Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso mai fenti ne. Picasso an haife shi a Malaga (yanzu Hispania) a shekara ta 1881, ya mutu a Mougins (Faransa) a shekara ta 1973. Ya kasance mai zane dan kasar Sipaniya, mai sassake-sassake, masanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kwashe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a kasar Faransa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu zane da suka shahara a ƙarni na 20. Yayi fice na musamman ta salon zanensa da ya kirkiri na “Cubism”, salon “constructed sculpture”, da kuma salon zane na “Collage”,[1][2] da dai sauran salon zane da ya taimaka wajen bunkasawa. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai Zanen Proto-Cubism, Zanen Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, da zanen anti-war da dai sauransu.
Picasso ya nuna bajinta da kwarewa a harkokin zane da dama a lokacin kuruciyarsa, inda yake zane acikin salo na musamman tun yana ƙarami har zuwa tsufansa. A farkon shekaru goma na karni na 20, salonsa sun canza yayinda ya ƙirƙiri kuma ya gwada sabbin dabaru da salo. Bayan shekarun 1906, dabarun tsohon mai zane Henri Matisse sun karawa Picasso karfin gwiwa sake nemo sabbin dabaru, wanda hakan ya janyo adawa a tsakanin masu zanen guda biyu, wadanda masu binciken zane suke alakantasu a matsayin jagororin masu zane na zamani.[3][4][5][6]
An rarraba ayyukan Pissaco zuwa lokuta daban daban. Yayinda har yanzu ana jayayya akan sunayen mafi akasarin ayyukansa. Lokutan ayyukansa da suka fi fice sune kamar haka: Lokacin Bula na Picasso (1901–1904), Lokacin Rose Picasso (1904–1906), Lokacin Zanen Afurkawa (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), da kuma Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919) wanda kuma ake kira da Crystal Cubism. Mafi akasarin ayyukan Picasso a tsakanin shekarun 1910s da farkon shekarun 1920s sun kasance acikin salo irin na neoclassical sannan ayyukansa a tsakiyan shekarun 1920s suna da alaka da Surrealism. Ayyukansa na baya-baya suna da alaka da salonsa na tun yana karami.
Ya samar da zane da dama na musamman a daukakin rayuwarsa, Picasso ya samu shahara a duniya kuma ya tara dukiya mai yawa a dalilin nasarorinsa a zane kuma ya zamo daya daga cikin masu zane na musamman na ƙarni na 20.
Yarintarsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Picasso da misalin karfe 23:15 na ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1881, a birnin Malaga, Andalusiya, na Kudancin Sipaniya.[7] Ya kasance ɗa na fari ga mahaifinsa José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) da mahaifiyarsa Picasso y López.[8] Iyayen Picasso sun kasance masu matsakaicin karfi. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai zane wanda ya kware a zanen tsuntsaye da kuma wasanni. Mahaifinsa Ruiz ya kasance farfesa na fasaha a Makarantar Fikira kuma mai kula da wata tsohuwar gidan ajiyan kayan tarihi.[9] Kakannin Ruiz sun kasance kananun masu sarauta.
Shaidar haihuwar Picasso da baptizanshj na dauke da sunaye masu tsawo, wanda ya hada da malaman kirista da danginsa. Ruiz y Picasso sune sunayen kakanninsa na wurin uwa da na wurin uba bi da bi, dangane da al’adar mutanen Sipaniya. Sunan mahaifinsa “Picasso” ya samo asaline daga garin Liguria, wani yankin gabar teku da ke arewa-maso-yammacin Italy.[10] Kakan kakan pablo na wurin uwa Tommaso Picasso ya komo garin Sipaniya a shekarar 1807.[10]
Sana’a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin 1900
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Picasso ya fara samun horo daga wurin mahaifinsa a shekarar 1890. Ana iya samun tarin ayyukansa na farko-farko a gidan kayan tarihin Museu Picasso da ke Barcelona.[11] Ya zuwa shekara ta 1893, kwarewarsa na dan koyo ya fara karfi sannan ya zuwa shekara ta 1894 ya zama cikakken mai zane.[12] Ana iya ganin salon mmakarantar realism a zanensa na tsakiyar 1890s a zanensa na The First Communion (1896), wani babban zanen kanwansa mai suna Lola. Har ila yau, acikin wannan shekara ne yayi zanen Portrait of Aunt Pepa, wani zane na musamman dake ɗauke da fuskar Juan-Eduardo Cirlot, wana ake dauka a matsayin "daya daga cikin zanen da sukafi shahara a tarihin Sipaniya".[13]
Lokacin Bula 1901–1904
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Lokacin ayyukan Picasso na Blue Period (1901–1904), lokaci ne na zanensa da ke da alaka da kalar bula da kuma bula-da-kore kadai, sai dai akan dan kara wasu kaloli a wasu lokutan, wanda ya soma ko dai a kasar Sipaniya a 1901 ko kuma a kasar Farisa a tsakiyar shekarar.[14] Mafiya yawancin zanunkansa na uwaye da 'ya'yansu wato gaunt mothers with children ya samo asali ne daga lokacin zanukansa na bula, a wannan lokacin ne rayuwar Picasso ta rabu a tsakanin kasar Barcelona da kuma Farisa. Acikin wani yanayi da yake amfani da kaloli a wajen nuna abu mara sha'awa - karuwa da masu bara ne muhimman al'amari. Ayyukan Picasso sun samo tushe daga tafiyarsa a cikin ƙasar Sipaniya da kuma kisan kan abokinsa Carles Casagemas. A farkon kakar 1901, yayi zanukan fuskar Casagema wanda ya samar da salon zane na La Vie (1903), yana nan yanzu a gidan tarihi na Cleveland Museum of Art.[15]
Wannan yanayi ne ya kara janyo habakar salon zanen The Frugal Repast (1904),[16] wanda ke nuna wani mutum makaho da kuma mata mai gani, wadanda gabaki dayansu sun galabaita, suna zaune a wani dan teburi. Makanta ya kasance muhimmin take a zanen Picasso na wannan lokaci, kamar acikin zanen The Blindman's Meal (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) da kuma zanen fuskar Celestina (1903). Ayyukansa na wannan Lokaci na Bula sun hada da Zanen Fuskar Soler da kuma Zanen Fuskar Suzanne Bloch.
Lokacin Rose: 1904–1906
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin Rose (1904–1906)[17] na da alaka da kalar fata mai haske ta hanyar amfani da kalar lemu da kalar pink wanda ya kunshi 'yan wasa da dai sauransu.
Lokacin Zanen Afurkawa: 1907–1909
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Lokacin zanen Picasso da ya samu tasiri daga mutanen Afurka (1907–1909) ya fara ne da zanensa na farko na Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.
Analytic cubism: 1909–1912
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ccubism (1909–1912) wani salo ne na zane da Picasso ya ƙirƙira tare da [Georges Braque]] hanyar amfani da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da sauran kaloli daban daban. Wadannan masu zane guda biyu suna daukan abubuwa su zana su dangane da ainihin sifarsu. Zanen Picasso da na Braque na wannan lokacin suna da kamiceceniya sosai.
Synthetic cubism: 1912–1919
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) cigaba ne a salon zane na cubism, inda ake jera yankakken takarda mafi yawanci bangon littafi ko kuma wani shashe na jarida - ana jera su don bada wata sifa, wanda ya janyo mafarin salon zanen collage a kimiyar zane.
A tsakanin 1915 zuwa 1917, Picasso ya fara wani sabon salon zane wanda ke nuna abubuwa daban daban, wanda ya kunshi jita, ko gilashi, da wani kamaiceceniya irinta collage.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ “The Guitar, MoMA". Moma.org. Retrieved 3 February2012.
- ↑ "Sculpture, Tate". Tate.org.uk. Archived from the originalon 3 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ↑ "Matisse Picasso – Exhibition at Tate Modern". Tate.
- ↑ Green, Christopher (2003), Art in France: 1900–1940, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, p. 77, ISBN 0-300-09908-8, retrieved 10 February 2013
- ↑ Searle, Adrian (7 May 2002). "A momentous, tremendous exhibition". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ↑ "Matisse and Picasso Paul Trachtman, Smithsonian, February 2003" (PDF).
- ↑ Cabanne, Pierre (1977). Pablo Picasso: His Life and Times. Morrow. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-688-03232-6.
- ↑ Hamilton, George H. (1976). "Picasso, Pablo Ruiz Y". In William D. Halsey (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 19. New York: Macmillan Educational Corporation. pp. 25–26.
- ↑ Daix, Pierre (1988). Picasso, 1900–1906: catalogue raisonné de l'oeuvre peint (in French). Editions Ides et Calendes. pp. 1–106.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Antepasados y familiares de Picasso, Fundación Picasso, Museo Casa Natal, Ayuntamiento de Málaga"(PDF
- ↑ Cirlot 1972, p. 6.
- ↑ Cirlot 1972, p. 14.
- ↑ Cirlot 1972, p. 37.
- ↑ Cirlot 1972, p. 127.
- ↑ Wattenmaker, Distel, et al. 1993, p. 304.
- ↑ The Frugal Repast, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ↑ Wattenmaker, Distel, et al. 1993, p. 194.