Mohamoud Ali Shire

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Mohamoud Ali Shire
sultan (en) Fassara

Rayuwa
Haihuwa Las Khorey (en) Fassara, 
ƙasa Somaliya
Mutuwa Badhan (en) Fassara, 1960
Sana'a
Kyaututtuka

Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire, MBE ( Somali , Larabci: محمود علي شري‎ ) dattijon Somaliya ne na ƙabilar Warsangali.[1] Ya sami laƙabin Sultan[2] (wanda kuma ake kira Senior Akil) na Warsangali.[3] Ya kasance a tsakkiyar Las Khorey.[4]

Mulki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mohamoud Ali Shire yayi aiki a matsayin Sultan na dangin Warsangali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20.[5]

Wasikar fitarwa, Janairu 1920

Dervish movement[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shire shi ne surukin Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, wanda ƙungiyarsa ta Derwish ta yi yaki na tsawon shekaru biyu da sojojin Birtaniya, Italiya da Habasha.[6] 'Shire ya naɗa mata huɗu.[7] Sai ya nemi ya auri ‘yar Hassan Faṭmah, inda ya bayar da farashin amarya ( yarad ) na rakuma goma makil da labule da siliki, amma Hassan yaƙi aurar da ita ga shire.[8] A kai a kai shugabannin biyu sun tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa.[5]

A shekara ta 1886, Shire da wasu dattawan ƙabilar Warsangali sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da daular Biritaniya ta kafa wata hukuma a yankinsa. Wannan ya biyo bayan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kariya da Daular Burtaniya da sauran dangin Somaliya suka sanya hannu ( Habar Awal, Gadabuursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Gerhajis da Easa ).[9] A lokacin fafatawar mulki da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Derwish na Hassan da sojojin Burtaniya, Shire ya yanke shawarar jefa kuri'ar Warsangali ga tsohuwar jam'iyyar shi. A cikin Janairu 1908, mutanensa sun buɗe wuta a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya da ke shirin sauka a kan jirginsu.[10] Bayan riƙe sojojin Birtaniya na tsawon kashi 1 bisa huɗu na ƙarni, a bakin teku, a karshe dai dakarun Dervishes sun sha kaye a shekarar 1920 sakamakon tsarin sabuwar manufar Biritaniya ta kai hare-hare ta sama.[11]

Hijira zuwa Seychelles[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Dervishes suka sha kashi, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya ya yanke wa Shire hukuncin gudun hijira a Seychelles na tsawon shekaru bakwai.[5] Dalilin korar shi shi ne, shire ya yi nasa nau'i na "ikon 'yan ƙasa".[12] A cewar Wardheer News, "siyasa mai zaman kanta, ƙarfinsa da kuma halin ko in kula ga ikon da ke kewaye da shi, ciki har da Birtaniya [sun] yi wa London barazana kai ga kama shi da kuma fitar da shi".[13] An kama shi kuma aka ɗauke shi cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa Berbera, inda daga baya ya yi yunƙurin tserewa a ranar 5 ga Janairun shekarar 1920.

A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1920, an aika da saƙon waya zuwa ga sakataren gwamnatin mulkin mallaka don korar Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire. Wasikar ta ce,

Mai martaba zai lura cewa hukuncin korar ba ya dauke da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, don haka ya kamata a ɗauke tsohon Sultan a matsayin detenu na siyasa a Seychelles . . . Mai yiyuwa ne ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Seychelles kuma ya koma ƙasar Warsangeli . Idan ya yi nasara a kowane irin wannan yunƙurin, zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na siyasa a nan; kuma ina da, saboda haka, in nemi cewa a sanya ido sosai kan motsinsa.[14]

A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1920, a cikin jirgin HMS Odin, an kai Sultan Shire ga hukumomin Biritaniya a Seychelles daga mulkin mallaka a Bombay, Indiya.[5] A lokacin da ya isa tsibirin Seychelles, an kuma yi kai wasu fitattun shugabannin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka a can, ciki har da Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha, tsohon Firaministan Masar, wanda nan ba da daɗewa ba Sultan Shire zai kulla wata alaƙa da shi.[15]

Shire ya zauna a wani gida a gundumar Anse Etoile a tsibirin Mahe, wanda ke zaune a kan wata hanya kusa da titi. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi hayar ƙasar daga Charles Mederic Savy. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar, an ba masu haya damar tattara kwakwa, tattara ruwa daga kogin, da kiwon kaji da alade. Shi ma sai da Shire ya riƙa shiga sau uku a kowace rana a ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin da ke kan titi. Duk da cewa sharuɗɗan fitar da shi Shire ya ba shi damar kawo mata, amma ya yi zaman gudun hijira shi kaɗai, ba tare da dangi ko mabiyansa ba.[5]

Shire ya rubuta wasiƙu da dama zuwa ga gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na British Somaliland Protectorate da Seychelles, Waɗanda suka nemi a sake shi.[16] Waɗannan wasiƙun sun kasance da son rai, wuce gona da iri da ƙetarewa daga ɓangaren Shire, waɗanda ke yin aiki don rufe dabarun juriya.[17] A cikin irin wannan wasiƙar ta farko da aka aika a 1922, Shire ya roƙi Gwamnan Seychelles da ya bar shi ya koma ga iyalinsa:

A matsayina na shugabana, mai girma, ka ji muryata mara kyau, bari in koma gida. Zan yi farin cikin ganin kasata a karkashin mulkin turawan Ingila, ban sake neman a ɗauke ni a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi ba, duk bindigogina da harsasai na turawa ne. Zan gamsu da zama bawa mai tawali'u na kasar Ingila; Abin da na fi so shi ne jin daɗin kasancewa cikin iyalina, ’ya’yana da matata, kuma wannan shi ne kawai burina. Afuwa nake tambaya, nayi alkawarin yin biyayya da mutuntawa turawan Ingila, ba zan kara son zama Sarkin Musulmi ba, abin da ya kamata in kasance ƙarƙashin umarnin Bature. Na rantse da abin da na faɗa a sama, na rantse da sake rantsuwa da shi.Template:Dubious[18]

Bayan da ya jaddada cewa yana so ne kawai ya koma ma matarsa da ’ya’yansa da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba ya son zama Sarkin Musulmi, Shire ya yi rantsuwa cewa ya yi watsi da imaninsa na siyasa na farko kuma ya yi alƙawarin amincewa da ikon gwamnatin Birtaniya. Waɗannan tabbacin ba su da tasiri.[16] Shire ya ci gaba da neman a mayar da shi gida, amma gwamnonin ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi watsi da waɗannan buƙatu.[17] Domin kaucewa haifar da kyamar mulkin mallaka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya dokar da ke tantance wasiƙun da aka aika zuwa ga iyalansu da ’yan uwansu a gida. Shire akai-akai ya sami hanyar da za a kewaye da waɗannan ikon ta hanyar amfani da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Somaliya a matsayin masu jigilar kaya, tare da ɗayan waɗannan makasudin sun isa Somaliland ta Ceylon. Shi da wasu fitattun ’yan gudun hijira sun yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa a matsayin manyan kayan aikin sadarwa na siyasa marasa tashin hankali, ta yadda suka sami damar bayyana lokacin da suke gudun hijira fiye da Seychelles.[19]

A farkon 1928, Shire ya kawo wata yarinya 'yar kasar Seychelles mai shekaru goma sha shida a matsayin kuyangarsa,[7] wata budurwa 'yar asalin Indiya wacce ya gabatar da ita a cikin wuraren zamansa a ranar Sabuwar Shekara don biyan buƙatunsa.[16] Jami’in ɗan sandan da ke kula da fursunonin siyasa ya yi gaggawar cire yarinyar daga harabar gidan.[7] Duk da haka, wannan yanayin ya ba shi mamaki. Fiennes, wanda ke da alhakin tsaron lafiyar sa, ya yi jayayya cewa Sultan zai fi zama idan matarsa tana tare da shi.[5] A wani al’amari da ba a saba gani ba ga ɗan sandan, daga baya ɗan sandan ya rubuta wasika inda ya buƙaci Gwamnan da ya sake tunani, inda ya rubuta game da Shire cewa: “Wannan mutumi har yanzu matashi ne kuma cike da rayuwa. Abin baƙin ciki ne da aka aiko shi nan ba tare da ɗaya daga cikin matansa ba.”[7] Gwamnan mai tsaron ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar ne bisa hujjar cewa ajiye Sarkin na gudun hijira ya riga ya ci wa hukuma asarar R.100 a kowane wata. [5] Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Sarkin Musulmi zai iya “tsaro wa yaron da zai iya dafa abinci da kuma hidima idan ya so a yi mana hidima”. Shire bai gamsu da wannan sulhu ba, kuma ya roƙi a maimakon abin da ya kira "mace mai mutunci". [7]

Komawa ga yankin Somaliland[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

File:Sultan-queen-honor.jpeg
Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu tana gabatar da Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shirreh a matsayin girmamawa ( Aden, 1954) [20]

A watan Mayun 1928, bayan da Gwamna Byrne ya yi amfani da shi a madadin Shire, lokacin da Shire ya yi gudun hijira a Seychelles ya ƙare. An kai shi Aden akan jirgin SS Karapara.[16] Shire ya koma yankin Kare na Somaliland, yana mai yin alkawarin yin biyayya ga gwamnati da kyawawan halaye na gaba.[21] Har yanzu ya ba da umarnin amincin mutanensa. Sannu a hankali Shire ya isa masauki tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun fahimci tasirin da zai iya yi a kan danginsa, kuma a ƙarshe aka dawo da matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi. [16]

Daga baya an nuna Shire a bangon Tarihi a yau, yana fitowa a cikin fitowar 1960 na mujallar tarihi da aka wallafa kowane wata.[22]

A shekarar 1960, ya rasu yana tsaka da barcinsa.[23]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Lewis, I. M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 204–205. ISBN 3825830845. Retrieved 4 March 2018. in the Protectorate, the Garaad of the Warsangeli, the most celebrated and strongest of northern Sultans
  2. ↑ Sessional papers. Inventory control record 1, Volume 56. Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons. 1905. p. 42. Retrieved 24 February 2018. Osman Mahmud, Sultan of the Mijjertain, from Ali Yusuf, Sultan of Obbia, and from the Warsangeli Sultan[...] Sultan of the Warsangeli
    • Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons (1905). Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908, Volume 56. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 42. Retrieved 24 February 2018. Osman Mahmud, Sultan of the Majjertain, from Ali Yusuf, Sultan of Obbia, and from the Warsangeli Sultan[...] Sultan of the Warsangeli
  3. ↑ Great Britain Colonial Office (1953). Corona: The Journal of His Majesty's Colonial Service. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 246. Retrieved 17 February 2018. Senior Akil of the Warsangeli tribe
  4. ↑ Africa, Volume 32. Istituto Italo-Africano. 1977. p. 360. Retrieved 23 February 2018. Mahamuud 'Aali Sire, the Sultan of the Warsangeli in Laas-qorai
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  6. ↑ Skelly, Joseph Morrison (2009). Political Islam from Muhammad to Ahmadinejad: Defenders, Detractors, and Definitions: Defenders, Detractors, and Definitions. ABC-CLIO. p. 98. ISBN 978-0313372247. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Thomas, Athol (1968). Forgotten Eden: a view of the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean. Longmans. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9780582105409. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  8. ↑ Journal of the African Society, Volume 19. African Society. 1920. p. 222. Retrieved 15 February 2018. Sayyid Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh refused to give his daughter Faṭmah as wife to the son of 'Ali Šīré, Sultan of the Warsangali tribe. The latter had bespoken her, promising a "farad" of ten camels loaded with silk and draperies.
  9. ↑ Omar, Mohamed Osman (2001). The scramble in the Horn of Africa: history of Somalia, 1827-1977. Somali Publications. p. 568. ISBN 9781874209638. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  10. ↑ Lewis, I. M. (2002). A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. James Currey. p. 74. ISBN 0852554834. Retrieved 12 February 2018. The Warsangali clan within the British protectorate on the eastern coast who under their spirited leader Garad Mahamud 'Ali Shire had now decided to throw in their lot with the Dervishes and in Jan 1908, fired on a British dhow as it was landing on their coast.
  11. ↑ Samatar, Said Sheikh (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131, 135. ISBN 0-521-23833-1.
  12. ↑ Hunt, John Anthony (152). A general survey of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. John Anthony Hunt. p. 152. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  13. ↑ Kothari, Uma (June 2012). "Contesting colonial rule: Politics of exile in the Indian Ocean Author links open overlay panel". Geoforum. 43 (4): 701–702. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.07.012. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  14. ↑ Ismail, Ismail (2010). Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia. Trafford on Demand Pub. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  15. ↑ McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-9993180920. Retrieved 13 February 2018. he still had a loyal people and, as is so often the way with those who at first rebel, Shirreh gradually reached an accommodation with the British. They recognized the influence he could exert over the Warsangali, and his status of Sultan was eventually restored.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kothari, Uma (June 2012). "Contesting colonial rule: Politics of exile in the Indian Ocean Author links open overlay panel". Geoforum. 43 (4): 704. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.07.012. Retrieved 13 February 2018. Shirreh, similarly persisted in his requests to be repatriated but was repeatedly refused[...] In these letters, ‘wilfulness, exaggeration and overstatement’ (Said, 1993) were characteristics of being in exile and constituted covert strategies of resistance.
  18. ↑ Thomas, Athol (1968). Forgotten Eden: a view of the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean. Longmans. p. 148. ISBN 9780582105409. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  19. ↑ Kothari, Uma (June 2012). "Contesting colonial rule: Politics of exile in the Indian Ocean Author links open overlay panel". Geoforum. 43 (4): 704–705. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.07.012. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  20. ↑ McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920–1976. Pristine Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-9993180920. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  21. ↑ Millman, Brock (2013-12-04). British Somalia: An Administrative History, 1920-1960. Routledge. ISBN 9781317975441.
  22. ↑ History Today. Bracken House. 1960. p. 513. Retrieved 14 February 2018. Sultan of the Warsangeli tribe
  23. ↑ McAteer, William (2008). To be a nation: being the third part of The history of Seychelles, 1920-1976. Pristine Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-9993180920. Retrieved 11 February 2018.

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