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Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Kuwait

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Masu Kare yan ci Dan adam

Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam a Kuwait wani batu ne mai matukar damuwa. Musamman ma yadda Kuwait ke tafiyar da rikicin Bedoon na rashin zaman lafiya ya fuskanci babban suka daga ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce ƙasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. [1] [2] Har ila yau Kuwait na fuskantar babban suka game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ƴan kasashen waje, mata, da mutanen LGBT . Ko kuma da yake dokar Kuwaiti (ciki har da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kuwait ) a ka'idar ta yi alkawarin kare duk 'yancin ɗan adam; Hanyoyin aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don taimakawa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da iyaka sosai a Kuwait.[3][1][2][1][2]

Yarjejeniyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kuwait jam'iyya ce ga yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, ciki har da.[4]

  • Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu
  • Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa
  • Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata
  • Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata
  • Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta, Cinikin Bayi, da Cibiyoyi da Ayyuka makamantan Bauta
  • Yarjejeniya Ta Yakar Cin Hanci da Jama'a da Cin Hanci da Karuwancin Wasu.
  • Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa
  • Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara
  • Yarjejeniya Game da Hani da Matakin Gaggawa don Kawar da Mafi Mummunan Siffofin Yin Aikin Yara
  • Yarjejeniya game da Tilastawa ko Aikin Tilas
  • 'Yancin Ƙungiya da Kare Haƙƙin Shirya Yarjejeniya
  • Soke Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata Ta Tilas
  • Yarjejeniyar Wariya (Aiki da Sana'a).
  • Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi

Badon

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Tarihi

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Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. Mafi akasarin Bedoon na Kuwait marasa galihu na ƙabilar Arewa ne, musamman ƙungiyar Al-Muntafiq . Wasu tsirarun Bedoon marasa jiha a Kuwait na cikin al'ummar Ajam .

Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Dokar Ƙasa ta Kuwait 15/1959, duk Bedoon a Kuwait sun cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Kuwait ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. A aikace, an yi imanin cewa Ahlus-Sunnah na zuriyar Farisa ko kuma Saudiyya na kabila za su iya samun zama na Kuwaiti cikin hanzari yayin da Bedoon na zuriyar ƙabilar Iraqi ba zai iya ba. Sakamakon haka, Bedoon da yawa a Kuwait suna jin an matsa musu su ɓoye tarihinsu.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Daga shekara t 1965 har zuwa shekara ta 1985, Bedoon ana kula da su a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Kuwaiti kuma an ba su tabbacin zama ɗan ƙasa: suna da damar samun ilimi kyauta, kiwon lafiya da duk sauran gata na zama ɗan ƙasa. Bedoon mara ƙasa ya ƙunshi 80-90% na Sojojin Kuwaiti a cikin shekara ta 1970s da shekara ta 1980s har zuwa Yaƙin Gulf.[15][16][17]

A cikin shekara ta 1985 a tsayin yaƙin Iran-Iraki, Bedoon an sake sanya su a matsayin "mazauna ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma an hana su zama 'yan ƙasa na Kuwaiti da kuma abubuwan da ke tare da shi. Yakin Iran-Iraki ya yi barazana ga zaman lafiyar cikin Kuwait kuma hukumomi na fargabar asalin kungiyar Bedoon maras kasa. [18] Batun Bedoon a Kuwait "ya ci karo da abubuwan tarihi game da tasirin Iraqi a cikin Kuwait", tare da da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka hana 'yan asalin Kuwaiti an yi imanin sun fito ne daga Iraki.[1][18][19] The Iran–Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon.[18] The Bedoon issue in Kuwait “overlaps with historic sensitivities about Iraqi influence inside Kuwait”, with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq.[20]

A cikin 1985, sarki Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, ya tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin kisa . Bayan yunkurin kisan gillar, gwamnati ta canza matsayin Bedoon daga na mazauna doka zuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba . A shekara ta 1986, Bedoon an cire su gaba ɗaya daga haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin na ƴan Kuwaiti.[21][22]

Tun 1986, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta ƙi ba da kowane nau'i na takaddun shaida ga Bedoon, gami da takaddun haihuwa, takaddun mutuwa, katunan shaida, takaddun aure, da lasisin tuƙi. Bedoon kuma yana fuskantar hani da yawa a aikin yi, balaguro da ilimi. Ba a ba su izinin koyar da 'ya'yansu a makarantun jiha da jami'o'i.

A cikin shekara ta 1995, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai Bedoon 300,000 da ba su da ƙasa, kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta maimaita wannan adadin a hukumance.

A cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, kasar Kuwait na aikata kisan kiyashi na kabilanci da kuma kisan kiyashi ga Bedoon mara kasar. Rikicin Bedoon na Kuwaiti yayi kama da rikicin Rohingya a Myanmar . A shekara ta 1995, an ba da rahoto a majalisar dokokin Burtaniya cewa, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun kori Bedoon 150,000 da ba su da jiha zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin hamadar Kuwaiti da ke kusa da kan iyakar Iraki da karancin abinci, rashin isasshen abinci da matsuguni, kuma an yi musu barazanar kisa. idan sun koma gidajensu a birnin Kuwait. Sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin Bedoon da ba su da ƙasa sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Iraki, inda har yau suke zama marasa gida. Ana kuma zargin gwamnatin Kuwaiti da yunkurin karya kasarsu a cikin takardun hukuma. An samu rahotannin bacewar tilas da manyan kaburburan Bedoon. [2] [13]

Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 1995 ya ce:

“Jimillar abin da ake yi wa Bedoons ya yi daidai da manufar mayar da su zama kamar wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasarsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kuwaiti na cin zarafi da tursasawa Bedoons da hana su yancin zama na halal, aiki, tafiye-tafiye da motsi, ya saba wa ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ƙin zama ɗan ƙasa ga Bedoon a fili ya keta dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Hana Bedoons ‘yancin kai ƙarar kotu don ƙalubalantar hukuncin gwamnati game da iƙirarinsu na zama ɗan ƙasa da zama na halal a ƙasar ya saba wa ’yancin duniya na bin doka da daidaito a gaban doka.”

Dan majalisar dokokin Burtaniya George Galloway ya ce:

“Daga cikin duk ta’asar da ake ta’addancin da ‘yan uwa masu mulki suka yi a kasar Kuwait, mafi muni kuma mafi girma shi ne wanda aka fi sani da Bedoon. Akwai Bedoons sama da 300,000 - kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar Kuwait. Rabin su—150,000—aka kai su sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke cikin hamadar da ke kan iyakar Iraqi da gwamnatin ta bar su su gasa su kuma su rube. Sauran 150,000 ba a kula da su a matsayin masu aji na biyu ko ma ƴan aji biyar, amma ba kamar kowane ɗan ƙasa ba. Ba su da wani hakki. Abin kunya ne cewa kusan babu wani a duniya da ya damu da halin da mutane 300,000 ke ciki, 150,000 daga cikinsu sun kori daga ƙasar da suka zauna a cikinta [lokacin da] da yawa suka zauna a yankin Kuwaiti shekaru da yawa.

A shekara ta 2004, Bedoon ya kai kashi 40% na Sojojin Kuwaiti, babban raguwa daga kasancewarsu a shekarun 1970 da 1980. A shekara ta 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kiyasta cewa akwai 110,729 ''takardu'' Bedoon a Kuwait, ba tare da bayar da jimillar kiyasin ba, amma lura da cewa duk mutanen da ba su da kasa a Kuwait na ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar tsanantawa da take hakin bil'adama. An rarraba Bedoon gabaɗaya zuwa rukuni uku: kabilu marasa jiha, ƴan sanda/soja marasa jiha da kuma yaran matan Kuwaiti waɗanda suka auri maza Bedoon. A cewar gwamnatin Kuwait, akwai "Bodocument" 93,000 a Kuwait. [23] A cikin 2018, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta yi iƙirarin cewa za ta ba da Bedoon har 4,000 marasa jiha a kowace shekara amma ana ganin hakan ba zai yuwu ba. A cikin 2019, ofishin jakadancin Iran a Kuwait ya sanar da cewa yana ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Iran ga Bedoon wanda ba shi da ƙasa na zuriyar Iran.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan kashe kansa a tsakanin Bedoon ya karu sosai.[24][25][2][10][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][23][18][35][36][37][1]


Injiniyan alƙaluma

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Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma ɗaukaka ƙarar su na zama ɗan ƙasa. Duk da cewa waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan ƙasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, gami da waɗanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa ƙididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne ‘yan Shi’a kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. [38] [39] [40] [8] [41] Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa [3] yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. [3] [42] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. [3] [42] An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na Bahrain . [43] [44] A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” (التجنيس السياسي). [43]

Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma daukaka karar su na zama dan kasa. Duk da cewa wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan kasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba, gami da wadanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa kididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne ‘yan Shi’a kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. [38] [39] [40] [8] [41] Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa [3] yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. [3] [42] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. [3] [42] An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na Bahrain . [43] [44] A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” (التجنيس السياسي). [43]

Masu neman mafaka a Turai

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Yawancin Bedoon marasa gida a kai a kai suna ƙaura zuwa Turai a matsayin masu neman mafaka. Ƙasar Ingila ita ce mafi shaharar makoma ga masu neman mafakar Bedoom. A cewar ma'aikatar cikin gida Kuwait ita ce ƙasa ta takwas mafi yawan masu neman mafaka da ke tsallakawa tashar Ingilishi a kan kananan jiragen ruwa .

Yan uwa musulmi yan shia

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A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, 'yan Shi'a da yawa sun ba da rahoton shari'o'in azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, shari'ar rashin adalci, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hukuncin kisa, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama. [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun soki yadda hukumomin Kuwaiti ke mu'amala da abin da ake kira Abdali Cell. Tun daga Nuwambar shekara ta 2021, Kuwait ta tsare fiye da tsofaffi maza 'yan Shi'a Kuwaiti 18 ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da wani tuhuma ba.

'Yan ƙasashen waje

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Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama suna yawan sukar kasar Kuwait saboda take Haƙƙin dan adam da ake yi wa 'yan ƙasashen waje. 'Yan ƙasashen waje ke da kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwait. Tsarin kafala yana barin ’yan kasashen waje da dama da yin amfani da su. Korar gwamnati ta zama ruwan dare a Kuwait saboda ƙananan laifuffuka, gami da ƙananan keta haddi. Kuwait na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi aikata laifukan safarar mutane a duniya. Dubban daruruwan 'yan kasashen waje ne ake fuskantar cin zarafi da dama na cin zarafin bil'adama da suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi na rashin son rai daga ma'aikata a Kuwait. Ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki da ta jima'i, rashin biyan albashi, rashin aikin yi, barazana, tsare gida, da hana fasfo don tauye musu 'yancin yin motsi.

Masu cin zarafi da aka yi ta maimaitawa sun hada da MA Al-Kharafi & Sons da reshensa na Kharafi National wanda ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama da rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Kasa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam suka gabatar ga Kuwait. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama sun zargi Kuwaiti da manufofin wariyar launin fata ga 'yan kasashen waje. Ana daukar Kuwait ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi kyamar baki a duniya.

Rikicin diflomasiyya

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A cikin shekara ta 2018, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Philippines saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Philippines a Kuwait. Akwai kusan 241,000 Filipinos a Kuwait. Yawancin ma'aikatan baƙi ne, kuma kusan kashi 60% na Filipinos a Kuwait ana ɗaukarsu aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gida . A cikin watan Yulin 2018, 'yar fashionista 'yar Kuwaiti Sondos Alqattan ta fitar da wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce yana sukar ma'aikatan gida daga Philippines. Da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun yi gaggawar tsine mata.

A shekara ta 2020, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Masar saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Masar a Kuwait. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Ma'aikacin Ƙasashen waje na Masar Samih Maurice Bowles ya shigar da ƙararrakin hukuma game da Kuwait a gaban Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin tausayi ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa don azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama[52][52][43][3][43][43][53][54][55][44][3][56][57][58][55][59][43][56][53][57][54][3][58][42].[59][43][43][53][55][42][42][44][43][53][55].[3][59][59][58][55][53][53][38][40][39][8][41][60][38][39][40][61][8][62][41][3][42][3][42][3][43][53][55][44][54][63][56][59][57][42][43][44][58]

Raƙumi jockey

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Wasan tseren raƙuma shahararriyar wasa ne a yawancin ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. A da, ana ɗaukar yara aikin ’yan wasa kuma an ɗauke su da kyau kamar dabbobi.

Yaƙin Gulf

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A cikin shekara ta 1990, Iraki ta mamaye Kuwait; Sojojin Iraqi sun aikata laifukan take hakin bil adama da dama akan 'yan kasar Kuwaiti, Bedoon, da 'yan ƙasashen waje a Kuwait. An mayar da wasu zuwa Iraki kuma aka sake su daga baya.

Haƙƙoƙin mata

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Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin dan adam sun ci gaba da sukar rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a Kuwait. Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadi game da shingayen dagewa, na doka da kuma a aikace, kan turbar neman mata na samun cikakken daidaito. Alda Facio da Kamala Chandrakirana kwararu a fannin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce duk da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu, ana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata a cikin doka da kuma a aikace, musamman ta fuskar dokokin iyali da kabilanci, bisa tunanin dogaro da mace ga maza, wanda ya saba wa doka. ka’idar daidaito”. [64] Ana cin zarafin mata musulmi a Kuwait a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali . Yaran da mahaifiyar Kuwaiti suka haifa, kuma uba wanda ba dan Kuwaiti ba, ba sa samun shaidar zama dan kasar Kuwait, sai dai idan ministan cikin gida ya zartar da doka.

Matsayin Kuwait a cikin kima na duniya ya bambanta a tsawon shekaru. A cikin 2014, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 113 na 142 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya na Gender, ƙasar ta inganta matsayinta saboda karuwar yawan adadin kuɗin shiga. A cikin 2015, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 117 daga cikin 145 a duniya a cikin Ƙididdigar Jinsi ta Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kuwait ta kasance matsayi na 122 cikin 153 na duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya. Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ta yi matsayi na 142 na 152 akan ƙarfafa siyasa 143 na 153 akan lafiya da rayuwa, 120 na 153 akan damar tattalin arziki, da 57 na 153 akan samun ilimi. A cikin 2021, Kuwait ta kasance 143 cikin 156 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya . Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ya zabi 153 na 156 kan karfafa siyasa, 94 na 156 kan lafiya da rayuwa, 137 na 156 kan damar tattalin arziki, da 59 na 156 kan samun ilimi. [65] A cikin 2013, 53% na matan Kuwaiti sun shiga aikin ma'aikata. Matan Kuwait sun zarce maza a ma'aikata.

Hakkin LGBT

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Mutanen LGBT da ke zaune a Kuwait suna fuskantar dokokin wariya da halayen jama'a. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta ƙunshi wasu ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya game da lalata da lalata waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don hukunta mutanen LGBT.

  • Mataki na 193 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya ladabtar da "mummunan jima'i tsakanin maza da suka cika shekaru (daga shekaru 21)" tare da daurin shekaru har zuwa shekaru bakwai.
  • Mataki na 198 ya haramta fasikanci na jama'a. A shekara ta 2008, an faɗaɗa dokar zuwa kuma ta haramta "koyi kamannin kamannin ɗan jinsi" tare da tara ko ɗauri.

Ana fitar da 'yan kasashen waje da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau.

Yancin yada labarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ka'idar Muryar Intanet ta halatta a Kuwait.

A cewar wani rahoto na 2009 daga Reporters without Borders, Kuwait ta tsunduma cikin aikin tacewa ta Intanet da kuma zaɓin zaɓi a wuraren tsaro. Babban manufar tacewa ta Intanet shine batsa. Ma’aikatar Sadarwa ta Kuwait ce ke sarrafa ISPs, inda ta sa su toshe hotunan batsa da gidajen yanar gizo na hana tsaro. [66]

Duba kuma

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  • Siyasar Kuwait

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Kuwait Bedoon - Special Rapporteurs, United Nations, Requesting Investigation of Kuwait's Treatment of the Bedoon". Un Special Procedures Request.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Kuwait's humanitarian disaster Inter-generational erasure, ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Bedoon". OHCHR. 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 "Human Rights Council, Forty-sixth session, 22 February–19 March 2021, Agenda item 3, Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Written statement* submitted by International Council. Supporting Fair Trial and Human Rights, a nongovernmental organization in special consultative status. The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31". United Nations. 17 February 2021. p. 2. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  4. ↑ "Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties - Kuwait". University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  5. ↑ "The Gulf's Stateless People without Rights Decades after Independence". Human Rights First (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  6. ↑ "بدون الكويت: كرة ثلج تتدحرج منذ 40 عاماً". Elaph (in Larabci). 2007.
  7. ↑ Fayez Alfayez (February 26, 2021). "أزمة الهوية الوطنية - د. فايز الفايز". Platform Post (in Larabci). Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Eman Shams Aldeen (September 19, 2012). "البدون فــي الكويـــت.. مواطنون بلا هوية". As-Safir Al-Arabi (in Larabci).
  9. ↑ Ahmad Jaber (February 2021). "Critical sociolinguistic ethnography as a lens to statelessness: a case from the Bidoon community in Kuwait".
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Kuwait's Laws and Policies of Ethnic Discrimination, Erasure and Genocide Against The Bedoon Minority Submission on 'Human Rights Protections for Minorities Recognised in the UN System'". Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen. 2020.
  11. ↑ Report to the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study. Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement (PDF) (Thesis). OHCHR. 2019. p. 1–63.
  12. ↑ "Stateless Bedoons Are Shut Out of Kuwait". The Christian Science Monitor. 1991.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen (2018). "The Bedoun Archive: A public archive created for the northern tribes Bedouin of Kuwait".
  14. ↑ Ajam Media Collective (2018). "Between Two Deserts: Visual Vignettes from an Iranian-Kuwaiti Bidoon in New Mexico".
  15. ↑ David S. Weissbrodt (2008). The Human Rights of Non-citizens. p. 98. ISBN 9780199547821.
  16. ↑ Mona Kareem (2013). "Is Kuwait Serious About Bedoon Naturalization?".
  17. ↑ "The National Project to Resolve the Kuwaiti Bedoon Case (Kuwait) End Statelessness Foundation (Australia) - 1 February, 2019 Report to the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study - Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement" (PDF). p. 23.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "United Kingdom Government - Bedoon" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "Kuwait City Journal; The Bedoons: Outcasts in the Land They Served". The New York Times. 1991.
  20. ↑ "Australian Government - Bedoon" (PDF). p. 3.
  21. ↑ "CAR BOMBER FAILS IN ATTEMPT TO KILL LEADER OF KUWAIT". The New York Times. 1985.
  22. ↑ "Kuwaiti Ruler Eludes Attack By Car-Bomber". The Washington Post. 1985.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "United Kingdom Government - Bedoon" (PDF). p. 2.
  24. ↑ "THE Bedoons of Kuwaiy Citizens without Citizenship". Human Rights Watch.
  25. ↑ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 Oct 1995 - Parliament Publications". House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Oct 23, 1995.
  26. ↑ "EASO Country of Origin Information Report Iraq Targeting of Individuals" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office. pp. 149–150.
  27. ↑ Charlie Dunmore and Edith Champagne in Basra, Iraq (10 October 2019). "Citizenship hopes become reality for Iraq's Bidoon minority". UNCHR.
  28. ↑ Human Rights Watch, 350 Fifth Avenue 34th Floor, New York. "Report on the Human Rights Watch Report and Response to its Questions and Inquiries" (PDF). Human Rights Watch (in Turanci).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ "Mideast situation – Middle East Watch Report – Letter from Palestine". United Nations. 1991.
  30. ↑ "Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 - Kuwait". Human Rights Watch. 1993.
  31. ↑ "Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 - Kuwait". Human Rights Watch. 1992.
  32. ↑ "In Kuwait, No Human-Rights Progress". The New York Times. 1991.
  33. ↑ "Human Rights Developments Kuwait". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  34. ↑ Ghanim Al-Najjar (2004). "Challenges of Security Sector Governance in Kuwait" (PDF). pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-17.
  35. ↑ "Assembly OKs bill on number of people to be granted Kuwaiti citizenship in '18". ARAB TIMES - KUWAIT NEWS (in Turanci). 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
  36. ↑ "Iran offers citizenship to stateless people with 'Iranian roots' in Kuwait". Al Arabiya. September 9, 2019.
  37. ↑ "طهران: مُستعدّون لتجنيس "البدون" الإيرانيين". Al Rai (in Larabci). September 8, 2019.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 "Government of United Kingdom". “The Kuwaiti Bedoon`s continued exclusion from nationality can only be understood in the light of the power struggle in a system which was largely based on sectarianism and tribalism within newly emerging emirates striving to assert their legitimacy and authority. The majority of the Bedoon are in fact an extended branch of tribes across the borders between Iraq, Iran, Syria and Saudi Arabia and are largely of the Muslim Shi'ite faith”.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 "Exploring the perceptions of informed individuals about the education provisions of Bidoun in Kuwait". p. 13.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 "State formation of Kuwait" (PDF). p. 83.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "כוויית: עושר רב לצד מתחים אתניים ודיכוי". Israel Hayom (in Ibrananci).
  42. ↑ 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 Sheikh Sabah Al-Mohammad Al-Sabah (February 10, 2018). "اتقوا الله وجنِّسوا الكويتيين البدون". Al-Shahed Newspaper (in Larabci).
  43. ↑ 43.00 43.01 43.02 43.03 43.04 43.05 43.06 43.07 43.08 43.09 43.10 43.11 43.12 Rivka Azoulay (2020). Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State. pp. 100–110. ISBN 9781838605063. Political naturalizations of tribesmen
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 Michael Herb (18 December 2014). The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE. ISBN 9780801454684. How then do we explain the naturalizations that have occurred in the Gulf states in the past, such as the granting of citizenship to thousands of bedu (bedouin) by Kuwait in the 1960s and 1970s? Typically these naturalizations were imposed by the ruling families and were designed to alter the demographic makeup of the citizen society in a way that made the power of the ruling families more secure
  45. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named kidnapped_shia
  46. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named gchr
  47. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named gchr1
  48. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named torture
  49. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named un12
  50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named un13
  51. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named zuhair
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named humanrightwatch
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 Claire Beaugrand. "Statelessness and Transnationalism in Northern Arabia: Biduns and State Building in Kuwait, 1959-2009" (PDF). p. 137. Extra-Legal Naturalisations and Population Statistics
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Frederic Wehrey, ed. (February 2018). Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East. p. 186. ISBN 9780190911195. To counter the strong influence of Arab nationalism in the decades after independence in 1961, Kuwait naturalized more than 200,000 Bedouin tribesmen to serve as a reliable pro-government bloc in parliament.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 Rivka Azoulay (2020). Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State. p. 21. ISBN 9781838605063.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Gwenn Okruhlik (February 8, 2012). "The identity politics of Kuwait's election". Foreign Policy.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Justin Gengler (August 29, 2016). "The Political Economy of Sectarianism in the Gulf". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 John Warner (April 17, 2013). "Questioning Sectarianism in Bahrain and Beyond: An Interview with Justin Gengler". Jadaliyya.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 Andrzej Kapiszewski (2005). "Non-indigenous citizens and "stateless" residents in the Gulf monarchies. The Kuwaiti bidun" (PDF). p. 70.
  60. ↑ Enam al-Wer, Rudolf Erik de Jong, ed. (2009). Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. 53. Brill. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9789047425595.
  61. ↑ "Stateless in Kuwait". 14 January 2013. The Sunni ruling elite discriminate against the bidoon, many of whom are Shia.
  62. ↑ Jaber Al-Sharefee (January 26, 2021). "خمسة أسباب لاستمرار قضية البدون - جابر الشريفي". Platform Post (in Larabci). Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  63. ↑ Mohammad E. Alhabib (2010). The Shia Migration from Southwestern Iran to Kuwait: Push-Pull Factors during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (Thesis). Georgia State University. p. 46.
  64. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  65. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named www3.weforum.org
  66. ↑ "Kuwait: State of the media" Archived 2016-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Menassat

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