Epictetus

Epictetus
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Hierapolis (en) , 50
ƙasa	Romawa na Da
Mutuwa	Nicopolis (en) , 138
Karatu
Harsuna	Ancient Greek (en)
Malamai	Gaius Musonius Rufus (mul)
Ɗalibai	view Arrian Demonax (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	mai falsafa da marubuci
Fafutuka	stoicism (en)

Epictetus Epiktētos ; c. 50 – c. 135 AD) wani masanin falsafa ne na Stoic . An haife shi cikin bauta a Hierapolis, Phrygia ( Pamukkale na yanzu, a yammacin Turkiyya ) kuma ya zauna a Roma har zuwa lokacin da aka kore shi, sa'ad da ya tafi Nicopolis a arewa maso yammacin Girka, inda ya yi sauran rayuwarsa. Almajiri Arrian ne ya rubuta koyarwarsa kuma ya buga shi a cikin Jawabinsa da Enchiridion .

Epictetus ya koyar da cewa falsafa hanya ce ta rayuwa ba kawai ilimin ka'idar ba. Zuwa Epictetus, duk abubuwan da suka faru na waje sun fi karfin mu ; yana jayayya cewa mu yarda da duk abin da ya faru cikin natsuwa da rashin son zuciya. Duk da haka, daidaikun mutane suna da alhakin ayyukansu, wanda za su iya bincika da sarrafawa ta hanyar horon kai mai tsauri.

Rayuwa

An haifi Epictetus a kusa da AD 50, mai yiwuwa a Hierapolis, Phrygia . Ba a san sunan da iyayensa suka sanya masa ba. Kalmar epíktētos (ἐπίκτητος) a cikin Hellenanci kawai tana nufin "samu" ko "samu"; Masanin Falsafa na Girka Plato, a cikin Dokokinsa, yayi amfani da kalmar don ma'anar dukiya da "ƙara ga dukiyar gado." Ya yi kuruciyarsa a Roma a matsayin bawa ga Abafroditus, wani mai ’yanci mai arziki kuma sakataren Nero . Matsayinsa na zamantakewa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, yana haɗuwa da ƙananan matsayi na bawa tare da babban matsayi na ɗaya tare da haɗin kai da ikon Imperial.

A farkon rayuwarsa, Epictetus ya sami sha'awar falsafanci kuma, tare da izinin ubangidansa mai arziki, ya yi nazarin falsafar Stoic karkashin Musonius Rufus . Samun ilimi ta wannan hanyar ya ɗaga matsayinsa na zamantakewa. A wani lokaci, ya zama naƙasasshe. Celsus, wanda Origen ya ambata, ya rubuta cewa hakan ya faru ne domin ubangijinsa ya karya kafarsa da gangan. Simplicius, da bambanci, ya rubuta cewa Epictetus an kashe shi tun yana yaro.

Rushewar zamanin Roman ( Nymphaeum ) a Nicopolis

Epictetus ya sami 'yancinsa wani lokaci bayan mutuwar Nero a AD 68, kuma ya fara koyar da falsafa a Roma. A wajen AD 93, lokacin da Sarkin Roma Domitian ya kori duk masana falsafa daga birnin, Epictetus ya koma Nicopolis a Epirus, Girka, inda ya kafa makarantar falsafa.

Shahararren almajirinsa, Arrian, ya yi karatu a wurinsa tun yana matashi (wajen AD 108) kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya rubuta shahararrun jawabansa bisa ga bayanin da ya ɗauka a kan laccocin Epictetus. Arrian ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da jawabansa a matsayin kwatankwacin wallafe-wallafen Socratic . Arrian ya bayyana Epictetus a matsayin mai magana mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya "jawo mai sauraronsa ya ji abin da Epictetus yake so ya ji." Fitattun mutane da yawa sun nemi tattaunawa da shi. Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian ya kasance abokantaka da shi kuma mai yiwuwa ya ji yana magana a makarantarsa a Nicopolis.

Epictetus ya yi rayuwa mai sauƙin sauƙi, tare da ƴan abubuwa. Ya rayu shi kaɗai na tsawon lokaci, amma a lokacin da ya tsufa, ya ɗauki ɗan abokinsa wanda in ba haka ba za a bar shi ya mutu, kuma ya rene shi da taimakon mace. Babu tabbas ko Epictetus da ita sunyi aure. Ya rasu wani lokaci a shekara ta 135 miladiyya. Bayan mutuwarsa, a cewar Lucian, wani mai sha'awar ya sayi fitilar man fetur a kan 3,000 .

Tunani

Ƙarni na goma sha takwas na Epictetus

Ba a san rubuce-rubucen Epictetus ba. Almajirinsa Arrian ne ya rubuta jawabansa ( c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD ). Babban aikin shine Tattaunawa, littattafai huɗu waɗanda aka adana su (daga asali takwas). Arrian kuma ya tattara sanannen narkar da, mai suna Enchiridion, ko Handbook. A cikin gabatarwar jawaban da aka yi wa Lucius Gellius, Arrian ya ce “duk abin da na ji ya ce na kan rubuta, kalma zuwa kalma, gwargwadon iyawa, ina ƙoƙarin kiyaye shi a matsayin abin tunawa, don amfanin kaina na gaba., na hanyar tunaninsa da gaskiyar maganarsa." A cikin karni na shida, masanin falsafar Neoplatonist Simplicius ya rubuta wani sharhi mai mahimmanci akan Enchiridion .

Epictetus yana kula da cewa tushen duk falsafar shine ilimin kai ; wato yakinin jahilcinmu da jahilci ya kamata ya zama batun farko na bincikenmu. Hankali yana ba da ingantaccen dalili da tabbaci a cikin hukunci, amma yana ƙarƙashin buƙatun aiki. Sashe na farko kuma mafi mahimmanci na falsafa ya shafi aikace-aikacen koyarwa, misali, cewa kada mutane suyi ƙarya . Na biyu ya shafi dalilai, misali, me ya sa mutane ba za su yi ƙarya ba. Na uku, a karshe, yayi nazari da kafa dalilai. Wannan shi ne bangare na hankali, wanda ke gano dalilai, yana nuna mene ne dalili, kuma cewa dalili da aka ba da shi daidai ne. Wannan kashi na ƙarshe ya zama dole, amma saboda na biyu kawai, wanda kuma na farko ya zama dole.

Prohairesis

Dukansu jawabai da Enchiridion suna farawa ne da bambance tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin ikonmu (abubuwan da ba su da iko ) da waɗanda ba cikin ikonmu ba ( aprohairetic things).

Wannan kadai yana cikin ikonmu, wanda shine aikin namu; kuma a cikin wannan ajin akwai ra'ayoyinmu, sha'awarmu, sha'awarmu, da kyamarmu. Akasin haka, abin da ba ya cikin ikonmu, jikinmu ne, dukiyoyinmu, ɗaukaka, da iko. Duk wani rudu akan wannan batu yana kaiwa ga mafi girman kurakurai, musifu da matsaloli, da bautar rai.

We have no power over external things, and the good that ought to be the object of our earnest pursuit, is to be found only within ourselves.

Ƙaddamarwa tsakanin abin da ke da kyau da abin da ba shi da kyau an yi shi ta hanyar iyawar zaɓi ( prohairesis ). Prohairesis yana ba mu damar yin aiki, kuma yana ba mu irin 'yancin da kawai dabbobi masu hankali suke da shi. An ƙaddara ta dalilinmu, wanda daga cikin dukkan ikonmu, ke gani da gwada kanta da komai. Yana da daidai amfani da ra'ayi ( phantasia ) wanda ya jefar da tunanin da ke cikin ikonmu:

Sai ku yi tun farko don ku ce wa kowane mummunan ra'ayi, "Kai abin gani ne, kuma ba ko kaɗan ba ne." Sa'an nan kuma ku gwada shi kuma ku gwada shi da waɗannan dokokin da kuke da su, kuma na farko, kuma na farko, ta wannan: ko ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke kanmu, ko waɗanda ba su da; Idan kuwa yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da ba namu ba ne, ku shirya ku amsa, “Ba kome ba ne a gare ni.”

Ba za mu damu da kowace asara ba, amma za mu ce wa kanmu a irin wannan lokacin: “Ban rasa kome nawa ba; ka barni." Babu wani abu da ya wuce amfani da ra'ayinmu da ya dace namu. Kowane mallaka yana kan ra'ayi. Menene kuka da kuka? Wani ra'ayi. Menene masifa, ko rigima, ko korafi? Duk wadannan abubuwa ra'ayi ne; ra'ayoyin da aka kafa akan ruɗi cewa abin da ba a ƙarƙashin zaɓi namu na iya zama mai kyau ko mummuna, wanda ba zai iya ba. Ta ƙin waɗannan ra'ayoyin, da kuma neman nagarta da mugunta cikin ikon zaɓi kaɗai, za mu iya samun kwanciyar hankali a kowane yanayi na rayuwa.

Nagari da mugunta

Hankali kadai yana da kyau, mara hankali kuma mugu ne, kuma mara hankali ba ya iya jurewa ga mai hankali. Mutumin kirki ya kamata ya yi aiki a kan dalilin kansa; don kammala wannan yana cikin ikonmu. Tunkuɗe munanan ra'ayi da nagarta ita ce gasa mai kyau da ya kamata mutane su shiga cikinta; ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, amma yana yin alkawarin yanci na gaskiya, kwanciyar hankali ( ataraxia ), da kuma umarnin Allah akan motsin rai ( apatheia ). Ya kamata mu kiyaye musamman daga ra'ayin jin daɗi saboda zaƙi da ƙayatarwa. Abu na farko na falsafa, don haka, shine tsarkake tunani.

Tunani ( prolepsis ) na nagarta da mugunta sun zama ruwan dare ga kowa. Nagarta ita ce riba kuma abin nema ne, kuma mummuna yana da cutarwa kuma a nisance shi. Mabambantan ra'ayi suna tasowa ne kawai daga aiwatar da waɗannan abubuwan da aka riga aka ambata zuwa wasu lokuta na musamman, sannan kuma dole ne a kawar da duhun jahilci, wanda ke riƙe da daidaiton ra'ayinsa a makance. Mutane suna sha'awar ra'ayi daban-daban kuma masu cin karo da juna na alheri, kuma a cikin yanke hukunci na wani abin kirki, mutane akai-akai suna saba wa kansu. Falsafa ya kamata ta samar da mizani na nagarta da mugunta. Wannan tsari yana da sauƙin sauƙaƙe saboda hankali da ayyukan tunani su kaɗai ne a cikin ikonmu, yayin da duk abubuwan waje waɗanda ke taimakon rayuwa sun fi ƙarfinmu.

Ma'anar allahntaka shine alheri; muna da dukkan alherin da za a iya ba mu. Su ma abubuwan bautawa sun ba mu rai da hankali, wanda ba a auna shi da faɗi ko zurfi ba, amma ta hanyar ilimi da jin daɗi, kuma da shi ne muke samun girma, kuma yana iya daidaita ko da alloli. Don haka ya kamata mu noma hankali da kulawa ta musamman. Idan ba mu yi nufin komai ba, sai abin da Allah Ya so, za mu sami ‘yanci da gaske, kuma duk za su zo tare da mu bisa ga son zuciyarmu; kuma za mu zama ɗan ƙanƙan da kai kamar Zeus da kansa.

Kowane mutum yana da alaƙa da sauran duniya, kuma an tsara sararin samaniya don jituwa ta duniya. Saboda haka, masu hikima za su bi, ba nufin kansu kawai ba, amma kuma za su kasance ƙarƙashin tsarin da ya dace na duniya. Ya kamata mu gudanar da kanmu ta hanyar rayuwa don cika dukkan ayyukanmu na yara, 'yan'uwa, iyaye, da 'yan kasa.

Don ƙasarmu ko abokanmu ya kamata mu kasance a shirye don sha wahala ko aiwatar da manyan matsaloli. Mutumin kirki, idan yana iya hango abin da zai faru a nan gaba, cikin kwanciyar hankali da gamsuwa za su taimaka wajen kawo nasu ciwo, naƙasa, har ma da mutuwa, da sanin cewa wannan shi ne daidai tsarin sararin samaniya. Muna da kowane bangare da za mu yi a duniya, kuma mun yi isa sosai idan muka yi abin da yanayinmu ya ƙyale. A cikin amfani da ikonmu, za mu iya sanin makomar da muke son cim ma.

Mu kamar matafiya ne a masauki ko baƙi a teburin baƙo; duk abin da aka ba mu muna ɗauka tare da godiya, wani lokacin kuma idan juyi ya zo, muna iya ƙi; a cikin al'amarin da ya gabata mun kasance masu cancantar baƙon gumaka, kuma a ƙarshen muna bayyana a matsayin masu rabo cikin ikonsu. Duk wanda ya ga rayuwa ba za ta iya jurewa ba, yana da ’yanci ya bar ta, amma kada mu yi watsi da aikin da aka naɗa ba tare da isasshen dalili ba. Masanin Sitoiki ba zai taɓa samun rayuwa marar haƙuri ba kuma ba zai koka da kowa ba, ba allah ko ɗan adam. Waɗanda suka yi kuskure ya kamata mu yafe kuma mu bi da su da tausayi, tun da yake daga jahilci ne suka yi kuskure, kasancewar kamar shi, makafi.

Ra'ayinmu da ka'idodinmu ne kawai za su iya sa mu rashin jin daɗi, kuma jahili ne kawai ya ga laifin wani. Kowane sha'awa yana kaskantar da mu, kuma ya mayar da mu bayi ga abin da muke so. Bai kamata mu manta da halin wucin gadi na duk fa'idodin waje ba, ko da a tsakiyar jin daɗinmu; amma ko da yaushe mu tuna cewa su ba namu ba ne, don haka, ba su dace da namu ba. Ta haka aka shirya, ba za a taɓa ɗaukar mu da ra'ayi ba.

Shigar ƙarshe na Enchiridion, ko Littafin Jagora, ya fara: "A kowane lokaci ya kamata mu shirya waɗannan ma'auni a hannu":

Tasiri

Tattaunawa Tsakanin Sarki Hadrian da Epictetus

Hadrian da Epictetus, rubutun ƙarni na 15, ɗakin karatu na Bodleian

Epictetus ya bayyana a cikin Tattaunawar karni na 2 ko na 3 Tsakanin Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian da Epictetus the Philosopher . Wannan gajeriyar rubutun Latin ya ƙunshi gajerun tambayoyi saba'in da uku wanda Hadrian ya yi kuma Epictetus ya amsa. Wannan tattaunawar ta shahara sosai a tsakiyar zamanai tare da fassarorin da yawa da daidaitawa.

Falsafa

Marcus Aurelius

Falsafar Epictetus ta rinjayi Sarkin Roma Marcus Aurelius (AD 121 zuwa AD 180), wanda ya buga Epictetus a cikin Tafsirinsa .

Masana Falsafa na Halayyar Faransa

Voltaire, Montesquieu, Denis Diderot da Baron d'Holbach duk sun karanta <i id="mwAXA">Enchiridion</i> lokacin da suke ɗalibai.

Adabi

Falsafar Epictetus tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin littafin 1998 A Man in Full by Tom Wolfe . Wannan wani bangare ne sakamakon tattaunawar da Wolfe ya yi da James Stockdale (duba ƙasa). Halin Conrad, wanda ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa ya sami kansa a kurkuku kuma ya sami kwafin Enchiridion of Epictetus, littafin Stoic, ya gano falsafar da ke ƙarfafa shi don jimre wa zalunci na yanayin kurkuku. Ya fuskanci tafiyar jarumin Joseph Campbell ' kira zuwa ga aiki kuma ya zama mai ƙarfi, mai daraja, wanda ba a taɓa samun nasara ba. Muhimmancin Epictetus 'Stoicism for Stockdale, rawar da yake takawa a cikin Mutum a Cikakke, da kuma muhimmancinsa a cikin fim din Ridley Scott Gladiator William O. Stephens ya tattauna a cikin Sake Haihuwar Stoicism? .

Mohun Biswas, a cikin littafin labari A House for Mr Biswas (1961), na VS Naipaul, ya yi farin cikin tunanin kansa mabiyin Epictetus da Marcus Aurelius; Abin ban mamaki shi ne cewa bai taɓa zama a zahiri kamar Stoic ba.

"Kowane abu yana da hannaye guda biyu, ɗaya wanda za'a iya ɗauka da shi, ɗayan kuma ba zai iya ba" shine jigon Disturbances in the Field (1983), na Lynne Sharon Schwartz . Lydia, babban hali, takan juya sau da yawa zuwa Kalaman Zinare na Epictetus - na karshen shine zaɓi na zamani daga rubuce-rubucen Epictetus, wanda Hastings Crossley ya tattara kuma ya fassara.

Ana amfani da layi daga Enchiridion azaman taken taken a cikin Rayuwa da Ra'ayoyin Tristram Shandy, Gentleman ta Laurence Sterne, wanda ke fassara zuwa, "Ba abubuwa ba, amma ra'ayi game da abubuwa, matsala maza."

An ambaci Epictetus a cikin Hoton Mawaƙi a Matsayin Saurayi na James Joyce : a babi na biyar na littafin marubucin marubuci Stephen Dedalus ya tattauna fitaccen fitilun Epictetus tare da shugaban kwalejin sa. Har ila yau, an ambaci Epictetus a takaice a cikin Franny da Zooey ta JD Salinger, kuma Theodore Dreiser ya yi magana a kai a cikin littafinsa Sister Carrie . Duk tsawon rayuwar Epictetus da falsafarsa an yi ishara da su a cikin waƙar John Berryman "Na Kashe".

Ana magana da Epictetus, amma ba a ambata da suna ba, a cikin sonnet Matthew Arnold "Zuwa Aboki". Arnold yana ba da mutane uku na tarihi a matsayin wahayinsa da goyon bayansa a cikin lokuta masu wahala (Epictetus ya riga ya wuce Homer kuma Sophocles ya gaje shi):

Much he, whose friendship I not long since won,
That halting slave, who in Nicopolis
Taught Arrian, when Vespasian's brutal son
Cleared Rome of what most shamed him.

Halin take a cikin littafin Julian Barnes na 2022 Elizabeth Finch yana burge koyarwar Epictetus akan ɗalibanta

François Rabelais

A cikin Babi na XXX na François Rabelais ' Pantagruel (c. 1532), kocin Pantagruel Epistemon ya yanke kansa bayan yaƙi. Bayan an sake dafe kansa kuma aka ta da shi zuwa rai, sai ya ba da labarin abin da ya same shi na la’ananne a jahannama: {{Blockquote|Their estate and condition of living is but only changed after a very strange manner;

...Dukiyoyinsu da yanayin rayuwarsu sun canza ne kawai bayan wani yanayi mai ban mamaki; ...Bayan haka, waɗanda suka kasance manyan iyayengiji da mata a nan, sun sami ƙanƙara matalauta scurvy suna zaune a can ƙasa. Kuma, akasin haka, masana falsafa da sauransu, waɗanda a cikin wannan duniyar gaba ɗaya sun kasance matalauta kuma suna so, sun kasance manyan iyayengiji a can a cikin su. ... Na ga Epictetus a wurin, wanda ya fi ado da faransa, yana zaune a ƙarƙashin wani wuri mai ban sha'awa, tare da manyan mata masu kyau, suna shaye-shaye, suna sha, suna rawa, suna fara'a, tare da yalwar rawanin rana. Sama da lattin an rubuta waɗannan ayoyin don na'urarsa: Don tsalle da rawa, don wasa da wasa, Kuma ku sha giya mai kyau fari da ruwan kasa. Ko kuma babu abin da ke yi duk rana Amma gaya jakunkuna cike da kambi da yawa. Lokacin da ya gan ni, sai ya gayyace ni in sha tare da shi cikin ladabi, kuma na yarda a yi mini roƙo, a yi ni da ni, a yanka ni tare da tauhidi. Ana cikin haka sai Sairus ya zo ya roƙi nisa ɗaya daga gare shi don darajar Mercury, da shi ya saya 'yan albasa don abincin dare. A'a, a'a, in ji Epictetus, Ba na amfani da sadaka don yin sadaka. Riƙe, kai varlet, akwai kambi a gare ku; ka zama mai gaskiya."

Soja

James Stockdale

Fursunan yaki James Stockdale yana karbar lambar yabo daga shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford ; Stockdale ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya iya riƙe hayyacinsa yayin kama shi ta hanyar dogaro da falsafar Epictetus.

James Stockdale, wani matukin jirgi wanda aka harbe shi yayin da yake aiki a yakin Vietnam, Epictetus ya rinjayi shi. An gabatar da shi ga ayyukansa yayin da yake Jami'ar Stanford . A cikin Ƙarfafa Ƙarƙashin Wuta: Gwajin Epictetus's Doctrines a cikin Laboratory of Human Havier (1993), Stockdale ya yaba Epictetus tare da taimaka masa ya jimre da shekaru bakwai da rabi a cikin zaman talala, wanda ya haɗa da azabtarwa da shekaru hudu a cikin ɗaurin kurkuku . Lokacin da aka harbe shi, rahotanni sun ce a cikin ransa "na bar duniyar fasaha na shiga duniyar Epictetus!" kamar yadda ya yi beli.

Ƙaunar baƙin ciki, tausayi, har ma da ƙauna sananne ne masu damun rai. Bakin ciki shine mafi muni; Epictetus ya ɗauki wahalar baƙin ciki aikin mugunta. Yin ganganci ne, wanda ya saba wa nufin Allah a sa kowa ya raba farin ciki.

Ilimin halin dan Adam

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Albert Ellis, wanda ya kafa Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, ya yaba Epictetus tare da samar da tushe ga tsarinsa na ilimin halin dan Adam .

Addini

Kiyozawa Manshi, wani mai kawo sauyi mai kawo rigima a cikin reshen Higashi Honganji na addinin Buddah na Jodo Shinshu, ya ambaci Epictetus a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan tasiri guda uku akan ci gabansa na ruhaniya da tunani.