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Hanyar aikata laifuka

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criminal procedure
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na adjudication (en) Fassara, legal proceeding (en) Fassara da legal case (en) Fassara
Yana haddasa verdict (en) Fassara
Has characteristic (en) Fassara presumption of innocence (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassara criminal procedure law (en) Fassara
criminal procedure
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na adjudication (en) Fassara, legal proceeding (en) Fassara da legal case (en) Fassara
Yana haddasa verdict (en) Fassara
Has characteristic (en) Fassara presumption of innocence (en) Fassara
Uses (en) Fassara criminal procedure law (en) Fassara

Hanyar aikata laifuka ita ce tsarin yanke hukunci na dokar aikata laifuka. Duk da yake tsarin aikata laifuka ya bambanta sosai ta hanyar iko, tsarin gabaɗaya yana farawa tare da tuhumar aikata laifukan da ke kan shari'a ko dai yana da 'yanci a kan beli ko a ɗaure shi, kuma yana haifar da yanke hukunci ko wankewa wanda ake tuhuma. Hanyar aikata laifuka na iya zama ko dai a cikin hanyar bincike ko tsarin aikata laifukan adawa.[1]

Hakkoki na asali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A halin yanzu, a yawancin ƙasashe masu tsarin dimokuradiyya da bin doka, tsarin aikata laifuka yana sanya nauyin shaida a kan masu gabatar da kara – wato, ya rage ga masu gabatar da kara su tabbatar da cewa wanda ake tuhuma yana da laifi fiye da kowane shakku, sabanin haka. samun kariya ta tabbatar da cewa ba su da laifi, kuma duk wani shakku an warware shi don goyon bayan wanda ake tuhuma. Wannan tanadi, wanda aka sani da zato na rashin laifi, ana buƙata, alal misali, a cikin ƙasashe 46 da ke cikin mambobi ne na Majalisar Turai, a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam, kuma an haɗa shi cikin wasu takaddun haƙƙin ɗan adam.[2] Koyaya, a aikace, yana aiki da ɗan bambanta a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban.[2] Irin waɗannan hakkoki na asali kuma sun haɗa da hakkin wanda ake tuhuma ya san irin laifin da aka kama shi ko ake tuhumarsa da shi, da kuma hakkin bayyana gaban jami’in shari’a a cikin wani lokaci da aka kama shi. Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da yawa kuma suna ba wa wanda ake tuhuma damar samun lauyoyi da kuma ba duk wanda ake tuhuma wanda ba zai iya biyan lauyan kansa ba da lauyan da ake biya a kuɗin jama'a.[2]

Bambance tsakanin laifuka da na farar hula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙasashen da ke amfani da dokar gama-gari suna nuna bambanci tsakanin hanyoyin farar hula da na laifuka. Misali, kotun hukunta laifuka ta Ingila na iya tilasta wa wanda ake tuhuma da laifin biyan tara ga Crown a matsayin ladabtar da laifin, wani lokacin kuma ya biya kuɗin shari’a na masu gabatar da kara, amma ba ya umurci wanda ake tuhuma da ya biya duk wani diyya ga wanda ake tuhuma wanda aka azabtar. Dole ne wanda aka azabtar ya bi da'awar su don biyan diyya a cikin farar hula, ba mai laifi ba. A cikin ƙasashe masu amfani da tsarin dokar farar hula na nahiyar, irin su Faransa da Italiya, wanda aka yi wa laifi (wanda aka fi sani da "ɓangarorin da suka ji rauni") na iya samun diyya ta hanyar alkali mai shari'a.

Ma'auni na hujja sun fi girma a cikin aikata laifuka fiye da na farar hula tunda wanda ya yi hasarar yana yin kasada ba kawai hukuncin kuɗi ba amma har ma a tura shi kurkuku (ko, a wasu ƙasashe, kisa). A cikin dokar Ingila dole ne masu gabatar da ƙara su tabbatar da laifin mai laifi "baya da wata shakka"; amma mai gabatar da ƙara a cikin aikin farar hula yana buƙatar tabbatar da shari'arsa "a kan ma'auni na yiwuwar".[2] “Bayan shakku mai ma’ana” ba a bayyana shi ga alkalan da suka yanke hukunci ba, amma kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta ce tabbatar da laifi fiye da shakku mai ma’ana yana buƙatar masu gabatar da kara su ware duk wani hasashe mai ma’ana da ya yi daidai da rashin laifi: Plomp v. R. A cikin shari'ar farar hula, duk da haka, kotu kawai tana auna shaidar kuma ta yanke shawarar abin da ya fi yiwuwa.[2]

Tsarin laifuka da na farar hula sun bambanta. Ko da yake wasu tsarin, ciki har da Ingilishi, suna ba da damar ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa ya gabatar da ƙarar laifi a kan wani ɗan ƙasa, ayyukan aikata laifuka kusan koyaushe suna farawa daga jihar. Ayyukan jama'a, a ɗaya ɓangaren, yawanci mutane ne ke farawa.

A cikin dokar Anglo-Amurka, jam'iyyar da ke kawo wani laifi (wato, a mafi yawan lokuta, jihar) ana kiranta da tuhuma, amma jam'iyyar da ke kawo aikin farar hula shine mai shigar da ƙara. A cikin aikin farar hula an san ɗayan da wanda ake tuhuma. A cikin shari'ar laifi, ana iya sanin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da wanda ake tuhuma ko wanda ake tuhuma. Shari'ar laifi a Amurka akan mutum mai suna Ms. Sanchez zai kasance mai suna United States v. (short for versus, or against) Sanchez idan gwamnatin tarayya ta fara; idan wata jiha ce ta kawo ƙarar, ana kiran shari'ar Jiha v. Sanchez ko kuma People v. Sanchez. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, za a tsara shari'ar laifuka R. (gajeren Rex ko Regina, wato, Sarki ko Sarauniya) v. Sanchez. A cikin Amurka da Ingila, wani aikin farar hula tsakanin Ms. Sanchez da Mista Smith zai zama Sanchez v. Smith idan Sanchez da Smith v. Sanchez suka fara idan Smith ya fara.[2]

Ba lallai ba ne a yarda da shaidar da aka bayar a shari'ar aikata laifuka a cikin shari'ar farar hula game da wannan al'amari, kamar yadda shaidun da aka bayar a cikin shari'ar farar hula ba lallai ba ne a yarda da su a kan shari'ar laifi. Misali, wanda hatsarin mota ya rutsa da shi ba ya amfana kai tsaye idan direban da ya raunata shi aka same shi da laifin tukin ganganci. Har yanzu dole ne ya tabbatar da hujjar sa a cikin aikin farar hula. Hasali ma yana iya iya tabbatar da shari’arsa ta farar hula ko da ba a sami direban da laifi ba a shari’ar da ake yi na aikata laifuka. Idan wanda ake tuhuma ya bayar da shaida a kan shari’ar da ake yi masa za a iya yi masa tambayoyi a kan waɗannan kalamai a wani mataki na farar hula na gaba ba tare da la’akari da hukuncin da aka yanke ba.[2]

Da zarar mai gabatar da ƙara ya nuna cewa wanda ake tuhuma yana da alhakin, babban gardama a cikin kotun farar hula shine game da adadin kuɗi, ko diyya, wanda wanda ake tuhuma ya kamata ya biya wa mai kara.[2]

Bambance-bambance tsakanin dokar farar hula da tsarin dokokin gama gari[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a ('dokokin farar hula' a matsayin nau'in tsarin doka, ba sabanin dokar laifuka ba) suna bin tsarin shari'a na bincike, wanda alkalai ke gudanar da bincike mai zurfi na da'awar ta hanyar nazarin shaidun da aka yi a shari'ar (yayin da sauran alkalan su ma suka bayar da gudunmawa ta hanyar shirya rahotanni).
  • A tsarin shari'a na gama-gari, alkali mai shari'a ne ke jagorantar shari'o'in da aka kafa a tsarin adawa na warware takaddama, inda duka masu gabatar da ƙara da masu kare kariya ke shirya muhawarar da za a gabatar a gaban kotu. Wasu tsarin dokokin farar hula sun ɗauki hanyoyin adawa.

Magoya bayan kowane tsarin sun yi la'akari da cewa tsarin su yana kare mafi kyawun haƙƙin marasa laifi. Akwai dabi'a a cikin dokokin gama gari don yin imani da cewa dokar farar hula/tsarin bincike ba su da abin da ake kira "zato na rashin laifi", kuma ba sa samar da tsaro da isassun hakkoki. Akasin haka, akwai ɗabi'a a cikin ƙasashen da ke da tsarin bincike na yin imani da cewa shari'ar tuhumar ba ta dace ba ga masu arziƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma waɗanda za su iya ba da manyan ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi, don haka ba sa son waɗanda ake tuhuma mafi talauci.

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Antonino, Galati; Tranchina, Giovanni; Zappalà, Vincenzo (2023). Diritto processuale penale (in Italiyanci). Giuffrè. ISBN 978-88-288-5157-8.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Richard Powell (1993). Law today. Harlow: Longman. p. 34. ISBN 9780582056350. OCLC 30075861.
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