Canjin yanayi a Madagascar

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Canjin yanayi a Madagascar
Satellite image of Madagascar with a large cyclone to the right of it in the ocean.
Hoton tauraron dan adam na Cyclone Batsirai yana gabatowa Madagascar. Guguwar iska mai zafi na shirin kara tsananta a kasar sakamakon sauyin yanayi.

Sauyin yanayi babbar barazana ce ga muhalli da mutanen Madagascar. Sauyin yanayi ya tayar da yanayin zafi, ya sa lokacin rani ya yi tsayi kuma ya haifar da guguwar yanayi mai tsanani. Halin yanayi na musamman na ƙasar, dabbobi da shuke-shuke yana yin tasiri.

Ana hasashen canjin yanayi zai haifar da raguwar coral reefs da wuraren dazuzzuka, da kuma yin barazana ga jinsunan asali kamar lemurs. Yawan jama'a na da matukar rauni saboda tsananin tasirin ruwa da noma, tare da illa ga wadatar abinci. Ana kuma sa ran kamuwa da cututtuka za su karu. Madagaskar ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris kuma ta tsara manufofin daidaita sauyin yanayi, duk da cewa aiwatar da su na fuskantar kalubale saboda talaucin da kasar ke fama da shi.

Tasiri akan yanayin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bar chart showing blue lines below the x-axis, which change to red lines above the x-axis, representing increasing average annual temperature in Madagascar.
Canjin yanayin zafi a Madagascar, 1901 zuwa 2020
Map of South Madagascar showing areas of reduced rainfall.
Ana fuskantar fari a Madagascar saboda sauyin yanayi.

Ana hasashen canjin yanayi zai haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi ga daukacin tsibirin Madagascar a karni na 21. Ƙididdigar 2008 ta amfani da samfurin yanayi na yanki ya sanya karuwar a 1.1-2.6 °C, daban-daban dangane da yanayin yanayi, na tsawon lokacin 2046-2065. [1] [2] An yi hasashen kudancin Madagascar zai fi dumama, inda arewa da kuma yankunan bakin teku za su fi zafi. Wannan zai yi tasiri sosai ga dazuzzukan gabas da suka wargaje . [2] Madagaskar ita ce ta fi kowace kasa hadarin guguwa a Afirka, tana fuskantar uku zuwa hudu a kowace shekara. [3] Ana sa ran guguwar za ta kara tsananta saboda sauyin yanayi amma ba a kai a kai ba, tana yin tasiri sosai a kasar da kuma kara hadarin ambaliya. [3] Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, yawan guguwar iska mai tsananin gudu zuwa kilomita 150/h ya ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata. [4] Lokacin noman rani na Madagascar na kara tsayi. [4] Rufin ciyayi yana da alaƙa da El Niño–Southern Oscillation, tare da wannan alaƙar da ke nuna canjin yanayi na iya ƙara ƙasƙantar da yanayin Madagascar. [5]

Dabbobin daji na musamman na Madagascar suna fuskantar barazanar sauyin yanayi. [6] [7] A cikin wani bincike na shekarar 2008, sararin yanayi mai dacewa da kusan dukkanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire na Malagasy 80 ya shafi canjin yanayi. [2] An yi hasashen cewa dazuzzukan Madagascar zai yi tasiri sosai a cikin karni na 21.[8] Hakanan yana iya yin tasiri ga lemurs, tare da tsammanin sauye-sauye mai tsanani a cikin rarraba nau'in [9] [10] da kuma ta hanyar yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin rarraba mafi girma tare da yanayin zafi. [11] Rayuwar Lemur da samar da 'ya'yan itace sun ragu a gandun daji na Ranomafana tsakanin shekarun 1960-1985 da 1986-2005, tare da lokacin sanyi ya na bushewa a wurin shakatawa, kuma Montane -endemic amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe suna fuskantar barazanar yanayin zafi. [2] An yi hasashen dazuzzukan gabas da ya dace da ganyayen lemur zai ragu sosai saboda tasirin canjin yanayi da sare dazuzzuka a Madagascar. [12] Halin haihuwa da haifuwa na Milne-Edwards's sifaka yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar canje-canjen hazo da karuwar guguwa. [6] Coral reefs a Madagascar na iya raguwa a ƙarni na 21 saboda sauyin yanayi, ko da yake ana tunanin sare itatuwan zai fi yin tasiri. [13] An yi hasashen abubuwan da ke faruwa na bleaching reefs zai karu kuma guguwa ta lalata su kai tsaye, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan kifaye da kuma kara yazawar teku.  

Tasiri akan mutane[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Satellite image of a river flooding.
Ambaliyar ruwa na filayen noma (wanda aka nuna a cikin 2010 kusa da kogin Betsiboka ) yana karuwa a Madagascar saboda sauyin yanayi.

Sauyin yanayi na shafar noma a Madagaska, inda manoma masu karamin karfi ke fuskantar illa sosai. [14] Tasirin sauyin yanayi kan noma, kamar karuwar fari, na matukar barazana ga al'ummar Madagaska, kashi 80% nasu sun dogara ne kan noma don rayuwa. [15] An gabatar da dumama da ambaliya a matsayin haifar da raguwar noman noma tsakanin shekarun 1990 da 2015. [4] Wahalar 2021-2022 ta Madagascar, wacce ta biyo bayan fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru arba'in, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da masu sharhi kan harkokin yada labarai na da alaka da sauyin yanayi, kodayake wani bincike da aka yi ya gano cewa "yayin da sauyin yanayi na iya dan kara yiwuwar raguwar hakan. Ruwan sama [a kan 2019-21], tasirin ba shi da mahimmanci a kididdiga", tare da talauci, ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa da dogaro da noma mai ruwan sama sune abubuwan farko.[16] [15]

Samar da ruwa a Madagascar ba shi da kyau, tare da kiyasin 2018 ya nuna cewa kashi 66% na al'ummar karkara da kashi 49% na birane ba sa samun ruwan sha. [17] Madagascar na fuskantar daya daga cikin matsalolin ruwa mafi muni a duniya tun daga shekarar 2021 saboda rashin kyawun hanyoyin sarrafa ruwa, sare dazuzzuka, zaizayar kasa da kutsawar ruwan gishiri. Ana hasashen raguwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, da karuwar yawan iska da kuma hawan teku don kara rage yawan ruwa a fadin kasar. [3] Wannan ya hada da babban birnin kasar Antananarivo, inda ruwa ba zai iya biyan bukata ta 2025. [3] Ruwa a Kudancin Madagaska, inda ruwan karkashin kasa shi ne tushen ruwa na farko a lokacin rani, yana iya yin tasiri sosai yayin da ruwa ke kara iyakancewa. [3]

Canjin yanayi kuma yana da matukar tasiri ga lafiya a Madagascar. Yawan kamuwa da cututtuka na numfashi da gudawa yana karuwa kuma waɗannan tare da zazzabin cizon sauro da rashin abinci mai gina jiki ana sa ran za su karu a cikin karni na 21 saboda sauyin yanayi. [18] An danganta barkewar cutar kwalara da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da sauyin yanayi. [4]

Ragewa da daidaitawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Image of a man in a suit.
Ministan Muhalli, Muhalli, Teku da Dazuzzuka Ralava Beboarimisa a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015

Madagaskar ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris. A matsakaita, kowace Malagasy tana fitar da kasa da tan 2 na iskar gas (GHG) a shekara, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na sama da tan 6. Biomass shine tushen makamashi na farko, [19] kuma wannan amfani da itacen wuta da gawayi don dafa abinci yana taimakawa wajen sare dazuzzuka. Kashi daga cikin al'ummar kasar ne kawai ke samun wutar lantarki, amma an gina wasu wutar lantarki, irin su Ambatolampy Solar Power Station.[20]

A cikin ƙayyadaddun gudummawar da ta ke bayarwa na ƙasa, tare da taimakon sake dazuzzuka, ƙasar na da niyyar ɗaukar GHG fiye da yadda take fitarwa a cikin 2030. Shugaba Andry Rajoelina ya bukaci a dauki tsauraran matakai na kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021: [21]  Madagaskar dai ta sami kanta a cikin matsalar sauyin yanayi. Ana ci gaba da samun raƙuman fari a kudancin ƙasar. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bushe kuma duk hanyoyin rayuwa sun zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba. 'Yan uwana na kudu suna dauke da nauyin sauyin yanayi wanda ba su shiga cikin samar da su ba. —President Andry Rajoelina [21] Madagascar kasa ce matalauciya, kuma daidaita canjin yanayi yana da tsada. [22] Ana ɗaukar kare ƙa'idodin ƙasa a matsayin dabarun daidaitawa na tsakiya. [3] Matakan da aka yi amfani da su wajen kiyayewa a Madagascar sun hada da fadada wuraren da aka karewa da kuma samar da kudin shiga ta hanyar sayar da iskar carbon don rage hayakin da ake fitarwa daga sare dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji (REDD+). [2] Koyaya, a shekarar 2021 dabarar gwamnati na REDD+ ba ta da tabbas, saboda ta haramta siyar da duk abubuwan kiredit na carbon kuma ta koma ƙasa da mallakar carbon. A shekarar 2022, ƙasar tana tunanin sayar da tan biliyan 1.8 na abubuwan kashe iskar Carbon a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Haɗin Kan Carbon Forest na Bankin Duniya .[23] Maido da Mangrove wata dabara ce da aka tsara don dacewa da hawan teku. [3] Za a iya samun nasarar samar da juriyar yanayi a cikin jama'a ta hanyar rage talauci da inganta hanyoyin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa, musamman a yankunan karkara. [3] A COP26, Ministan Muhalli Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina, ya yi kira da a samar da dala biliyan 100 na kudaden sauyin yanayi daga kasashe masu arziki zuwa kasashe matalauta kamar Madagaska don aiwatar da matakan daidaitawa, inda ya bayyana shirin bututun ruwa/mai daga arewa zuwa kudancin tsibirin na bukatar kudade.[24]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Tadross, Mark; Randriamarolaza, Luc; Zo Rabefitia, Zo; Ki Yip, Zheng (February 2008). "Climate change in Madagascar; recent past and future" .
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hannah, Lee; Dave, Radhika; Lowry, Porter P; Andelman, Sandy; Andrianarisata, Michele; Andriamaro, Luciano; Cameron, Alison; Hijmans, Robert; Kremen, Claire; MacKinnon, James; Randrianasolo, Harison Hanitriniaina; Andriambololonera, Sylvie; Razafimpahanana, Andriamandimbisoa; Randriamahazo, Herilala; Randrianarisoa, Jeannicq (23 October 2008). "Climate change adaptation for conservation in Madagascar" . Biology Letters . 4 (5): 590– 594. doi :10.1098/rsbl.2008.0270 . PMC 2610084 . PMID 18664414 .Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Weiskopf, Sarah; Cushing, Janet; Morelli, Toni Lyn; Myers, Bonnie (15 December 2021). "Climate change risks and adaptation options for Madagascar" . Ecology and Society . 26 (4). doi :10.5751/ES-12816-260436 . ISSN 1708-3087 . S2CID 245237470 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.Empty citation (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Nematchoua, Modeste Kameni; Ricciardi, Paola; Orosa, José A.; Buratti, Cinzia (1 August 2018). "A detailed study of climate change and some vulnerabilities in Indian Ocean: A case of Madagascar island" . Sustainable Cities and Society . 41 : 886–898. doi :10.1016/ j.scs.2018.05.040 . hdl :2268/233438 . ISSN 2210-6707 . S2CID 115440273 .Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Spencer, Tom; Laughton, Anthony S.; Flemming, Nic C.; Ingram, J. Carter; Dawson, Terence P. (15 January 2005). "Climate change impacts and vegetation response on the island of Madagascar" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences . 363 (1826): 55–59. doi : 10.1098/ rsta.2004.1476 . PMID 15598621 . S2CID 12434479 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.Empty citation (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dunham, Amy E.; Erhart, Elizabeth M.; Wright, Patricia C. (January 2011). "Global climate cycles and cyclones: consequences for rainfall patterns and lemur reproduction in southeastern Madagascar" . Global Change Biology . 17 (1): 219–227. Bibcode : 2011GCBio..17..219D . doi :10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02205.x . hdl :1911/27596 . S2CID 86151651 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.Empty citation (help)
  7. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (9 April 2021). "Lemurs and giant tortoises among species at risk if global heating hits 3C" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  8. ↑ Hending, Daniel; Holderied, Marc; McCabe, Grainne; Cotton, Sam (April 2022). "Effects of future climate change on the forests of Madagascar" . Ecosphere . 13 (4). doi :10.1002/ecs2.4017 . ISSN 2150-8925 .
  9. ↑ Brown, Jason L.; Yoder, Anne D. (March 2015). "Shifting ranges and conservation challenges for lemurs in the face of climate change" . Ecology and Evolution . 5 (6): 1131–1142. doi :10.1002/ece3.1418 . ISSN 2045-7758 . PMC 4377258 . PMID 25859320 .Empty citation (help)
  10. ↑ Wright, Patricia C. (2007). "Considering Climate Change Effects in Lemur Ecology and Conservation". In Gould, Lisa; Sauther, Michelle L. (eds.). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation . Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospect. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 385–401. doi :10.1007/978-0-387-34586-4_18 . ISBN 978-0-387-34586-4 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2022. (Michelle L. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Barrett, Meredith A.; Brown, Jason L.; Junge, Randall E.; Yoder, Anne D. (1 January 2013). "Climate change, predictive modeling and lemur health: Assessing impacts of changing climate on health and conservation in Madagascar" . Biological Conservation. 157 : 409–422. doi :10.1016/ j.biocon.2012.09.003 . ISSN 0006-3207 .Empty citation (help)
  12. ↑ Morelli, Toni Lyn; Smith, Adam B.; Mancini, Amanda N.; Balko, Elizabeth A.; Borgerson, Cortni; Dolch, Rainer; Farris, Zachary; Federman, Sarah; Golden, Christopher D.; Holmes, Sheila M.; Irwin, Mitchell; Jacobs, Rachel L.; Johnson, Steig; King, Tony; Lehman, Shawn M. (January 2020). "The fate of Madagascar's rainforest habitat" . Nature Climate Change. 10 (1): 89–96. doi :10.1038/s41558-019-0647-x . ISSN 1758-6798 . S2CID 209448969 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.Empty citation (help)
  13. ↑ Maina, Joseph; de Moel, Hans; Zinke, Jens; Madin, Joshua; McClanahan, Tim; Vermaat, Jan E. (4 June 2013). "Human deforestation outweighs future climate change impacts of sedimentation on coral reefs" . Nature Communications . 4 (1): 1986. Bibcode : 2013NatCo...4.1986M . doi :10.1038/ncomms2986 . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMC 3709493 . PMID 23736941 .Empty citation (help)
  14. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Tandon, Ayesha (1 December 2021). "Climate change not the main driver of Madagascar food crisis, scientists find" . Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ "Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine" . BBC News . 24 August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  17. ↑ Serele, Charles; Pérez-Hoyos, Ana; Kayitakire, Francois (1 July 2020). "Mapping of groundwater potential zones in the drought-prone areas of south Madagascar using geospatial techniques" . Geoscience Frontiers . 11 (4): 1403–1413. doi :10.1016/ j.gsf.2019.11.012 . ISSN 1674-9871 . S2CID 214418918 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.Empty citation (help)
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  19. ↑ Nogueira, Larissa P.; Longa, Francesco Dalla; van der Zwaan, Bob (25 November 2020). "A cross-sectoral integrated assessment of alternatives for climate mitigation in Madagascar" . Climate Policy . 20 (10): 1257–1273. doi :10.1080/14693062.2020.1791030 . hdl :11245.1/f17f6b73-ceb9-4774- b2cc-7c9a634c588c . ISSN 1469-3062 . S2CID 225095673 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2022.Empty citation (help)
  20. ↑ "The Force of the Sun: Madagascar Embarks on Renewable Energy Production" . World Bank . Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 AfricaNews (23 September 2021). "Madagascar President urges tougher action on climate change" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.Empty citation (help)
  22. ↑ "Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending" . The Guardian . 13 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  23. ↑ "Madagascar closer to 1.8m issuance under World Bank scheme" . www.qcintel.com . Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  24. ↑ "Madagascar paying price for cheap European flights, says climate minister" . The Guardian . 6 November 2021. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
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