Martin Indyk
Martin Sean Indyk (an haife shi 1 Yuli 1951) ɗan diflomasiyyar Amurka ne kuma mai sharhi kan alakar kasashen waje tare da gwaninta a Gabas ta Tsakiya .
Ya kasance fitaccen ɗan'uwa a Diflomasiya ta Duniya kuma daga baya mataimakin shugaban zartarwa a Cibiyar Brookings a Washington, DC, 2001-2018. [1]
Ya dauki hutu daga Cibiyar Brookings don zama wakilin Amurka na musamman kan Tattaunawar Isra'ila da Falasdinu daga 2013 zuwa 2014.
A halin yanzu ya kasance fitaccen ɗan'uwa a majalisar kula da harkokin waje . [2]
Indyk ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Isra’ila (1995 – 1997; 2000 – 2001) sannan kuma a matsayin mataimakin sakatariyar harkokin wajen gabas ta tsakiya a lokacin gwamnatin Clinton .
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Martin Indyk a shekara ta 1951 a London, United Kingdom, ga wani dangin Yahudawa da suka yi hijira daga Poland. [3] Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, inda ya girma, yana girma a yankin Sydney na Castlecrag . Babban ɗan'uwansa shine masanin ilimin Ostiraliya kuma mai wallafa Ivor Indyk .
Indyk ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Sydney a 1972 tare da Bachelor of Economics . Daga nan sai ya koma Isra'ila don yin karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus . Yayin da yake zaune a birnin Kudus yana shirye-shiryen kwasa-kwasan jami'a, yakin Yom Kippur ya barke, kuma Indyk ya shafe sauran yakin yana aikin sa kai kan kibbutz Alumim a kudancin Isra'ila, al'amarin da ya kira "lokaci mai ma'ana a rayuwata." Ya ce ya ma yi tunanin yin hijira zuwa Isra'ila a lokacin. [4] [5] Ya koma makarantar digiri na biyu kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a 1977. Ya auri Jill Collier, wanda yake da yara biyu, Sarah da Yakubu. Sun rabu.
Indyk ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1982 kuma ya fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka a Washington, DC. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 1993, mako guda kafin ya shiga Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka . [6] Indyk Bayahude ne mai gyara . [3] [7]
Aikin siyasa da diflomasiyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1982, Indyk ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan bincike na Kwamitin Hulɗa da Jama'a na Isra'ila (AIPAC), ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare Isra'ila a Washington. Daga 1985 Indyk ya yi aiki shekaru takwas a matsayin Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Washington don Manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya, cibiyar bincike ta ƙware kan nazarin manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya. [8]
Ya kasance babban farfesa a makarantar Johns Hopkins na Advanced Studies International, inda ya koyar da siyasar Isra'ila da manufofin kasashen waje. Indyk kuma ya koyar a Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Columbia, Cibiyar Moshe Dayan na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, da Sashen Harkokin Siyasa a Jami'ar Macquarie a Sydney, Australia. Indyk ya yi ta yada labarai da yawa kan manufofin Amurka game da shirin zaman lafiya na Larabawa da Isra'ila, kan dangantakar Amurka da Isra'ila, da kuma barazanar zaman lafiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya da Iraki da Iran ke yi.
Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Shugaba Bill Clinton kuma a matsayin babban darektan harkokin Gabas da Kudancin Asiya a Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka . Yayin da yake NSC, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro kan al'amuran Larabawa da Isra'ila, Iraki, Iran, da Kudancin Asiya. Ya kasance babban memba na kungiyar zaman lafiya ta yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Warren Christopher kuma ya kasance wakilin Fadar White House a Hukumar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Isra'ila.
Ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Isra'ila, daga Afrilu 1995 zuwa Satumba 1997, kuma daga Janairu 2000 zuwa Yuli 2001. Shi ne na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu, shi kadai, haifaffen jakadan Amurka a Isra'ila.
Ya yi aiki a hukumar New Israel Fund . Indyk a halin yanzu yana hidima a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Amurka mai zaman kanta ta DC.
A ranar 29 ga Yulin 2013 Shugaba Barack Obama ya nada Indyk a matsayin wakilin Washington na musamman na Gabas ta Tsakiya don dawo da tattaunawar zaman lafiya tsakanin Isra'ila da Hukumar Falasdinu . Firaministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu da shugaban Falasdinawa Mahmoud Abbas duk sun goyi bayan nadin nasa. Ya yi murabus daga wannan mukamin a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2014, inda ya koma Cibiyar Brookings a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta kuma darakta mai kula da manufofin kasashen waje. A cikin 2018, ya bar Brookings zuwa Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje . [1]
Rigima
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 2000, FBI ta sanya Indyk karkashin bincike bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ya yi amfani da wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci ba daidai ba ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da ba a tantance ba a cikin jirgin sama don shirya bayanan ganawarsa da shugabannin kasashen waje. Babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa an lalata duk wani abu na musamman, kuma babu alamar leƙen asiri .
Indyk ya kasance "a fili ... jakadan Amurka na farko da aka cire wa gwamnati izinin tsaro." [9] Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta ruwaito cewa "tsofaffin jami'an diflomasiyya sun yi korafin cewa an mayar da Indyk a matsayin mai zagon kasa ga nau'in rashin tsaro da ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin wakilan da ke daukar aikin tantancewa a gida daga ofis." An dakatar da izinin Indyk amma an sake dawo da shi a wata mai zuwa, "don tsawon lokacin rikicin da ake ciki," saboda "ci gaba da tashin hankali a Isra'ila, Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza [Strip] da kuma dalilai na tsaro na kasa." [9]
Suka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Karbar tallafi daga Qatar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 2014, Indyk ya shiga cikin bincike lokacin da wani bincike na New York Times ya nuna cewa kasar Qatar mai arziki a yankin Gulf ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 14.8, gudummawar shekaru hudu ga Cibiyar Brookings, don tallafawa ayyukan Brookings guda biyu, Cibiyar Brookings a Doha da Shirin Alakar Amurka da Duniyar Musulunci. Binciken na Times ya gano cewa Brookings na daya daga cikin fiye da dozin goma masu tasiri a Washington da kungiyoyin bincike da "sun karbi dubun-dubatar daloli daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yayin da suke matsawa jami'an gwamnatin Amurka yin amfani da manufofin da galibi ke nuna masu ba da gudummawa. abubuwan fifiko." [10] Masana da dama da jaridar Times ta yi hira da su sun nuna firgita a kan lamarin, suna masu cewa " gudummawar ta haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da ba a sani ba cewa kungiyoyin bincike za su dena sukar gwamnatocin masu ba da gudummawa." [10]
Bayyanar zabin da cibiyar ta yi na karbar kudaden da Qatar ta biya ya jawo cece-kuce musamman saboda a lokacin, Indyk yana aiki ne a matsayin mai shiga tsakani na sulhu tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa, kuma saboda Qatar ce ke ba da tallafin kungiyoyin masu jihadi a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ita ce babbar mai tallafawa kudi. na Hamas, "makiyin kasar Isra'ila da Mahmoud Abbas 'Fatah jam'iyyar." Babban jami'in siyasa na Hamas Khaled Meshaal, wanda ke jagorantar ayyukan Hamas kan Isra'ila, Qatar kuma tana da mafaka. Indyk ya kare tsarin tare da Qatar, yana mai cewa bai yi tasiri a aikin masana ba kuma "don zama masu dacewa da manufofin, muna bukatar mu shiga masu tsara manufofi." Duk da haka, tsari tsakanin Qatar da Brookings ya sa jami'an gwamnatin Isra'ila su yi shakkar rashin son kai na IndykMahmoud Abbasr."[10].
Na views on Isra'ila
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aikin Indyk ya kasance "ya nuna halaye guda biyu masu dawwama, kuma a wasu lokuta masu gasa: goyon bayansa ga Isra'ila, da kuma kyama ga ayyukan sulhu na Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ." [11] Ra'ayin Indyk "sun fusata Isra'ila da Falasdinawa a lokuta daban-daban." [11]
Isi Leibler ya soki Indyk a cikin 2010 Jerusalem Post op-ed, inda ya kira shi "mai adawa da Isra'ila." [12] A cikin 2014, Ha'aretz ya ruwaito cewa "An gano Indyk a Urushalima a matsayin tushen da ba a san shi ba" a cikin labarin Nahum Barnea na Yedioth Ahronoth, 'wanda jami'an Amurka da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba sun zargi Isra'ila da gazawar tattaunawar sulhu. " [13] An nakalto majiyar Yediot Acharonot wanda ba a san sunansa ba yana cewa: "Ya kamata Yahudawa su kasance masu wayo; gaskiya ne kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin al'umma mai taurin kai. Ya kamata ku san yadda ake karanta taswirar: A cikin ƙarni na 21, duniya ba za ta ci gaba da yin la'akari da mamayar Isra'ila ba. Mamaya na barazana ga matsayin Isra'ila a duniya tare da yin barazana ga Isra'ila a matsayinta na yahudawa ... Falasdinawa sun gaji da halin da ake ciki. Za su sami jiharsu a ƙarshe - ko ta hanyar tashin hankali ko ta hanyar komawa ga ƙungiyoyin duniya. " [13] Kalaman sun fusata jami'an Isra'ila. [11]
Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayin da yake inganta littafinsa, Innocent Abroad: Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka, a kan 8 Janairu 2009, Indyk ya shiga tattaunawa game da shawarwarin zaman lafiya na Isra'ila da Falasdinu tare da Norman Finkelstein akan Dimokiradiyya Yanzu! . Indyk ya nuna cewa yana jin "jakar yashi" ta hanyar rashin sanar da shi "cewa zan kasance cikin wata muhawara da Norman Finkelstein. Ba na sha'awar yin hakan. Ni ma ba na nan a matsayin mai magana da yawun Isra'ila".
Labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littattafai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Innocent A Wajen: Ƙimar Ƙimar Ƙimar Diflomasiya ta Zaman Lafiya ta Amirka a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Simon & Schuster, 2009.
- Tarihin Lankwasa: Manufofin Waje na Barack Obama, Brookings Institution Press, 3 Fabrairu 2012.
- Jagoran Wasan: Henry Kissinger da Fasahar Diflomasiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, Knopf, 26 Oktoba 2021.
Labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Martin Indyk, "Bakon Tashin Matattu na Maganin Jihohi Biyu: Yadda Yaƙin da Ba A Iya Tunani Ba Zai Iya Kawo Game da Zaman Lafiya Mai Imani", Harkokin Harkokin Waje, Vol. 103, ba. 2 (Maris/Afrilu 2024), shafi na 8–12, 14–22.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brookings: MARTIN S. INDYK
- ↑ Council on Foreign Relations: Martin S. Indyk"
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Haaretz: "Former 'Meet the Press' host David Gregory writing book on his Jewish faith" by Anthony Weiss August 24, 2014
- ↑ Nathan Guttman, "Mideast Mediator Martin Indyk Draws Ire From Both Sides of Israeli Spectrum", Jewish Daily Forward (August 2, 2013).
- ↑ Indyk's third chance
- ↑ Al Kamen, Inside: State, Washington Post (February 2, 1995).
- ↑ Thomas Gorguissaian, Al Ahram International 24 September - 4 October 2000
- ↑ Mearsheimer, John J.; Walt, Stephen M., The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, Macmillan, September 4, 2007. Cf. p.152
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKempster - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWilliams - ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Nathan Guttman, How Martin Indyk Went From AIPAC Man To Blaming Israel for Talk's Failure, Jewish Daily Forward (May 14, 2014).
- ↑ Isi Leibler, From pro-Israel to anti-Israel apologist, Jerusalem Post (April 29, 2010).
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 'US envoy to resign after blaming settlements for talks failure', Jewish Telegraphic Agency & Times of Israel Staff (May 5, 2014).
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Diplomatic posts | ||
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| Magabata {{{before}}} |
U.S. Ambassador to Israel | Magaji {{{after}}} |
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U.S. Ambassador to Israel | Magaji {{{after}}} |
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Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs | Magaji {{{after}}} |