zamfara
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaNajeriya
Jihohin Najeriyajihar Sokoto
Geographical location Kogin Sokoto
Coordinates 12°30′43″N 6°11′00″E / 12.5119°N 6.1833°E / 12.5119; 6.1833
Map
Altitude (en) Fassara 334 m, above sea level
History and use
Opening1978
Mai-iko Jihar Zamfara
Amfani noma
Maximum capacity (en) Fassara 450 Dubu Dari
Karatun Gine-gine
Tsawo 48 m
Tsawo 360 meters

Dam din Bakolori yana jihar Sokoto a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. An kammala shi a shekarar 1978 kuma tafki ya cika a 1981. Tafki ne babba a kogin Sokoto, magudanar ruwan Rima, wanda kuma ke ciyar da kogin Neja. Ruwan dam din ya samar da aikin noman rani na Bakolori.[1]

Dam din yana da kuma ƙarfin mita 450 cubic mita, tare da tafki mai fadin hekta 8,000 wanda ya kai 19 kilometres (12 mi) zuwa sama.[2]

Gina madatsar ruwa ta raba manoma da yawa daga matsugunansu ba tare da samar da wani fili ko diyya na kudi ba. Mutane da dama ne suka mutu a zanga-zangar da aka yi saboda asarar rayuwarsu. An kuma san aikin a matsayin babban misali na gazawar ci gaba.[3]

Fage

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kogin Sokoto ya ratsa ta yankin Sudan Savannah da ke arewacin Najeriya mai fama da rashin ruwa. Ba a iya hasashen ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, daga 500 mm zuwa 1,300 mm a kowace shekara a watannin Yuni – Satumba. Kafin a gina madatsar ruwa kimanin manoma 50,000 a kogin Sokoto sun kuma gudanar da aikin noman koma bayan tattalin arziki da noman shinkafa da dawa a damina da kayan lambu irin su albasa da tafarnuwa da tumatir a lokacin rani.[1] Yawancin manoma sun yi amfani da aikin Shadoof na ɗaga ruwa daga cikin kogin don zuba cikin tasoshin ban ruwa ko tafkuna. Mata a purdah basa yawan aiki a filin amma suna da haƙƙin mallaka kuma suna taimakawa wajen sarrafawa. Matan da ba a keɓe ba suna yin aikin noma.[2] Sau da yawa ƙasar ta kasance mallakar jama'a ba tare da bayanan mallaka ba.[1]

Manoman yankin, da ke zaune a matakan rayuwa, sun fi damuwa da guje wa haɗari fiye da yawan riba. Yankin yana fuskantar fari lokaci-lokaci, kuma sha'awar samar da tsayayyen ruwa na daya daga cikin dalilan gina madatsar ruwa.[1]

Tsare-tsare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 1969, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta fitar da rahoto wanda ya ba da shawarar samar da ƙaramin madatsar ruwa da aikin ban ruwa a Talata Mafara, tare da ƙarin madatsun ruwa na sama don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. Rahoton na FAO ya jaddada mahimmancin tsarin da za a bi a hankali wanda zai yi tasiri kadan ga tsarin amfani da filaye da ake da shi, a wani bangare saboda rashin kwarewa da ayyukan ban ruwa a yankin. A shekarar 1971 gwamnatin mulkin sojan Najeriya ta gayyato shawarwarin zayyanawa da kula da aikin, sannan a shekarar 1972, ta baiwa Impressit Bakolori Nigeria aiki, wani kamfani mallakin kashi 60% na gwamnatin Najeriya da kashi 40% na wani reshen Fiat. A lokacin nazarin 1972 zuwa 1974, aikin ya fadada don rufe babban madatsar ruwa guda daya da kuma wani babban tsarin ban ruwa na injiniyoyi. Ba a tuntubi manoman yankin ba a cikin tsarin tsare-tsare kuma ba a yi nazari kan tasirin da ke cikin kasa ba.[1]

Gini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kogin Sokoto, wanda ke nuna wurin da madatsar ruwa ta kasance

An fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1974 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1978, bayan kuma haka sai da tafki ya kwashe shekaru uku ana cika. Dam din shine 5.5 kilometres (3 mi) ginshiƙi mai cike da ƙasa, tare da tsarin siminti na tsakiya 360 m tsawo da kuma 48 m high wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 3. Ba a kammala aikin bututun ban ruwa da magudanan ruwa ba sai a shekarar 1983, kuma an rufe hekta 23,000 kacal idan aka kwatanta da hekta 30,000 da aka tsara tun farko. An isar da ruwa zuwa hekta 15,000 ta hanyar yayyafawa da kuma kadada 8,000 ta hanyar nauyi. Masu yayyafawa suna da tsada amma suna yin amfani da ruwa sosai idan an kiyaye su sosai. Bayan da aka yi tsada, aikin ban ruwa ya kare a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi tsada a kowace kadada a duniya.[1]

Gina madatsar ruwa, tare da daidaita filaye, share fage da gina magudanun ruwa sun lalata filayen noma da itatuwa masu daraja. Manoman yankin sun zama manoma marasa kasa. Yawancinsu ba a biya su diyya ba, ko kuma an ba su fili marar amfani. Wadanda suka zauna an tilasta musu yin noman amfanin gona da ba a sani ba kamar alkama.[2] A lokacin gine-gine, an hana manoman yankin abin da za su yi rayuwa tsawon shekaru da dama. Da masu zanga-zangar suka yi a watan Nuwamba 1979, Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato, Shehu Kangiwa, ya yi alkawarin magance duk korafe-korafensu. Duk da haka, a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 1980 'yan sanda sun kai farmaki kan masu zanga-zangar da ba su da makamai kuma suka kashe sama da mutane 380. Gwamnati ta yi watsi da lamarin, inda ta ce mutane 25 ne kawai suka mutu.[4]

Tasirin ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zane taswirar Kogin Sokoto da ke nuna madatsar ruwa ta Bakolori da aikin ban ruwa

Manoman da ke bakin kogin sun bukaci a sako ruwa mai yawa kafin lokacin noma, tare da raguwar kwararar ruwa daga baya yayin da suke yin noman koma bayan tattalin arziki.[5] Masu gudanar da madatsar ruwa ba su kula da wannan bukata ba, suna fitar da isasshen ruwa a lokutan da bai dace ba. Dam din ya kuma rage magudanar ruwa sosai da zurfin, tsawon lokaci da girman ambaliya a cikin lokacin damina.[6] Hakanan ya rage yawan ruwan da ake samu don noma, tun da babban hanyar ruwa a wuri mai zafi da bushewa yana yin hasarar da yawa da ƙafewa.[5][7] A yankunan da ke karkashin kasa, na kasa mai fadin hekta 19,000 na filayen ambaliya, dam din ya yi asarar kadada 7,000 na noman shinkafa da kuma kadada 5,000 na noman rani.[2] Wannan asara ta ɗan samu raguwar haɓakar gero mai ƙarancin ƙima da noman dawa, amma an tilasta wa mutane 12,000 ƙaura.[7] An kiyasta asarar amfanin noma akan dalar Amurka 7 miliyan a shekara.[8][9]

Tafki da ban ruwa yankin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tafkin yana kuma da ƙaramin yanki mai ƙanƙanta, wanda ke iyakance girman ciyayi da wuraren gandun daji na yawancin nau'in kifi. Ruwan yana da turɓaya, yana riƙe da ɓangarorin ƙasa da aka dakatar waɗanda ke toshe haske kuma suna hana haɓakar tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa waɗanda kifaye suka dogara akan abinci. Wannan yana iyakance ƙarfin tafki don samar da kifi.[10] Tafkin ba ya da amfani fiye da kogin da tafkunan kogin da wuraren tafkuna.[11] A cikin yankin da ake ban ruwa, mafi girman tebur na ruwa tare da yawan yawan iska ya haifar da salinization, wanda ya riga ya lalata rabin ƙasar da za a iya nomawa.[2] Haka kuma an sami karuwar cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa. Kokarin bullo da sabbin nau'ikan noman da aka hada tare da gero, dawa da gyada bai samu nasara ba saboda karancin amfanin wannan amfanin gona na gargajiya da kuma tsadar hanyoyin ban ruwa.[12]

A shekara ta 2003, tsarin yayyafawa ya daina aiki kuma hekta 7,500 ne kawai ake noman, galibi da shinkafa, ta hanyar amfani da ban ruwa mai nauyi.[13] An bar ƙasa har sai da. Mazauna garin da dama sun yi kaura zuwa garuruwa.[1] Dam din na Bakolori ya haifar da raguwar kashi 53% a yankin da ake amfani da shi.[14]

Marubutan wani rahoto a kan Wise Use of Wetlands da UNESCO ta buga a shekara ta 1988 sun kuma kammala cewa "cikakkiyar kimanta tattalin arziki na shirin a Bakolori da bai yi kyau ba fiye da lissafin da aka amince da shi."[15]


Marubutan wani rahoto a kan Wise Use of Wetlands da UNESCO ta buga a shekara ta 1988 sun kammala cewa "cikakkiyar kimanta tattalin arziki na shirin a Bakolori da bai yi kyau ba fiye da lissafin da aka amince da shi."

Ambaliyar Ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A karshen watan Agustan 2010 guguwar ruwan sama ta sa dam din ya cika da ruwa. A wani yunƙuri na rage haɗarin gazawar, an buɗe kofofin a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 2010, wanda ya haifar da babbar ambaliyar ruwa a ƙauyen Kagara.

A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba magudanar ruwa daga madatsar ruwan ta gaza gaba daya, wanda ya haifar da ambaliya mai yawa.[16] Guguwar da ta haifar da ambaliya na iya kasancewa wani bangare na yanayin sauyin yanayi, tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi da kuma tsananin ruwan sama a lokacin damina.

Canjin yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai babban bambancin yanayi a yanayin zafi da kewayon zafin rana. Matsakaicin zafin rana yana kusan 36oC. A lokacin lokacin harmattan, mafi ƙarancin zafin rana yana kasance wa ƙasa da 17oC. Tsakanin watan Fabrairu da Afrilu wanda shine kololuwar zafi, yawan zafin jiki ya kai 44oC na yawan zafin jiki gabaɗaya. Lallai, Goronyo Dam na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan yankunan da aka bayyana don samun ƙarin tasirin sauyin yanayi a Najeriya.[17]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Akané Hartenbach & Jürgen Schuol (October 2005). "Bakolori Dam and Bakolori Irrigation Project – Sokoto River, Nigeria" (PDF). Eawag aquatic research institute. Retrieved 2010-01-10.[permanent dead link]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 MOHAMMED KUTA YAHAYA (2002). "DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF BAKOLORI IRRIGATION PROJECT IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA" (PDF). Nordic Journal of African Studies. 11 (3): 411–430. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-09. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
  3. ↑ David Anderson; Richard H. Grove (1990). Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-521-34990-7.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named loveejoy
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Adams, W.M. (September 1993). "Development's deaf ear: Downstream users and water releases from the Bakolori Dam, Nigeria". World Development. 21 (9): 1405–1416. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(93)90121-O.
  6. ↑ Scudder, Thayer (2005). The future of large dams: dealing with social, environmental, institutional and political costs. Earthscan. p. 236. ISBN 1-84407-155-3.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Adams, William (January 2000). "Downstream Impacts of Dams" (PDF). Thematic Review I.1. World Commission on Dams. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  8. ↑ Adams, William Mark (2001). Green development: environment and sustainability in the Third World. Routledge. p. 231. ISBN 0-415-14766-2.
  9. ↑ de Schutter, Joop (2003). "Water Resources and Environment Technical Note G.3 Wetlands Management" (PDF). Washington, D.C. US: World Bank. p. 15. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  10. ↑ "Fishery Resources of Nigerian Inland Waters". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
  11. ↑ "Fishery Resources of Nigerian Inland Waters - The Niger/Sokoto River Basin". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  12. ↑ M.O.E. Orode (1984-11-09). Tropical grain legume bulletin, Issue 28. International Grain Legume Information Centre. p. 88.
  13. ↑ M. Kebbeh, S. Haefele and S. O. Fagade1 (September 2003). "Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Irrigated Rice Productivity in Nigeria" (PDF). West Africa Rice Development Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
  14. ↑ "Background on issues relating to Water". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
  15. ↑ G. E. Hollis; M. M. Holland; E. Maltby & J. S. Larson (January–March 1988). Wise Use of Wetlands (PDF). Nature and Resources. XXIV. UNESCO.
  16. ↑ https://ln247.news/beautiful-nigeria-goronyo-dam-sokoto-state/
  17. ↑ https://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol15No8-Winter2013B/PDF/Climate%20Change%20Adaptation%20in%20Goronyo%20Local%20Government.Ifatokun%20Paul%20Ifabiyi.pdf
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