Makarantun yanci
 Makarantun yanci | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayanai | ||||
| Bangare na |
civil rights movement (en)  | |||
| Significant person (en) |
Charles E. Cobb Jr. (en) da Staughton Lynd (mul) | |||
| Lokacin farawa | 1960s | |||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
Makarantun Ƴanci sun kasance na wucin gadi, a madadi na makarantun kyauta ga Amurkawa[1], Afirka[2] galibi a Kudu[3]. Asalinsu wani bangare ne na wani yunƙuri na ƙasa baki daya a lokacin Kungiyoyin Hakkin Bil'adama don tsara Amurkawa na Afirka don cimma daidaiton zamantakewa, siyasa[4] da tattalin arziki a cikin Amurka. Babban misali na Makarantun Ƴanci shine a Mississippi a lokacin bazara na alif ɗari tara da sittin da huɗu (1964).
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da hukuncin Kotun Koli na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da huɗu (1954) a cikin Brown v. Shari'ar Hukumar Ilimi ta lalata tsarin makarantun kebe, a tsakiyar shekarar 1960s Mississippi har yanzu tana kiyaye tsarin makarantar farare da "launi mara daidaituwa. A matsakaita, jihar ta kashe $81.66 don ilimantar da dalibi farar fata idan aka kwatanta da $21.77 kawai ga dalibi bakar fata. Mississippi ta kasance daya daga cikin jihohi biyu kacal a cikin kungiyar da ba su da dokar ilimi ta tilas kuma yara da yawa a yankunan karkara an tura su aiki a fagen kuma basu sami karancin ilimi kwata-kwata. Hatta manhajar karatu ta banbanta na fari da baki. A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, hukumar makarantar farar fata ta Bolivar County ta ba da umarnin cewa "Ba za a koyar da harsunan waje ko al'ada a makarantun Negro ba. Kuma ba za a koyar da tarihin Amurka daga shekarata 1860 zuwa 1875 ba."
A karshen shekarata 1963, Charles Cobb, mai fafutuka na Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), ya ba da shawarar kungiyar ta dauki nauyin hanyar sadarwa na Makarantun 'Yanci, wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar misalan ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da su a baya a wasu garuruwa. A lokacin bazara na shekarata 1963, hukumar ilimi ta gundumar Prince Edward County, Virginia ta rufe makarantun jama'a maimakon hada su bayan an gurfanar da su a shari'ar da ta biyo bayan Brown vs. Hukumar Ilimi, don haka Makarantun 'Yanci suka bullo a madadinsu. A cikin Satumba, shekarar 1963, kimanin dalibai 3,000 ne suka halarci zanga-zangar Stay Out for Freedom a Boston, maimakon su halarci Makarantun 'Yanci na al'umma. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, shekarata 1963, wanda aka fi sani da Ranar 'Yanci, sama da dalibai 200,000 suka kaura cewa Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago don nuna adawa da wariya da karancin yanayin makaranta, tare da wasu suna halartar Makarantun 'Yanci maimakon. Daga baya, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, shekarar 1964 a wata zanga-zangar ranar 'Yanci makamanciyar wannan, sama da dalibai 450,000 suka halarci kaura cewa makarantun jama'a na birnin New York a cikin abin da ya kasance mafi girman zanga-zangar 'yancin dan adam na shekarata 1960s, kuma har zuwa dalibai 100,000 sun halarci madadin. Makarantun 'Yanci.
Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An habaka Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi a matsayin wani bangare na shekarata 1964 Freedom Summer yancin aikin, wani gagarumin kokari wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da ilmantar da daliban Mississippi don canjin zamantakewa. Majalisar Kungiyoyin Kasa (COFO) — kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a na masu fafutuka da kudade da aka samo daga SNCC, CORE, NAACP, da SCLC — a tsakanin sauran kungiyoyi, hadin gwiwar Freedom Summer.
Ainihin aikin ya kasance yakin neman rajistar masu kada kuri’a a duk fadin jihar, kuma masu shirya zaben sun bukaci masu sa kai dubu daya su taimaka wajen gudanar da wannan aiki. Kuma Masu fafutuka sun yi shirin gudanar da Zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Demokradiyya mai kama da juna, saboda bakar fata masu jefa kuri'a cikin tsari ya haifar da wakilai masu farar fata zuwa Zaben shugaban kasa. Wadannan kokarce-kokarce sun kare a kirkirar Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party . Duka wakilan hukuma da Jam'iyyar Democratic Democratic Party ta Mississippi sun tafi taron a shekarata1964 na Democratic Democratic a Atlantic City, New Jersey .
A cikin Disamba Shekarata 1963, a lokacin shirye-shiryen shirin bazara na 'Yanci mai zuwa, Charles Cobb ya ba da shawarar hanyar sadarwa ta "Makarantar 'Yanci" wacce za ta habaka shiga siyasa tsakanin daliban firamare da sakandare na Mississippi, baya ga bayar da darussan ilimi da tattaunawa. Masu fafutuka da ke shirya aikin bazara na 'Yanci sun yarda da shawarar Cobb kuma a cikin Maris 1964 sun shirya taron tsara tsarin karatu a New York a karkashin tallafin Majalisar Ikklisiya ta kasa . Farfesan tarihi na Kwalejin Spelman Staughton Lynd an nada shi Daraktan shirin Makarantar 'Yanci.
A tsawon lokacin bazarar 'Yanci, an kafa Makarantun 'Yanci sama da 40 a cikin al'ummomin baki a duk fadin Mississippi. Manufar ita ce a yi kokarin kawo karshen kaura na siyasa na Amurkawa na Afirka ta hanyar karfafa dalibai su zama Yan kasa masu himma da shiga cikin al'umma a cikin al'umma. Sama da daliban Amurkawa 3,000 na Afirka sun halarci wadannan makarantu a lokacin rani na shekarata 1964. Dalibai sun kasance tun daga kanana yara zuwa manya masu matsakaicin shekaru 15. Malamai sun kasance masu aikin sa kai, yawancin su daliban koleji ne da kansu. [5]
Manufar siyasa da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An tsara Makarantun 'Yanci tare da manufofin siyasa da na ilimi. Malaman Makarantun 'Yanci za su ilimantar da daliban firamare da sakandare don zama wakilan canjin zamantakewa da za su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a da ke gudana, galibi a kokarin rajistar masu zabe. Kuma An raba tsarin karatun da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa sassa bakwai na asali wadanda suka yi nazarin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arzikin dangantakar kabilanci da kuma Kungiyar Hakkin Bil Adama. An karfafa habakar jagoranci, ban da karin kwarewar ilimi na gargajiya. Ilimin a Makarantun 'Yanci ya shafi dalibai ne kuma ya dace da al'ada. Sannan An gina manhajar karatu da koyarwa bisa bukatun daliban, an karfafa tattaunawa tsakanin dalibai da malamai (maimakon lacca) sannan masu tsara manhajoji sun karfafa wa malamai kwarin gwiwar yin koyarwa bisa kwarewar dalibansu.
Tsarin karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bunkasa manhajar karatu ya ta’allaka ne da taron manhajar karatu, wanda ya kunshi malamai da daraktoci suna tattaunawa kan irin ilimin da za a koyar a makarantun ‘yanci. Dole ne malamai su rubuta jita-jita don tsara tsarin karatun su. An gaya musu su tuna yadda rayuwa take a Mississippi da dan gajeren lokacin da suke da shi don koyar da kayan. Dole ne tsarin karatun ya kasance mai son malamai kuma ya zama mai amfani ga dalibai nan da nan, tare da dogara kan tambayoyi da ayyuka. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tambayoyi da tattaunawa maimakon haddar gaskiya da kwanan wata. Kuma Umarnin ga malamai sun haɗa da:
- Game da tsarin aji, tambaya shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci. Ba shi da ma'ana a cika daliban da bayanan da ba zai iya fahimta ba; tambaya ita ce hanyar wayewa. . . Darajar Makarantun 'Yanci za su samu ne daga abin da malamai ke iya ba wa dalibai ta fuskar fahimta da bayyana abubuwan da suka faru.
Tun da taron manhajar ya tattaro Yan kasa na asali da asali daban-daban, kayyadaddun tsarin koyarwa na karshe ya kunshi abubuwa daga asali daban-daban kuma ya kunshi sassa daban-daban guda uku.
Bangarorin uku na manhajar Makarantun ‘Yanci su ne manhajar Ilimi, manhajar zama dan kasa, da Kuma manhajar nishadi. Manufar wadannan sassan shine don koya wa dalibai canjin zamantakewa a cikin makarantar; tarihin yanki; tarihin bakar fata; yadda ake amsa budaddiyar tambayoyi; da bunkasa fasahar ilimi. Manhajar Ilimi ta kunshi karatu, rubutu, da ayyukan baki wadanda suka dogara kan abubuwan da daliban ya samu. Tsarin karatun zama dan kasa shine don karfafa dalibai su yi tambayoyi game da al'umma. Tsarin Nishadi ya bukaci daliban ya kasance mai motsa jiki.
A yawancin makarantu, Manhajar zama dan kasa ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan tambayoyi biyu masu alaka don tattaunawar aji:
- Me yasa muke (malamai da dalibai) a Makarantun 'Yanci?
- Menene Kungiyar 'Yanci?
- Wadanne hanyoyi ne kungiyar Freedom Movement ke ba mu?
- Menene yawancin al'adun da muke so?
- Menene yawancin al'adun da ba mu so?
- Menene muke da shi da muke so mu kiyaye?
Shekara ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bude Makarantun 'Yanci a makon farko na Yuli shekarata 1964, bayan kusan malaman sa kai na Makarantar 'Yanci 250 sun halarci zaman horo na mako guda a Kwalejin Mata ta Yamma a Oxford, Ohio . Shirye-shiryen na asali sun yi tsammanin Makarantun 'Yanci 25 da dalibai 1,000; a karshen bazara, an bude makarantu 41 ga dalibai sama da 2,500.
An kafa Makarantun 'Yanci tare da taimako da jajircewar al'ummomin yankin, wadanda suka samar da gine-gine daban-daban na makarantu da gidaje ga malaman sa kai. Yayin da ake gudanar da wasu makarantun a wuraren shakatawa, dakunan girki, da gidajen zama, da kuma karkashin bishiyoyi, yawancin azuzuwan ana gudanar da su ne a cikin majami'u ko ginshiƙan coci. Halartar ta bambanta a duk lokacin bazara. Wasu makarantu sun sami daidaiton halarta, amma banda wannan. Saboda halartan taron bai zama tilas ba, daukar ma'aikata da kuma kula da zuwan kila shine kalubalen firamare da makarantun suka fuskanta. Kuma A Clarksdale, Mississippi, alal misali, matsakaicin yawan halartar dalibai a cikin makon farko ya kasance goma sha biyar, mako na biyu kuma takwas ne, amma a kowane lokaci a lokacin bazara, makarantar na iya samun halartar dalibai kusan talatin da biyar. Ba kasafai ba ne manya su rika zuwa aji akai-akai.
An canza umarni bisa yanayin gida. A yankunan karkara da ake sa ran dalibai za su yi aiki a lokacin makaranta, yawanci ana yin karatu da daddare. A makarantun da ke kula da lokutan makaranta na al'ada, yawanci a cikin birane, ana ba da tsarin karatun zama dan kasa da kwasa-kwasan ilimi na gargajiya da safe kuma ana ba da azuzuwan na musamman kamar kida, wasan kwaikwayo, Kuma da buga rubutu da rana. A yawancin lokuta, za a kebe duk kwanakin makaranta don kokarin yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a. Ya zama wajibi ga masu fafutuka na SNCC cewa za a saka hannun jari ga dalibai a ayyukan hakkin jama'a saboda ana sa ran wannan dalibai zai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jihar don aiwatar da canjin zamantakewa.
A ƙarshen lokacin Makarantar 'Yanci, masu fafutuka da dalibai sun shirya taron jagorancin dalibai a ranar 8 ga Agusta, shekarata 1964, ranar bayan jana'izar James Chaney, daya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe a kisan Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner . An gudanar da taron a Meridian, Mississippi, a tsohuwar Makarantar Baptist ta Meridian . An bayyana makarantar a matsayin "fadar da'irar Makarantar 'Yanci." Kowace Makarantar 'Yanci ta aika wakilai uku zuwa taron don samar da dandalin matasa don Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party. Wakilan daliban sun tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi ayyuka, makarantu, harkokin kasashen waje, da matsugunan jama'a tare da ba da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar jihar. A karshen taron, dalibai sun shirya wata sanarwa da ta bukaci samun masaukin jama'a, Kuma ka'idojin gine-gine na kowane gida, hadaddiyar makarantu, tsarin ayyukan jama'a, da kuma nada kwararrun baki zuwa mukaman jihohi.
Malaman Makarantun 'Yanci da dalibai sun ci gaba da jajircewa kan manufar Makarantar 'Yanci. A farkon watan Agustan shekarata 1964, an shirya shirye-shiryen ci gaba da Makarantun 'Yanci a cikin shekarar makaranta mai zuwa, kuma wasu malaman sa kai sun riga sun amince su zauna. Dalibai sun yanke shawarar, duk da haka, yayin taron Makarantar 'Yanci a farkon watan Agusta don ba za su ci gaba da makarantun ba. Duk da haka dalibai sun aiwatar da jagoranci da gwagwarmayar da suka samu a lokacin bazara a makarantunsu. Wasu daliban sun koma makaranta kuma sun bukaci ingantattun kayan aiki da karin kwasa-kwasai. Dalibai a Philadelphia, Mississippi, sun dawo makaranta sanye da maballan "Mutum daya, Kuri'a daya" SNCC — wanda aka kore su.
Makarantar Ranar Makarantar Freedom, Philadelphia
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]John E. Churchville ne ya kafa Laburaren 'Yanci na Philadelphia a shekarata 1964. A cikin Yan shekaru masu zuwa ya fara ba da azuzuwan yamma kuma daga karshe ya mai da dakin karatu zuwa makaranta. Bayan kafuwar wannan makaranta, ya shirya gajerun kasidu da aka buga a cikin littafin, What Black Educators Are Saying, wanda Nathan Wright Jr. ya shirya kuma aka buga a shekarata 1970. Wannan makala ta kunshi yawancin tunanin Churchville game da yanayin motsi na Black Power da kuma ra'ayoyinsa na koyarwa na sabuwar Makarantar 'Yanci. Ya raina ra'ayoyin duka kungiyoyin al'adu da masu ci gaban kasa a matsayin facade kuma ba hakora ba. A gare shi, Harkar kishin kasa ta juyin juya hali wacce ta yi kira ga cikakken juyin juya hali a nan da kuma ko'ina a doron kasa, ita ce mafi inganci da gaskiya ga ka'idojinta. Sun gano batutuwan cikin rukuni da na daidaikun mutane da ke fuskantar bakar fata a Amurka kuma hanya daya tilo ta zama dan juyin juya hali da gaske ita ce ta sake haihuwa; wani iko na waje ya yi aiki wanda ya fara kawar da ku daga wadannan gazawar. Makarantun da kansu sun dogara ne akan tsari mai sauki na fifiko. Idan ilimi shine shigar matasa cikin tsarin akida, to dole ne Makarantar 'Yanci ta sake ilmantar da yaran bakaken fata su yi watsi da babbar akida tare da gina sabon tsari. Don yin wannan, kashi na farko na koyarwa da za a kafa dole ne ya zama sabuwar akidar makarantar. Bayan haka, Kuma dole ne a nemo malaman da za su iya dinke barakar da ke tsakanin asali da kuma ketare, kasancewar su darasi ne ga dalibansu na ciki da wajen aji. A karshe, an tsara tsarin karatun don bayyana ainihin halin da baƙar fata ke ciki da kuma koyar da kayan aiki da kwarewa don magance wannan gaskiyar. Tsarin karatun kamar yadda Churchville ya bayyana abin hawa ne kawai don koyar da gaskiyar juyin juya hali; abubuwan da ke ciki galibi basu da mahimmanci kamar yadda bincike ne wanda zai nuna gaskiyar. Hukumar FBI ta kai farmaki makarantar ne a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, shekarata 1966, bisa zargin tanada kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda. Bayan farmakin, Churchville ya daina fafutuka.
Gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Za a iya ganin wani bangare na gadon Makarantar 'Yanci a cikin makarantun da ke rike da suna a yau: Akwesasne Freedom School a kan Mohawk Indian ajiyar ; Makarantun 'Yanci a St. Louis, Missouri da Chicago, Illinois, Tyree Scott Freedom School a Seattle, Washington, da Makarantar 'Yanci ta Paulo Freire a Tucson, Arizona.
Asusun Tsaron Yara (CDF) yana gudanar da shirin Makarantar 'Yanci na zamani a duk fadin kasar. An hada wannan shirin ta hanyar bakar fata Al'umma na Crusade don Yara na Asusun Tsaro na Yara. Shirin Makarantun 'Yanci na CDF na kasa yana aiki sama da wuraren shirye-shiryen bazara 130 a cikin jihohi 24 a fadin kasar wadanda ke hidima ga yara kusan 12,000.
A Michigan kungiyar Black Radical Congress a Detroit ta kaddamar da kamfen don kirkirar samfuri bisa ga Makarantun 'Yanci.
Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia yunƙuyri ne na ilimin al'umma mai zaman kansa wanda ke aiki da sigar zamani na tsarin karatun Mississippi tare da mai da hankali kan tallafin karatu, Kuma aikin zamantakewa da jagoranci tsakanin tsararraki. Ana shirya Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia [6] ta hanyar hukumar jagora, Al'umma A Makarantu. [7]
Jami'ar 'Yanci ta Atlanta, makarantar 'yanci ta zamani kuma makaranta ce kawai a cikin duniya inda duk dalibai ba su da takardar izinin shiga ba tare da izini ba, suna ba da kyauta na koyarwa, sannan tsarin karatun koleji na 'yanci wanda ke taimakawa matasa marasa izini su sami ilimi mafi girma.
Duba wasu abubuwan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ruleville, Mississippi
- Gluckstadt, Mississippi
- Carthage, Mississippi
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cd14d4z14rko.amp&ved=2ahUKEwimo6-D8PuGAxW2WUEAHbh3DvcQyM8BKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw1QAeK_7xQYPB0tC6Nq_6zr
- ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/babban-jamiin-jks-ya-gana-da-tawagar-alkalai-daga-afrika/&ved=2ahUKEwjjvbGn8PuGAxXCaEEAHcs0AfcQxfQBKAB6BAgLEAI&usg=AOvVaw349FxgdP9OCoBKS7yHKXjM
- ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://aminiya.ng/abin-da-ke-hana-yan-arewa-cin-gajiyar-siyasa-a-kudu/&ved=2ahUKEwjs6p3J8PuGAxWaU0EAHQK7DUcQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1On7_irExTQtO79H5gWzlx
- ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/siyasa/1599283-ba-ku-tsoron-allah-malamin-musulunci-ya-kunyata-yan-siyasa-a-zaman-makokin-tsohon-gwamna/&ved=2ahUKEwi91-jk8PuGAxWyQ0EAHTUEAkYQxfQBKAB6BAgHEAI&usg=AOvVaw1jK4heoBF9wUxoWu5qqZ36
- ↑ Freedom Schools ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
- ↑ http://www.philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com
- ↑ http://www.cisphl.org
Ci gaba da karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- William Sturkey da Jon N. Hale (eds. ), Don Rubuta cikin Hasken 'Yanci: Jaridu na Makarantun 'Yancin Mississippi na 1964. Jackson, MS: Jami'ar Jami'ar Mississippi, 2015.
- Jon N. Hale, Makarantun 'Yanci: Masu fafutuka na dalibai a cikin Kungiyar Hakkin Bil'adama ta Mississippi . (New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2016)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1964 MS Freedom School Curriculum
- Tarihin Makarantar 'Yanci ta Mississippi & Lokacin bazara Archived 2020-02-03 at the Wayback Machine
- Darussa daga Lokacin bazara Archived 2017-01-15 at the Wayback Machine ~ tallafin littafin karatu don nazarin Tsarin Makarantun 'Yanci na 1964
- Wurin Ilimi na Spartacus Archived 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Sankofa Freedom Academy Charter School
- Bayani game da Bakin Al'umma Crusade ga Yara Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Lokacin bazara da Makarantun 'Yanci
- Bayanin Shirin Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia Archived 2008-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Makarantun 'Yanci ~ Taskar 'Yancin Jama'a
- Makarantar 'Yanci ta Chicago
- Makarantar Gary Freedom Archived 2017-11-16 at the Wayback Machine
- San Francisco Freedom School
- Aikin Yancin Yankin Sunflower