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Kasuwanci

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
kamfani
legal concept (en) Fassara, field of study (en) Fassara da type of organization (en) Fassara
Bayanai
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Kasuwanci Compost wani cakuda ne na sinadaran da aka yi amfani da su azaman taki na shuka da noma inganta yanayin ƙasa, sinadarai, da kuma abubuwan halitta. Ana shirya shi ta hanyar lalata shuke-shuke da sharar Abinci, sake amfani da kayan halitta, da turare. Sakamakon cakuda yana da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta masu amfani, kamar kwayoyin cuta, protozoa, nematodes, da fungi. Abinci yana inganta amfanin ƙasa a cikin lambuna, shimfidar wuri, aikin lambu, Aikin noma na birane, da aikin noma na kwayoyin halitta, yana rage dogaro da takin sinadarai na kasuwanci.[1] Fa'idodin takin mai sun haɗa da samar da abubuwan gina jiki ga amfanin gona a matsayin taki, aiki a matsayin mai daidaita ƙasa, ƙara humus ko abun ciki na humic acid na ƙasa, da kuma gabatar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ƙasa da rage cututtukani da ke cikin kasa.

A matakin mafi sauki, composting yana buƙatar tattara cakuda sharar kore (kayan da ke da wadataccen nitrogen kamar ganye, ciyawa, da kayan abinci) da sharar launin ruwan kasa (kayan katako masu wadata da carbon, kamar tsokoki, takarda, da kwakwalwan katako). [1] Kayan sun rushewa cikin humus a cikin tsari mai ɗaukar watanni.[2] Composting na iya zama matakai da yawa, ana sa ido sosai tare da auna shigarwar ruwa, iska, da kayan carbon- da nitrogen-mai arziki. Ana taimakawa tsarin lalacewa ta hanyar shrying shuka, ƙara ruwa, da kuma tabbatar da iska mai kyau ta hanyar juyawa cakuda a kai a kai a cikin tsari ta amfani da tarin buɗewa ko iska. [1] [3] Fungi, earthworms, da sauran detritivores sun kara karya kayan kwayoyin. Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suna sarrafa tsarin sunadarai ta hanyar canza abubuwan shigarwa zuwa zafi, carbon dioxide, da ions na ammonium.

Mawallafin da aka yi daga katako mai zurfi

Composing wani muhimmin bangare ne na kula da sharar gida, tunda abinci da sauran kayan da za a iya amfani da su sun kai kusan 20% na sharar gida a cikin wuraren zubar da shara, kuma saboda yanayin anaerobic, waɗannan kayan suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don lalacewa a cikin sharar gida.[4][5] Composting yana ba da wani zaɓi mafi kyau a cikin muhalli don amfani da kayan halitta don zubar da shara saboda composting yana rage hayakin methane saboda yanayin anaerobic, kuma yana ba da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da muhalli.[6][7] Misali, ana iya amfani da man fetur don sake farfado da ƙasa da rafi, gina ƙasa mai laushi, da kuma rufe shara.

Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ginin mai na gida
Abun kwantar da hankali a Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen a Washington
Kayan aiki a cikin tarin mai.
Abinci da aka tarkace ya zama mai man fetur

Composting wata hanya ce ta aerobic ta lalata sharar gida, don haka ana iya amfani da ita don sake amfani da kayan halitta. Shirin ya haɗa da lalata kayan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kayan humus, wanda aka sani da compost, wanda shine taki mai kyau ga shuke-shuke.

Kwayoyin da ke tattare da su suna buƙatar sinadaran guda huɗu masu mahimmanci don aiki yadda ya kamata: [3]

  • Ana buƙatar Carbon don makamashi; ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na carbon suna samar da zafi da ake buƙata don wasu ɓangarorin tsarin composting.[3] Abubuwan carbon masu yawa suna da launin ruwan kasa da bushewa. [3][1]
  • Ana buƙatar Nitrogen don girma da haifuwa da ƙarin kwayoyin don shayar da carbon.[3] Abubuwan nitrogen masu yawa suna da kore [3] da rigar.[1] Hakanan suna iya haɗawa da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu masu launi.[1]
  • Ana buƙatar iskar Oxygen don oxidizing carbon, tsarin lalacewa.[3] Kwayoyin cuta na Aerobic suna buƙatar matakan iskar oxygen sama da 5% don aiwatar da matakai da ake buƙata don yin composting.[3]
  • Ruwa ya zama dole a cikin adadin da ya dace don kula da aiki ba tare da haifar da yanayin Anaerobic na gida ba.[1][3]

Wasu rabon waɗannan kayan suna ba da damar microorganisms suyi aiki a farashin da zai ɗaga tarin mai. Gudanar da tarin (misali, juyawa kan tarin mai) ana buƙatar don kula da isasshen iskar oxygen da matakin danshi na dama. Ma'aunin iska / ruwa yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye yanayin zafi 130-160 ° F (54-71 ° C) har sai kayan sun lalace.[8]

Composting ya fi dacewa tare da rabo na carbon-to-nitrogen na kimanin 25:1 . Mai zafi mai da hankali kan riƙe zafi don ƙara yawan lalacewa, don haka samar da mai da sauri. Ana son yin amfani da sinadarai mai sauri ta hanyar samun rabo na carbon-to-nitrogen na kimanin raka'a 30 na carbon ko ƙasa. Sama da 30, substratum yana da nitrogen da ke fama da yunwa. Da ke ƙasa da 15, mai yiwuwa ne ya fi ƙarfin nitrogen a matsayin ammoniya

Kusan dukkanin kayan shuke-shuke da dabbobi da suka mutu suna da carbon da nitrogen a cikin adadi daban-daban.[9] Sabon ciyawa yana da matsakaicin rabo na kimanin 15:1 kuma busassun ganye na kaka kusan 50:1 dangane da jinsuna.[3] Composting tsari ne mai ci gaba da ƙarfi; ƙara sabbin hanyoyin carbon da nitrogen akai-akai, da kuma gudanarwa mai aiki, yana da mahimmanci.

Kwayoyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwayoyin zasu iya rushe kwayoyin halitta a cikin man fetur idan aka ba su daidai cakuda ruwa, iskar oxygen, carbon, da nitrogen.[3] Sun fada cikin manyan rukuni guda biyu: masu lalata sinadarai, waɗanda ke aiwatar da matakai na sinadarai a kan sharar gida, da masu lalata jiki, waɗanda ke sarrafa sharar gida zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar niƙa, fashewa, taushi, da narkewa.[3]

Masu lalata sinadarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • kwayoyin cuta sune mafi yawa kuma mafi mahimmanci daga dukkan microorganisms da aka samu a cikin takin mai.[3] Kwayoyin cuta suna sarrafa carbon da nitrogen kuma suna fitar da abubuwan gina jiki irin su nitrogen, phosphorus, da magnesium.[3] Dangane da matakin composting, kwayoyin cuta na mesophilic ko Thermophilic na iya zama mafi shahara. Kwayoyin cuta na Mesophilic suna samun takin mai zuwa matakin thermophilic ta hanyar oxidation na kayan kwayoyin halitta.[1] Bayan haka suna warkar da shi, wanda ke sa sabon man fetur ya fi samuwa ga shuke-shuke.[1][2] Kwayoyin cuta na thermophilic ba sa haifuwa kuma ba sa aiki tsakanin -5 da 25 ° C (23 da 77 ° F), duk da haka ana samun su a ko'ina cikin ƙasa.[3] Suna kunnawa da zarar ƙwayoyin cuta na mesophilic sun fara rushe kwayoyin halitta kuma suna ƙara yawan zafin jiki zuwa mafi kyawun kewayon su.[2] An nuna su shiga ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan sama.[2] Suna nan sosai saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da ƙwayoyin su masu tsayayya.[4] Kwayoyin cuta na thermophilic suna bunƙasa a yanayin zafi mafi girma, suna kaiwa 40-60 ° C (104-140 ° F) a cikin cakuda na al'ada. Ayyukan composting masu girma, irin su composting na iska, na iya wuce wannan zafin jiki, mai yuwuwar kashe kwayoyin halitta masu amfani amma kuma suna pasteurizing sharar gida.[2] Ana buƙatar Actinomycetota don rushe kayan takarda kamar jarida, bark, da dai sauransu, da sauran manyan kwayoyin kamar lignin da cellulose waɗanda suka fi wuya a rushe su.[1] "Mai daɗi, ƙanshin ƙasa na mai ƙanshi" an danganta shi da Actinomycetota . [1] Suna samar da carbon, ammoniya, da nitrogen masu gina jiki ga shuke-shuke.[1]
    • Kwayoyin cuta na Mesophilic suna samun takin mai zuwa matakin thermophilic ta hanyar oxidation na kayan kwayoyin halitta.[3] Bayan haka suna warkar da shi, wanda ke sa sabon man fetur ya fi samuwa ga shuke-shuke.[3][10]
    • Kwayoyin cuta na thermophilic ba sa haifuwa kuma ba sa aiki tsakanin -5 da 25 ° C (23 da 77 ° F), duk da haka ana samun su a ko'ina cikin ƙasa.[11] Suna kunnawa da zarar ƙwayoyin cuta na mesophilic sun fara rushe kwayoyin halitta kuma suna ƙara yawan zafin jiki zuwa mafi kyawun kewayon su.[10] An nuna su shiga ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan sama.[10] Suna nan sosai saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da ƙwayoyin su masu tsayayya.[12] Kwayoyin cuta na thermophilic suna bunƙasa a yanayin zafi mafi girma, suna kaiwa 40-60 ° C (104-140 ° F) a cikin cakuda na al'ada. Ayyukan composting masu girma, irin su composting na iska, na iya wuce wannan zafin jiki, mai yuwuwar kashe kwayoyin halitta masu amfani amma kuma suna Pasteurizing sharar gida.[10]
    • Ana buƙatar Actinomycetota don rushe kayan takarda kamar jarida, bark, da dai sauransu, da sauran manyan kwayoyin kamar lignin da cellulose waɗanda suka fi wuya a rushe su.[3] "Mai daɗi, ƙanshin ƙasa na mai ƙanshi" an danganta shi da Actinomycetota . [3] Suna samar da carbon, ammoniya, da nitrogen masu gina jiki ga shuke-shuke.[3]
  • Fungi irin su mold da yisti suna taimakawa wajen karya kayan da kwayoyin cuta ba za su iya ba, musamman cellulose da lignin a cikin kayan katako.[3]
  • Protozoa yana ba da gudummawa ga biodegradation na kwayoyin halitta kuma yana cinye kwayoyin cuta marasa aiki, fungi, da ƙwayoyin micro-organic.[13]

Masu lalacewa na zahiri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Tsuntsaye suna haifar da gidaje, suna sa ƙasa ta fi ƙuƙwalwa kuma suna jigilar abubuwan gina jiki zuwa yankuna daban-daban na takin mai.[3]
  • Beetles a matsayin grubs suna cin kayan lambu masu lalacewa.[3]
  • Tsuntsaye suna cinye wani bangare na kayan da aka yi da sinadarin da aka yi, [3] suna yin nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, da magnesium ga shuke-shuke. Hanyoyin da suka kirkira yayin da suke motsawa ta hanyar mai kara iska da magudanar ruwa.[3][3]
  • Tsuntsaye suna cin abinci a kusan dukkanin kayan kwayoyin halitta kuma suna sanya kwayoyin cuta a cikin takin mai.[3] Yawan su ana kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da yanayin zafi wanda bai dace da tsutsotsi ba.[3]
  • Millipedes ya rushe kayan shuka.[3]
  • Rotifers suna cin abinci a kan ƙwayoyin shuke-shuke.[3]
  • Kwango da slugs suna cin abinci a kan kayan shuka masu rai ko sabo.[3] Ya kamata a cire su daga mai kafin a yi amfani da su, saboda suna iya lalata shuke-shuke da amfanin gona.[3]
  • Tsuntsaye suna cin abinci a kan itace mai lalacewa da tsire-tsire masu lalacewa.[3]Springtails suna cin abinci a kan fungi, molds, da
  • lalacewa.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - US EPA". US EPA. 17 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Zech, Wolfgang; Hatcher, Patrick G. (1988). "Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: The humus layer". Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde (in Turanci). 151 (5): 331–340. doi:10.1002/jpln.19881510512. ISSN 0044-3263.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 "The Science of Composting". Composting for the Homeowner. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ "Do Biodegradable Items Degrade in Landfills?". ThoughtCo (in Turanci). 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  5. ↑ "Reducing the Impact of Wasted Food by Feeding the Soil and Composting". Sustainable Management of Food (in Turanci). US EPA. 2015-08-12. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  6. ↑ "Composting to avoid methane production". www.agric.wa.gov.au (in Turanci). 2021-10-15. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
  7. ↑ "Compost". Regeneration.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  8. ↑ Lal, Rattan (2003-11-30). "Composting". Pollution a to Z (in Turanci). 1. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  9. ↑ "Klickitat County WA, USA Compost Mix Calculator". Archived from the original on 17 November 2011.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Compost Physics - Cornell Composting". compost.css.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  11. ↑ Marchant, Roger; Franzetti, Andrea; Pavlostathis, Spyros G.; Tas, Didem Okutman; Erdbrűgger, Isabel; Űnyayar, Ali; Mazmanci, Mehmet A.; Banat, Ibrahim M. (2008-04-01). "Thermophilic bacteria in cool temperate soils: are they metabolically active or continually added by global atmospheric transport?". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (in Turanci). 78 (5): 841–852. doi:10.1007/s00253-008-1372-y. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 18256821. S2CID 24884198. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  12. ↑ Zeigler, Daniel R. (January 2014). "The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet?". Microbiology. 160 (Pt 1): 1–11. doi:10.1099/mic.0.071696-0. ISSN 1465-2080. PMID 24085838.
  13. ↑ Trautmann, Nancy; Olynciw, Elaina. "Compost Microorganisms". CORNELL Composting. Cornell Waste Management Institute. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
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