Korama

Korama
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	watercourse (en)
Kyauta ta samu	biotope of the year (en)

Aubach (Wiehl) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Jamus

Rocky rafi a Italiya

Ruwa mai sanyi a Enäjärvi, Pori, Finland

Gudun kusa da Montriond a kudu maso gabashin Faransa

korama

Korama nau'in ruwa ne tare da ruwan sama yana gudana a cikin kogi da bankunan tashar. Ana gudanar da kwararar rafi ta hanyar bayanai guda uku - ruwan saman, ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan kasa. Ruwa da ruwa na karkashin kasa suna canzawa sosai tsakanin lokutan ruwan sama. Ruwa na kasa, a gefe guda, yana da shigarwar da ba ta da yawa kuma ana sarrafa ta sosai ta tsarin ruwan sama na dogon lokaci. Ruwa ya kunshi saman kasa, karkashin kasa da ruwa mai gudana wanda ke amsa yanayin ƙasa, geomorphological, hydrological da biotic controls.

Dangane da inda suke ko wasu halaye, ana iya ambaton rafi da sunaye iri -iri na yanki ko na yanki. Dogayen manyan rafuffuka galibi ana kiran su da koguna .

Kõramu suna da muhimmanci kamar yadda conduits a cikin ruwa sake zagayowar, kida a ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa recharge, kuma farfajiyoyi ga kifi da kuma namun dajin hijirarsa. Mazaunin halittu da ke kusa da rafi ana kiranta yankin rafi. Ganin matsayi na gudana Holocene nau'i nau'i, kõguna taka muhimmiyar corridor rawa a hada da fragmented habitats kuma haka a kare rabe-raben halittu. Nazarin rafuffuka da hanyoyin ruwa gabadaya an san su da ilimin halittar ruwa kuma shine babban ɓangaren yanayin muhalli.

Nau'ika

Wani kogi mai dutse a cikin Spearfish Canyon, Dakota ta Kudu, Amurka

Creek babbling through Benvoulin, Canada, wetlands

Wyming Brook a cikin Sheffield, UK

Ƙananan rafi a cikin tafkin Parramatta, Sydney

Ƙananan rafi a cikin gundumar Macon, Illinois, Amurka

Koramar Brook

Wani korama ne mai kankanta da rafi, musamman wanda ruwan bazara ko seep ke ciyar da shi. Shi ne yawanci kananan da kuma sauki forded . Rafi yana halin rashin zurfinsa.

Koramar Creek

Rafi Creek ( /k r iː k / ) ko crick ( /k r ɪ k / ):

• A ƙasar Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand, da Amurka, rafi (kunkuntar) wanda ya yi ƙasa da kogi; ƙaramin sashin kogin; rafi. Wani lokacin kewaya ta hanyar kera motoci kuma yana iya zama na lokaci -lokaci.
• A cikin sassan Maryland, New England, UK da Indiya, mashigar ruwa, yawanci a cikin ruwan gishiri ko fadama na mangrove, ko tsakanin dadadden da ya zubar da tsohon magudanar gishiri ko fadama (misali. Port Creek da ke raba tsibirin Portsea da babban yankin). A cikin wadannan lokuta, rafi ne tidal rafi, cikin shakka daga cikin seawater ta cikin creek tashar a low kuma high tide.

Kogi

Babban rafi wanda yake natural, wanda zai iya zama hanyar ruwa .

Runnel

Tasha ce na linzami tsakanin tsaka -tsaki ko sanduna a bakin tekun bakin teku ko ambaliyar kogi, ko tsakanin mashaya da tudu. Har ila yau ana kiranta swale .

hanyar ruwa

Hanyoyin ruwa

Cibiyar hanyar ruwa shine rafi mai ba da gudummawa, ko rafi wanda baya isa ga madaidaicin ruwa kamar tafki ko teku, amma ya shiga wani kogi (kogin iyaye). Wani lokaci kuma ana kiran reshe ko cokali mai yatsa.

Mai rarrabawa

Rarrabawa, ko tashar rarrabawa, korama ne wanda ke fita kuma yana gudana daga babban tashar rafi. Rarrabawa abu ne na kowa na kogin delta . An san abin da ake kira rabewar kogi . Sau da yawa ana samun abubuwan rarrabawa inda rafi ke kusanto tafki ko teku . Hakanan suna iya faruwa a cikin kasa, akan magoya bayan alluvial, ko kuma inda rafin da ke karkashin ruwa ke rarrafe yayin da yake gab da haduwa da babban rafi. Kalmomin gama gari don ba da sunan rabe-raben kogi a cikin kasashe masu magana da Ingilishi hannu ne da tashoshi .

Sauran sunaye

Akwai adadin sunayen korama dangane da yankuna daban daban na duniya.

Ƙasar Ingila

• Ana amfani da kalmar Allt a tsaunukan Scotland .
• Ana amfani da Beck a cikin Lincolnshire zuwa Cumbria a cikin yankunan da danes da Norwegian suka mamaye.
• Ana amfani da Bourne ko winterbourne a cikin allurar kasa ta Kudancin Ingila don koguna na yau da kullun. Lokacin dindindin, su magudanan ruwa ne.
• Brook .
• Kuna da ake amfani a Scotland da kuma North East England .
• Ana ganin Gill ko ghyll a arewacin Ingila da Kent da Surrey wanda tsohon Norse yayi tasiri. Ana amfani da bambance -bambancen "ghyll" a cikin Gundumar Lake kuma da alama ya kasance kirkira William Wordsworth.
• Ana amfani da Nant a Wales.
• Rivulet kalma ce da aka ci karo da ita a cikin littattafan zamanin Victoria.
• Gudun ruwa
• Ana amfani da Syke a cikin ƙasan Scotland da Cumbria don rafi na yanayi.

Amurka ta Arewa

• Ana amfani da reshe a wajen sunan koramu a cikin Maryland da Virginia.
• Creek ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin Amurka, da Australia.
• Hakanan ana amfani da Falls don ambaton rafuffuka a cikin Maryland, don rafuffuka/koguna wadanda ke da ruwa a kansu, koda kuwa irin wannan faduwar tana da ƙaramin digo a tsaye. Little Gunpowder Falls da Jones Falls a zahiri koguna ne masu suna ta wannan hanyar, ta musamman ga Maryland.
• Kashe a New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, da New Jersey sun fito ne daga kalmar yaren Dutch wanda ke nufin "kogi" ko "tashar ruwa", kuma ana iya amfani dashi don ma'anar UK 'creek'.
• Gudun a Ohio, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, ko West Virginia na iya zama sunan rafi.
• Gudu a Florida shine sunan da aka baiwa rafuffukan da ke fitowa daga kananan mabubbugar ruwa . River da ake amfani da kõguna daga fi girma marẽmari kamar Azurfa River da kuma Rainbow River .
• Stream da rafin ana amfani da Midwestern jihohi, Mid-Atlantic jihohi, da kuma New England .

Sauran kalmomin

Mashaya

Shoal din da ke tasowa a cikin rafi yayin da ake ajiye digon ruwa yayin da halin yanzu ke raguwa ko kuma yana hana shi ta hanyar motsi a wurin haduwa.

Bifurcation

Ƙarfafa cikin rafi biyu ko fiye.

Tasha

A ciki halitta da m yashewa cewa daukawa rafi ta kwarara.

Rikicewa

Matsayin da magudanan ruwa biyu suka haɗu. Idan ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da girman daidai gwargwado, ana iya kiran haɗuwa da cokali mai yatsa.

Bakin magudanar ruwa

(wanda kuma aka sani da magudanar ruwa a Amurka) Yankin ƙasar inda ruwa ke gudana cikin rafi. Babban tafkin magudanar ruwa kamar Kogin Amazon ya ƙunshi ƙananan ramuka da yawa.

Madatsar ruwa

Ƙasashen da ke kusa da rafin da zai iya yin ambaliya lokacin da rafi ya cika bankunansa.

Tashar gaging

Wurin da ke kan hanyar rafi ko kogi, da ake amfani da shi don yin nuni ko sa ido kan ruwa.

Ruwa

Bangaren rafi ko kogi kusa da tushen sa. Kalmar an fi amfani da ita a cikin jam’i inda babu tushen ma’ana guda daya.

Knickpoint

Ma'anar akan bayanin rafi inda canjin kwatsam a rafi ke faruwa.

Baki

Matsayin da rafin ke fitarwa, wataƙila ta hanyar rakuman ruwa ko delta, zuwa cikin ruwa mai korewa kamar tafki ko teku .

Pool

Wani sashi inda ruwan yake da zurfi kuma yana tafiya a hankali.

Rapids

Rikici, mai saurin gudu na rafi ko kogi.

Yi rusa

Wani sashi inda kwarara ke da zurfi kuma mafi tashin hankali .

Kogi

Babban rafi na halitta, wanda zai iya zama hanyar ruwa .

Gudu

Wani sashi mai gudana mai gudana na rafi.

Source

Guguwar da rafin ya samo asali, ko kuma wani asalin asalin rafi.

Bazara

A batu a wanda wani rafi fita daga wani boye mana ta hanyar unconsolidated sediments ko ta hanyar kogwanni. Ruwa na iya, musamman tare da kogo, yana gudana daga karkashin kasa don wani bangaren tafarkin sa, da karkashin kasa don wani bangaren tafarkin sa.

Gado gado

Ƙasan rafi.

Hanyar rafi

Rafi, hanyoyin ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma canjin canjin canjin

Gudun ruwa

Ruwa yana motsawa ta tashar rafi.

Thalweg

Sashin tsayin rafin, ko layin da ke shiga mafi zurfi a cikin tashar a kowane mataki daga tushe zuwa baki.

Waterfall ko cascade

Faduwar ruwa in da rafi ke hayewa zuwa kwatsam kwatsam da ake kira knickpoint; wasu knickpoints an kafa ta yashewa lokacin da ruwa gudana a kan wani musamman resistant sashen dutsen, ya bi ta hanyar daya kasa haka. Ruwa yana kashe kuzarin motsa jiki a cikin '' ƙoƙarin '' kawar da maƙarƙashiya.

Wurin da aka jika

Layin da saman rafin ya hadu da bangon tashar.

Tushe

Ƙananan rafin haraji, Diamond Ridge, Alaska, Amurka

Creek a Perisher Ski Resort, Ostiraliya

Koguna suna samun yawancin ruwan su daga hazo a cikin ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara . Yawancin wannan ruwa yana sake shiga sararin samaniya ta hanyar ƙazantawa daga ƙasa da gabobin ruwa, ko ta hanyar ƙaƙƙarfar tsirrai. Wasu daga cikin ruwan na ci gaba da nutsewa cikin ƙasa ta hanyar kutsawa kuma ya zama ruwan ƙasa, wanda galibin su ke shiga rafuffuka. An kulle wasu ruwan da aka kwarara na fan lokaci a cikin filayen dusar ƙanƙara da kankara, don a sake su daga baya ta hanyar daura ko narkewa. Sauran ruwan yana gudana daga ƙasa kamar kwararar ruwa, wanda rabonsa ya bambanta gwargwadon dalilai da yawa, kamar iska, zafi, ciyayi, nau'in dutse, da taimako. Wannan gudu yana farawa ne a matsayin wani fim mai bakin ciki da ake kira goge goge, haɗe tare da cibiyar sadarwa na ƙanƙanin rills, tare suka zama ruwan famfo; lokacin da wannan ruwa ya tattara a cikin tashar, rafi yana da haihuwa. Wasu ramuka na iya farawa daga tafkuna ko tabkuna.

Ruwa a Southbury, Connecticut, Amurka

Halaye

Matsayu

Don samun cancanta a matsayin korama, jikin ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai maimaitawa ko na shekara -shekara. Mabubbuka masu maimaitawa ( tsaka -tsaki ) suna da ruwa a cikin tashar don aƙalla rabin shekara. Ruwa na oda na farko shine rafi wanda baya da wani rafi mai maimaitawa ko na shekara -shekara yana ciyarwa a ciki. Lokacin da rafuffukan oda biyu na farko suka hadu, suna samar da rafin oda na biyu. Lokacin da rafuffukan oda na biyu suka hadu, suna samar da rafi na uku. Koramu na karamar oda don hadawa da rafi mafi girma ba ya canza tsari na babban rafi. Don haka, idan rafin umarni na farko ya haɗu da rafi na biyu, zai kasance rafin oda na biyu. Ba sai rafin oda na biyu ya haɗu da wani rafin na biyu ba don ya zama rafi na uku.

Gangara/tudu

A gangara/tudu da wani rafi ne mai muhimmanci factor a kayyade ta harafin da aka gaba ɗaya ƙaddara da ta tushe matakin na yashewa. Matsayin tushe na zaizayar ƙasa shine inda kogin ya shiga cikin teku, tafki ko kandami, ko ya shiga cikin shimfidar da yake da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, kuma ana iya amfani da shi musamman akan kowane keɓaɓɓen rafi.

Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, korama zai rushe ta cikin gadonsa don cimma matakin rushewar ƙasa a duk lokacin da yake tafiya. Idan wannan matakin tushe ya yi ƙasa, to rafin zai yanke cikin hanzari ta hanyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya kuma yana da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, kuma idan matakin tushe yana da girman gaske, to rafin zai samar da fili da ambaliyar ruwa.

kwanoni

Meanders ko kwana na nufin canje-canje hanyoyin gudun ruwa a sanadiyar na wani rafi sa da yashewa da kuma shaida na banki kayan. Waɗannan su ne yawanci serpentine a cikin tsari. Yawanci, a kan lokaci masu ma'ana suna yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasa.

Idan wani abu mai jurewa yana jinkirin ko dakatar da motsin ƙasa na kwanoni meander, rafi na iya ɓarkewa ta wuyansa tsakanin kafafu biyu na meander don zama madaidaiciya na ɗan lokaci, yana barin jikin ruwa mai siffar baka wanda ake kira tafkin oxbow ko bayou . Haka ma ambaliyar ruwa na iya sa a yanke gandun daji ta wannan hanyar.

Bayanan martaba

Yawanci, ana cewa koramu suna da keɓaɓɓen bayanin martaba, suna farawa da madaidaicin gradients, babu ambaliyar ruwa, da ɗan canza canjin tashoshi, daga ƙarshe suna canzawa zuwa rafuffuka tare da ƙarancin gradients, faffadan ambaliyar ruwa, da manyan masu ma'ana. Wani lokaci ana kiran matakin farko da rafi "matashi" ko "bai balaga ba", daga baya kuma ya bayyana rafin "balagagge" ko "tsoho". Koyaya, rafi na iya yin tazara na ɗan nesa kafin ya fada cikin yanayin rafi na "matashi".

Nauyin ruwa

An bayyana cewa nauyin korama azaman abu mai ƙarfi wanda rafi ke ɗauka. Ruwa na iya ɗaukar laka, ko alluvium. Yawan nauyin da zai iya ɗauka (iya aiki) haka nan kuma mafi girman abin da zai iya ɗauka (iyawa) duk sun dogara ne akan saurin rafin.

shekararre da wanda ba na shekara ba

shekarrarun koramu

Kogin shekara -shekara shinewanda ke gudana ba da daɗewa ba duk shekara. Wasu magudanan ruwa na iya samun ci gaba mai gudana kawai a cikin sassan gadon rafi duk shekara yayin shekarun ruwan sama. Koramu masu layin shuɗi sune rafuffuka na shekaru da yawa kuma an yi musu alama akan taswirar taswira tare da madaidaicin layin shuɗi.

Koramu wanda ba na shekara-shekara ba

Ephemeral rafi

Gabaɗaya, koramun da ke kwarara kawai a lokacin da kuma bayan hazo ana kiransu da ƙima . Babu wani rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kwararar ruwan sama da rafi na yau da kullun, da wasu rafuffukan ephemeral za a iya rarrabasu azaman tsaka -tsaki - suna kwararowa sai dai su ɓace a cikin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun amma isasshen kwarara (backups) yana dawo da kasancewar rafi — irin wannan yanayi Ana yin rikodin lokacin da gadajen rafi suka buɗe hanya zuwa mahakar ma'adinai ko wasu dakuna na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.

Dangane da ma’anar fassarar hukumar Amurka, tashoshin raƙuman ruwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi an tsara su sosai, sabanin rafuffukan rafi, waɗanda ƙila za su iya ko ba su da tashar da aka ayyana, kuma sun dogara galibi akan ambaliyar ruwa, kamar yadda gadon ruwansu ke saman ruwa. tebur . Wani rafi na yau da kullun ba shi da halayen halittu, na ruwa, da na zahiri na ci gaba ko rabe -rabe. Hakanan tashar da ba ta daɗewa tana iya canza halaye daga tsaka-tsaki zuwa na tsawon lokaci.

Rage lokaci -lokaci ko rafi na yanayi

 

Kogin Australiya, ƙasa a cikin lokacin bazara, yana ɗaukar ruwa kaɗan. Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na rafin ya yi, a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, ya ƙara ƙazantar da ƙasa a ƙasa. Akwai wurin waha zuwa ƙasa dama da riffle zuwa saman hagu na hoton.

Wanke kan iya cika up sauri a lokacin sosai, kuma akwai iya zama kwatsam torrent na ruwa bayan wani haɗiri fara cirewa, kamar a lokacin monsoonal yanayi. Wadannan ambaliyar ruwan sukan kama matafiya da mamaki.

Amurka

A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ragi na lokaci -lokaci ko ragin yanayi shine wanda ke gudana kawai don sashi na shekara kuma an yi masa alama akan taswirar taswira tare da layin shuɗin shuɗi da ɗigo. Wanke ko wankin hamada yawanci busasshe ne a cikin hamada na Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, wanda ke gudana bayan babban ruwan sama.

Italiya

A cikin ƙasar Italiya, ana kiran rafi na tsaka -tsaki torrent ( . A cikin cikakken ambaliya kogin na iya zama ko ba zai “yi ƙarfi ba” a cikin ma’anar kalmar, amma za a sami yanayi ɗaya ko fiye wanda a cikinsa za a rage kwarara zuwa ƙasa ko ƙasa. Yawanci rafuka suna da Apennine maimakon tushen Alpine, kuma a lokacin bazara ana ciyar da su da ɗan hazo kuma babu dusar ƙanƙara. A wannan yanayin matsakaicin fitarwa zai kasance a lokacin bazara da kaka. Koyaya, akwai kuma raƙuman ruwan kankara tare da tsarin mulkin daban.

Wasu yankuna

Hakanan ana iya kiran korama mai shiga tsakani a cikin Latin Amurka, balaguron hunturu a Biritaniya, ko kwari a cikin duniya mai magana da Larabci. A Australia, an intermittent rafi mafi yawa ana kira a creek da alama a kan topographic maps tare da daskararrun blue line.

Wuraren magudanar ruwa

Gwargwadon kwarin da ke gudanar daga rafi ana kiranta kwarin magudanar ruwa (wanda kuma aka sani a Arewacin Amurka a matsayin ruwan ruwa kuma, a cikin Ingilishi na Ingilishi, a matsayin rami ). Hakanan ana iya haɗa kwandon ƙaramin faranti. Misali, Rarraba Nahiyar a Arewacin Amurka ya raba galibin ruwan Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Arctic daga mafi girman kwarin Tekun Pacific. Kogin Tekun Atlantika, duk da haka, ana iya ƙara raba shi cikin magudanar Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Mexico. (Wannan rarrabuwa ana kiranta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Gabas . ) Hakazalika, za a iya raba ramin Tekun Meksiko cikin kwarin Kogin Mississippi da ƙaramin ƙaramin ruwa, kamar kwarin Tombigbee . Ci gaba a cikin wannan jijiya, wani ɓangaren kwarin Kogin Mississippi shine kwarin Kogin Ohio, wanda kuma ya haɗa da kwarin Kogin Kentucky, da sauransu.

Ƙetarewa

Hanyoyin ketarewar korama sune inda hanyoyin ke ratsa koguna ta hanyoyi, bututun mai, hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa, ko wani abu wanda zai iya ƙuntata kwararar rafin a yanayin al'ada ko ambaliyar ruwa. Duk wani tsari akan ko cikin rafi wanda ke haifar da iyakancewa akan motsi kifin ko wasu abubuwan muhalli na iya zama matsala.

Duba kuma

• Gudun ruwa
• Yanke kai
• Dokar Playfair
• Tsarin yanayin kogi
• Bakin dutse