Nigerianisation
 Nigerianisation |
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Najeriyar dai ita ce manufar horar da ‘yan Nijeriya da kuma tura ‘yan Nijeriya mukaman da ‘yan kasashen ketare ke rike da su a ma’aikatan gwamnatin Najeriya a baya. [1] An aiwatar da tsarin sosai a cikin shekara ta 1950s. A hankali aka yi shi kuma ya haɗa da sake tsara hukumomin gwamnati da faɗaɗa wuraren ilimi a zaɓaɓɓun manyan makarantu da kwalejoji. Kasancewar Najeriya ya zama muhimmi yayin da Najeriya ke tafiya neman 'yancin kai, Majalisar Ministocin Najeriya da Majalisar Wakilai duk sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa Najeriya ta mallaki manyan mukaman ma'aikatan gwamnati kamar sakatarorin dindindin .
Fage[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sabis na mulkin mallaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin 1930s, Hukumar Mulkin Mallaka ta zama haɗin kai tare da sarrafa shi daga London, yana mai da ita siffar daular haɗin kai . [2] Sakamakon tsarin haɗin gwiwar shi ne ɗaukar ma'aikata da sanya hafsoshi cikin hidimar Najeriya ta hanyar ofishin London yayin da aka yi la'akari da ƙaramin shawara ga 'yan Afirka masu dacewa. A Najeriya tsarin na’urar ‘yan mulkin mallaka ya ba da muhimmanci ga mulkin kai tsaye da kuma sanya ’yan gudun hijira mazauna yankunan karkara, jami’an sashe da masu gudanar da mulki zuwa larduna inda suke hulɗa kai tsaye da ‘yan kasa. Haɗin kai tsarin ya kuma haifar da sakatariyar hukuma tare da sakatarorin ƴan ƙasashen waje da ke da alhakin sadarwa da London. Duk da cewa an cika ma’aikatu biyu da ma’aikata akai-akai da rashin kudi, yawancin mukaman da ke cikin sakatariyar sun cika da ‘yan kasashen waje daga wasu yankuna yayin da mafi yawan ayyukan gudanar da mulki mazauna larduna ne. [2]
A farkon yaƙin duniya na biyu, Najeriya na da babban aikin gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati da 'yan ƙasashen waje ke gudanarwa. Amma ingancin hidimar da ’yan gudun hijirar ke bayarwa ya fara raguwa, lamarin da ya ta’azzara da wasu abubuwan da ba a biya su ba, da hana ’yan gudun hijira shiga fagen fama a yakin da ake yi, da musayar ra’ayi akai-akai, rabuwa da iyalai [2] da karuwar sarkakiyar mulki da bai dace ba. cancantar. [2] Bayan yakin, an kafa hukumar biyan albashi don duba jin daɗin ma'aikatan gwamnati. Hukumar ta karfafa amfani da kalmar ‘Senior Posts’ a matsayin mukaman gudanarwa a sakatariya da larduna da Turawa suka mamaye da a da ake kira ‘Policean Posts’. Sabon naɗin ya kuma zo da albashin ‘yan gudun hijira da kuma alawus-alawus yayin da ake kiran ‘post African’ a matsayin kananan mukamai amma ba shi da fa’ida. [2] Tun daga 1930s, adadin ƴan Najeriya daga Kudancin ƙasar da suka kammala karatun mishan yana ƙaruwa. 'Yan Afirka da suka yi karatu ciki har da wasu kan ma'aikatan gwamnati da masu kishin kasa sun fara yunƙurin ganin an ƙara shigar 'yan Najeriya cikin manyan mukamai na gwamnati. [3] An siffata Nijeriya a matsayin yaƙi da wariya da mulkin mallaka .
Kafin shekara ta 1948, manyan muƙamai sun kasance 'yan ƙasashen waje ne suka mamaye duk da cewa wasu 'yan Afirka kaɗan ne suka sami damar ci gaba. [2] Jami’an mulkin mallaka a Landan da Najeriya sun takaita ci gaba da daukar ’yan Afirka masu ilimi zuwa manyan mukamai in ban da wasu kamar Henry Rawlingson Carr da Joseph McEwen. [3] A tsakiyar 1948, daga cikin jimillar manyan mukamai 3,786, 245 'yan Afirka ne, 1,245 babu kowa da sauran 'yan kasashen waje. [2] Don haɗa da ƙarin 'yan Afirka a cikin hidimar jama'a, matakin farko yakan fara ne tare da ƙaddamar da bincike game da yanayi da buƙatun sabis na jama'a.
1948-1952[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hukumar ta farko ita ce Hukumar Bincike ta ƙafafu, [2] tana da aikin nemo hanyoyin da za a ɗauki ƴan Najeriya masu dacewa da ƙwararrun aiki don yin aikin gwamnati . [4] Rahoton hukumar ya ba da shawarwari masu ci gaba. Hukumar ta Hugh Foot ta ba da shawarar kafa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a don yin aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata don aiwatar da shawarwarin ta. [4] A cikin wannan shekarar, wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya kafa gwamnatin yanki a Najeriya wanda ya iyakance aiwatar da shawarwarin Foot. Sabon tsarin ya kuma ƙara yawan shiga harkar ci gaban siyasa ta ‘yan Najeriya masu ilimi wadanda suka zaɓi kin shiga aikin gwamnati. Bayan ‘yan shekaru da hukumar ta fitar da rahotonta, shugabannin siyasar yankin Kudancin Najeriya ba su gamsu da cewa ana daukar isassun ‘yan Najeriya da suka cancanta shiga aikin gwamnati ba. Wannan ra’ayi ya banbanta a Arewacin kasar da akasarin Islama inda mulkin kai tsaye ya kasance makamin mulki, ilimin Turawan Yamma yana da iyaka don haka ’yan Arewa da suka cancanta ba su da yawa. Gwamnatin yankin Arewa ta yi fargabar cewa ci gaba da ɗaukar ’yan Najeriya aikin gwamnati zai haifar da mayar da ‘yan Arewa saniyar ware. [4]
Wasu daga cikin shawarwarin Hukumar Kafa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Cewa babu wani dan Najeriya da za a dauki aikin gwamnati idan dan Najeriya ya cancanta kuma ya dace.
- Ya kamata a nada kwamitocin kula da ayyukan gwamnati da ba na hukuma ba don zabar wadanda za su yi wa manyan mukaman hidima da neman tallafin karatu da tsarin horo.
- Ya kamata a nada kwamitocin sassan da za su ba da shawarwarin karin girma zuwa manyan ayyuka da kuma zabin horo tare da ra'ayin karin girma zuwa manyan mukamai.
- Cewa ya kamata a fadada tallafin karatu da lambar yabo ta horo
- Ya kamata a ba mata ƙarin tallafin karatu
- Yakamata a fadada wuraren horarwa na gida
Samun Nijeriya: 1952-1960[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ci gaba a yankin Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A farkon shekara ta 1952 ne aka ƙaddamar da sabuwar Majalisar Ministoci, wadda ita ce ta farko a ƙasar da ‘yan Najeriya suka mamaye. Ministocin sun zabi mayar da Najeriya a matsayin wata babbar manufar da za su bi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1952, majalisar ta nada wani kwamiti da Simeon Adebo da Sydney Phillipson suka jagoranta domin su duba yadda ake ɗaukar karin ‘yan Najeriya aikin gwamnati. A cikin rahoton da hukumar ta fitar bayan shekara guda, ta yi nuni da cewa a tsakanin shekara ta 1948 zuwa shekara ta 1953, yawan ‘yan Afirka da ke rike da muƙamai ya karu daga shekara ta 245 zuwa shekara ta 685 amma kuma yawan ‘yan ƙasashen waje ya karu daga 2,296 zuwa 2,984. [4] A ƙarshe, hukumar ta ba da shawarwari masu nisa. Taken rahoton shi ne "Nigerianisation of the Civil Service", wannan shi ne karon farko da aka yi amfani da aikin Najeriya a bainar jama'a a kasar. [1] Daga cikin shawarwarin da hukumar ta bayar sun hada da: tallata guraben aiki ga 'yan Najeriya a kasashen waje, karin girma bisa cancanta amma ban da wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya ba a matsayin wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya ba, cewa ba za a ba wa wadanda ba 'yan Najeriya shawarar cika sabbin mukamai ko mukamai a sabbin ma'aikatu, da sharuddan kwangila ya kamata su zama zabi na farko wajen daukar wadanda ba ‘yan Najeriya ba. Koyaya, kamar dai hukumar da ta gabata sabbin ci gaban siyasa sun yi tasiri ga cikakken aiwatar da shawarwari. A cikin 1954, Tsarin Mulki na Lyttleton ya kori Tsarin Mulki na Macpherson na 1951. Sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya sauya ma'aikatan gwamnati daga tsarin bai daya zuwa na yanki. Don haka ne gwamnatocin yankin Kudu guda biyu, karkashin jagorancin Awolowo ’s Action Group da Azikiwe ’s NCNC suka yi kakkausar suka wajen ciyar da ‘yan Nijeriya horo da daukar ma’aikata a yankin. [4] Yawancin 'yan Afirka a cikin sabis na tarayya gwamnatocin yanki suna neman su sosai. Wannan ya haifar da samun ci gaba a Nijeriya a cikin gwamnatocin yankin Kudu maso Kudu amma an rasa ’yan Afirka a hidimar Tarayya. [4]
Ci gaba a cikin sabis na Tarayya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gwamnonin yankin kudancin kasar nan sun gagauta tsarin mayar da Najeriya, a shekara ta 1955, gwamnatin Yamma ta rage daukar ’yan gudun hijira masu karbar fansho [2] yayin da aka naɗa sabbin ’yan Najeriya da suka samu horo daga kwalejojin kasashen waje a manyan mukamai.
A matakin tarayya, an fara ci gaba daga baya. A watan Agustan 1955, Majalisar Wakilai ta yi kira ga Majalisar Ministoci da ta gabatar da shawarwari game da mayar da ma’aikatan gwamnati Najeriya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1956, majalisar ta gabatar a gaban majalisar, takardar zama mai lamba 4 ta shekarar 1956, manufar sanarwa kan mayar da Najeriya. Majalisar ta ba da shawarar cewa, a samar da wani sabon mukami, a samar da ofishin jami’in kula da ‘yan Najeriya da kuma kara wa ‘yan Nijeriya matakin horas da su gaba da sakandare domin biyan bukatun ma’aikatan gwamnati. Don tabbatar da nasarar shawarwarin an tsara shirye-shiryen horo uku. Babban Horo, Horon Matsakaici da Horon Farko. [1] An tuhumi manyan hukumomin gwamnati guda uku da aiwatar da tsarin: Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a, Hukumar bayar da tallafin karatu da ofishin kafa. An umurci kowace ma’aikatar da ta ci gaba da bin diddigin bukatun sassan da ‘yan Najeriya wajen horar da su wadanda za su dace da bukatun ma’aikata. Haka kuma tsarin ya kunshi daukar dalibai ‘yan Najeriya a kasar Burtaniya aikin gudanar da mulki a gida. Yayin da adadin ‘yan Najeriya da ke rike da mukamai ya kai 786 a cikin jimillar 5,125, a shekarar 1961 adadin ya karu zuwa 3,030 daga cikin 5,133. [2] A shekara ta 1965, an kusan kammala aikin mayar da Najeriya a ma'aikatar tarayya da kuma a matakin yanki.
Hidimar waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Horar da jami'an diflomasiyya ga aikin mutum a ketare yana ƙunshe ne a cikin Takarda mai lamba 11 na shekara ta 1956. An tura wasu zababbun jami’an gudanarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje domin horar da ‘yan Najeriya ’yancin kai da kafa ofisoshin jakadancin Najeriya a ketare.
Soja[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A wani bangare na sauye-sauyen samun ‘yancin kai, an mayar da iko da rundunonin sojoji daga majalisar sojoji zuwa ofishin Gwamna-Janar. Yanzu haka an sanya jami’an soji da ke kasashen waje a karkashin ikon ‘yan Najeriya kuma an ba su wa’adin shekaru 3 na karatun boko kafin su koma gida. A shekarar 1959, akwai hafsoshi 297 a cikin sojoji, 37 daga cikinsu ‘yan Najeriya ne. ’Yan sandan Najeriya a shekara ta 1959, sun kasance manya-manya 3, kyaftin 6 da kuma 28. A shekarar 1960, an yi shirin ba da karin hafsoshi da kuma kara wa wasu karin girma zuwa manyan mukamai da kyaftin. Daga 1956 zuwa 1961 an rage yawan hafsoshin Burtaniya da ba na ba da izini ba sannu a hankali kuma a lokacin sauran hafsoshin su ne masu fasaha. An kafa Cadetship a zaɓaɓɓun makarantun sakandare don gano masu yuwuwar daukar ma'aikata waɗanda za su iya cancantar matsayin jami'ai. Kimanin dalibai goma sha bakwai na shekara-shekara ana daukar su aikin horar da su a kasashen waje a matsayin hafsoshi.
Arewaci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Najeriya ta yi tafiyar hawainiya a yankin Arewa saboda karancin wadanda suka kammala karatu a yankin. Mulki a Arewa ya kasance ta hanyar mulkin kai tsaye kuma ba a la'akari da ilimin Yammacin Turai da muhimmanci sosai a sassa da yawa. Bayan an raba ma’aikatan gwamnati zuwa yanki, shugabannin siyasa a yankin suna ganin cewa yawan ‘yan Arewa da ke hidima ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na Kudu. Bisa la’akari da siyasa, shugabannin yankin sun takaita daukar ’yan Kudu aikin yi wa yankin Arewa aiki, inda aka gano hanyoyin da za a bi wajen ganin an kara kaimi ga ’yan Arewa a kanana da manya. Shugabannin sun rike hidimar ’yan gudun hijira, [3] saboda ’yan Arewa sun dauki ’yan gudun hijira a matsayin ’yan gudun hijira amma suna tsoron mamaye kudancin yankin na ma’aikatan gwamnati. [2] An samar da matakan horar da ’yan Arewa; a shekarar 1949, hukumar bayar da tallafin karatu ta bayar da tallafi ga kusan dukkan ‘yan Arewa masu cancantar shiga jami’o’i. [2] A cikin 1957, an koyar da darussan gudanarwa a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da ke Zariya . Baya ga kokarin cike mukamai a ma’aikatan gwamnati da ’yan Arewa, shugabannin siyasa na shiyyar sun ba da fifiko wajen tabbatar da wakilcin Arewa a manyan mukamai na ma’aikatan tarayya. [2]
Batutuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
'Yan kasashen waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Don hana hasarar damar aiki, ƴan gudun hijirar da suka jagoranci ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta bukaci gwamnati ta biya su diyya. A cikin 1958, ofishin mulkin mallaka ya amince da shirin biyan diyya kafin tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Tarayya. [1] Ta haka ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta samar da ɗimbin kuɗi ga jami'an da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke son barin kafin a ba da 'yancin kai a 1960 kuma ta yi alkawarin yin adalci ga ƴan ƙasar da suka rage bayan samun 'yancin kai. [1] An yi gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyar a cikin 1959.
Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sources[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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