Nian gao
| Nian gao | |
|---|---|
rice dish (en)  da rice cake (en) | |
 | |
| Tarihi | |
| Asali | Sin |
Nian gao (Sinanci:年糕), wani lokacin ana fassara shi azaman cake na ko cake na Sabuwar Shekara na kasar Sin, abinci ne da aka shirya daga garin shinkafa mai laushi kuma ana cinye shi a cikin Abincin kasar Sin.[1] Har ila yau an san shi da "kek na shinkafa".[2] Duk da yake ana iya cinye shi a duk shekara, a al'adance ya fi shahara a lokacin Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci. Ana ɗaukar sa'a mai kyau a ci Niyan Gao a wannan lokacin na shekara saboda Niyan Gao (年糕) shine homonym don "shekara mafi girma" ko "girma kowace shekara" (年高), wanda ke nufin "shekarar da ta fi wadata".[1][2] Halin 年 an fassara shi a zahiri a matsayin "shekara", kuma halin 糕 (gāo) an fassara su a zahiri a zahiri a cikin "keke" kuma daidai yake da sauti da halin 高, ma'ana "tsawo" ko "babban". [1] A cikin Mandarin (ko da yake ba duk yarukan Sinanci ba), Nian gao (年糕) kuma daidai ne na "keke mai mannewa" (??), [3] halayyar ̆/粘 (nián) ma'anar "mai mannewa".
An yi imanin cewa wannan abincin mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana kyauta ce ga Allah na Kitchen, tare da manufar cewa bakinsa zai makale da kek ɗin mai ɗanɗanuwa, don haka ba zai iya yin mummunar magana da iyalin ɗan adam a gaban Jade Emperor ba. Hakanan ana cinye shi a al'ada a lokacin Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci.
Asalinsa daga China, ya bazu zuwa ko ya haifar da kekunan shinkafa masu alaƙa a ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Sri Lanka saboda tasirin kasar Sin na ƙasashen waje.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya gano yin Niyan Gao zuwa Daular Arewa da Kudancin (386-589 AD). Rubutun aikin gona na Qimin Yaoshu, wanda aka rubuta a wannan lokacin, ya yi nuni da 'Kai' tsohon littafin girke-girke Shi Ci (食次) da kuma abincin shinkafa mai tsami, ye: "Yin amfani da garin shinkafa, sieve tare da zane siliki, ƙara ruwa da zuma, amfani da hannu don yin gurasar, yin murabba'i biyu, yanka zuwa sanduna huɗu, saka kwanan wata da naman alaƙa da kuma a ƙarƙashin sanduna, an rufe shi da ganyen bamboo, an san shi sosai, an sa'i, an cire ganye da sauri, an cire su har yanzu, an yi amfani da sa'i.[4]
Muhimmancinsa da al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nian gao sauti iri ɗaya da 年高, ma'ana "shekara mafi girma," wanda ke nuna ci gaba ko wadata shekara bayan shekara. Wannan haɗin ya sa nian gao ya zama sanannen kyauta a lokacin Sabuwar Shekara. Al'adun nian gao na gargajiya yana da kyau tare da kayan ado masu kyau kamar halin wadata (福) a samansa. Sau da yawa ana rubuta halayen a cikin rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin.
A matsayin kyauta, nian gao ana tsara su cikin siffofi daban-daban tare da kunshin kwalliya mai kyau don dacewa da lokacin biki. Shahararrun kayayyaki sun haɗa da carps guda biyu (年年有餘) wanda ke nuna alamar wadata a kowace shekara, ingots (元寶), ko Allah na Dukiya (財神). Wadannan kayayyaki alamomi ne masu kyau kuma suna aika da fatan alheri don Sabuwar Shekara.
Duk da nau'o'i masu yawa, dukansu suna da nau'ikan shinkafa iri ɗaya waɗanda aka buga ko kuma a niƙa su cikin wani abu kuma, dangane da iri-iri, ana iya tsara su cikin siffar ko kuma a sake dafa su don daidaita sinadarin. Nian gao yana da nau'o'i da yawa, gami da nau'ikan da aka samu a cikin Abincin Cantonese, Abincin Fujian, Abincin Shanghai, da abincin arewacin kasar Sin.
Nau'o'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abincin Guangdong / Cantonese
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana da nau'ikan Guangdong, yawanci tare da Sugar mai launin ruwan kasa na kasar Sin. Ya bambanta da launin rawaya mai duhu. Ana zuba man shafawa a cikin burodi kuma a sake tururi don daidaita cakuda. Ana tururi da batir har sai ya yi ƙarfi kuma ya yi amfani da shi a cikin sassan da yawa. Ana iya cinye shi kamar yadda yake. Niyan Gao ya zama mai laushi kuma mai mannewa sosai. Hakanan ana iya ba da shi azaman Budding da aka ɗanɗana da rosewater ko jan wake paste.
Mataki na gaba zaɓi ne, saboda ana iya yanka shi kuma a dafa shi bayan haka, sau da yawa tare da kwai, don yin soya Niyan Gao (Sinanci; : jiān nián gāo; : ). Lokacin da aka soya shi, yana da ɗanɗano a waje, kuma ya kasance mai laushi a ciki.[2] A lokacin Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci, ana yanka shi cikin murabba'i kuma ana ba da shi tare da irin wannan abincin Dim sum cake, kamar kekunan ruwa na ruwa [2] da kekunan taro. Mutane kuma suna aikawa da sassan Niyan Gao ga abokansu da dangi a matsayin burin wadata da sa'a mai kyau.[2]
A yankin Kudancin Fujian, Niyan Gao, amber na halitta, galibi ana amfani dashi don al'adar Sabuwar Shekara da kyauta. An yi shi da shinkafa mai laushi da taro, wanda yawanci ana yanka shi kuma a dafa shi kafin a ci. Hakanan ana iya lulluɓe shi cikin kwai ko masara (gurasar masara) ko dankali mai zaki don soya.
Abincin Jiangnan da Shanghainese
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Nian gao fari ne tare da ƙananan Kogin Yangtze (yankin Jiangnan), kuma abinci ne mai laushi. Ana yin ta hanyar hada shinkafa tare da shinkafa mai tsami; ana iya daidaita rabo tsakanin su biyu bisa ga abubuwan da mutum ya fi so. Fasali mai laushi yana da karuwar yawan shinkafa mai laushi. Hanyoyin dafa abinci sun haɗa da tururi, soya, yankan soya, ko a cikin miya. Ningbo Niyan Gao shine mafi shahara, kuma ayyukan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da miya na alade da kuma jakar makiyayi da aka dafa Niyan Gao. Har ila yau, haƙarƙarin Niyan Gao na Shanghai sun bambanta. Tsarin Shanghai Niangao yawanci ana kunshe shi a cikin wani kauri, mai laushi sandar da za a yanka ko yanka shi kuma ko dai a dafa shi ko a kara shi zuwa miya. Dangane da hanyar dafa abinci, wannan salon yana da taushi zuwa bambancin soya. Hanyar Shanghai tana riƙe da Niyan Gao fari, kuma an yi shi da shinkafa mara kyau. Launi shine fasalin sa na musamman. Lokacin da aka ba da shi azaman abinci, wanda aka fi sani da shi shine hanyar girke-girke, saboda haka sunan (Xan, chǎo nián gāo). Akwai nau'o'i uku na gaba ɗaya. Na farko shine abincin da ke da ɗanɗano; sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da scallions, naman sa, naman alade, kabewa, da dai sauransu. Na biyu shine nau'in mai daɗi ta amfani da farin sukari. Sakamakon karshe kusan ba shi da ɗanɗano, kuma galibi ana cinye shi don ƙwayoyin ƙanshi.
Abincin Arewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya dafa wa Arewa Niyan Gao ko soya shi, kuma yana da ɗanɗano. Fassarar Beijing sun haɗa da jujube da ko dai shinkafa mai laushi ko shinkafa rawaya, mince Niyan Gao, da fari Niyan Gao. Shanxi yana yin nian gao ta amfani da shinkafa mai launin rawaya da jan wake ko jujube don cikawa. Hebei yana amfani da jujube, ƙananan jan wake, da kore wake don yin tururi Niyan Gao. A Shandong, an yi shi da jan kwanakin da shinkafa mai launin rawaya. Nau'in Arewa maso gabas an yi shi ne da wake a kan sorghum mai mannewa.
Irin wannan abinci a Asiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abincin Burma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An fi kiranta tikay a Burma, daga Hokkien tike. Sino-Burmese ne suka gabatar da shi, ana cinye shi a lokacin Sabuwar Shekara.
Abincin Kambodiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Buddha cake, ko nom preahpout, (hwen) takwaransa ne na Kambodiya da aka cinye a lokacin Sabuwar Shekara ta Khmer .
Abincin Indonesiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Indonesia, an san shi da kue keranjang ko 'dodol Tionghoa ko dodol Cina, wannan na ƙarshe yana nufin "Dodol na kasar Sin", irin wannan garin shinkafa na Indonesiya.
Kue keranjang da farko an kira shi Nien kao ko ni-kwee ko cake na shekara-shekara ko cake na yanayi, saboda ana yin su sau ɗaya a shekara. A Gabashin Java, an kira wannan kek kue keranjang saboda an yi murfin ne daga kwandon bamboo tare da karamin rami a tsakiya. A Yammacin Java, an kira shi China cake, a matsayin asalin cake daga China, amma wasu suna kiransa China Cake saboda masu samarwa Sinawa ne (wanda aka sani da Tionghoa).
Abincin Jafananci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Japan, Mochi irin wannan kek ne na shinkafa mai tsami wanda aka ci da farko don Sabuwar Shekarar Japan.
Abincin Koriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Koriya, tteokguk, abincin soya wanda ke amfani da garae-tteok mai kama da nau'ikan nián gāo na Shanghai, ana cinye shi ne a lokacin Sabuwar Shekarar Koriya.
Abincin Peranakan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Peranakan Sinanci suna ba da kekuna masu mannewa da ake kira kueh bakul (粘糕; Niyan Gao) ga Allah na Kitchen, Zao Jun (wanda aka fi sani da Zao Shen da Zao Wang) a matsayin hadaya.
Abincin Philippine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Daɗi-linkid="319" href="./Philippines" id="mw9w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Philippines">Philippines, ana kiran abincin tikoy, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Hokkien. Yana da mashahuri a lokacin Lunar ko Sabuwar Shekara ta Sinanci kuma an haɗa shi da al'adu a cikin dabarun dafa abinci na jama'a ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Philippines da yankunan Hokkien kamar Fujian da Taiwan. An yi masa sukari mai launin ruwan kasa, yana ba shi launin rawaya mai duhu zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai haske, amma kuma ana shirya shi da dandano daban-daban, kamar ube (purple yam), yana ba shi launi mai launin ruwan hoda, ko pandan, yana ba da launi mai launin kore. Ana iya cin Tikoy kamar yadda yake, amma kuma ana iya tsoma shi a cikin kwai da aka buga kuma a ɗan soya shi har sai ya yi tsami, amma har yanzu yana cinyewa a ciki. Har ila yau, an yi wani nau'i na tikoy a kudancin lardin Quezon. Ba kamar sauran ba, wannan bambancin yana da daɗi kuma yayi kama da Mochi. na Jafananci. Hakanan ana iya cinye Tikoy a matsayin sinadarin da ake kira tudun ko a ci shi da ice cream da cakulan ko kuma a rufe shi da naman kwakwa da naman alade.[5]
Abincin Sri Lanka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Sri Lanka, seenakku (Sinhala) ya fito ne daga asalin Malay kuma ya samo asali ne daga tasirin Sinawa na Peranakan waɗanda suka zauna a tsibirin a lokacin mulkin Dutch.[6] Seenakku sanannen abu ne mai dadi a tsakanin al'ummomin Sinhalese da Sri Lankan Malay na ƙasar kuma ana ba da shi tare da kwakwa.[6] Seenakku ana kiranta cheena kueh ta al'ummar Malay ta Sri Lanka, tare da sunanta yana nuna asalin kasar Sin.
Abincin Vietnamese
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bánh a zahiri takwaransa ne na Vietnamese ga Niyan Gao na kasar Sin. Yana da ƙwarewa na Lardin Quảng Nam kuma al'ummar kasar Sin sun cinye shi.
Tasiri a waje da Asiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abincin Mauritius
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Mauritius, ana kiran Niyan Gao gâteau la cire (a zahiri ana fassara shi a matsayin 'keke na cire'); duk da haka, ana iya rubuta shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar gato la cire, gato lasir, ko gato lacire, da dai sauransu.[7][8] Keki ne na gargajiya na al'ummar Sino-Mauritian. A al'ada, ana yin shi da garin shinkafa, mai daɗi da sukari, wani lokacin zuma, kuma yana da orange zest a matsayin maɓallin sinadarin.[9] Launi na gargajiya na Niyan Gao a Mauritius ya kasance launin ruwan kasa; duk da haka, an gabatar da sabbin launuka tare da sabbin dandano, kamar fari (wanda ya dogara da madara), kore (wanda ya samo asali ne daga pandan), ja, da rawaya, kwanan nan a tsibirin a cikin 2018.[9][10] A Mauritius, Niyan Gao cake ne wanda ke nuna rabawa; al'ada ce ga Sinawa-Mauritiyawa su raba da rarraba Niyan Gao don yin bikin Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci ga iyalansu da abokai; [10] kuma ta haka ne, mutanen yankin suna cinye Niyan Gao ba tare da la'akari da kabilansu ba.[8][11] Wasu Niyan Gao da aka samu a tsibirin an shigo da su yayin da wasu al'adun gargajiya ne na al'ummar kasar Sin. Hanyar gargajiya ta yin Niyan Gao har yanzu ana watsa ta daga tsararraki zuwa tsararraki a wasu iyalai.
Abincin Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yan kasar Sin na Amurka suna cin abincin da aka dafa ko kuma an dafa Niyan Gao a ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta kasar Sin da kuma ranar Sabuwar shekara. A cikin Hawaii'i, Niyan Gao an san shi da gau kuma sanannen abinci ne da ake cinyewa a lokacin Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fong, Mary (2000-01-01). "'Luck Talk' in celebrating the Chinese New Year". Journal of Pragmatics (in Turanci). 32 (2): 219–237. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00048-X. ISSN 0378-2166.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:4 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ "味蕾上的江南印记 年糕，年年高". Sohu (in Chinese).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ "Chinese New Year Treat Turned Filipino Favourite: 5 Facts on Tikoy You Probably Didn't Know".
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hussein, Asiff (21 January 2017). "Ten Wonderful Things We Have The Malays To Thank For". roar.media. Roar. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ↑ "Chinatown Food and Cultural Festival : vitrine de la culture sino-mauricienne". Le Defi Media Group (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2021-02-05.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Expat News (4 February 2021). "What you need to know about Chinese New Year celebrations in Mauritius". Expat. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - ↑ "Holidays in Mauritius - Spring Festival Mauritius". www.sunresortshotels.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-02-05.