Rikicin ungulu na Afirka

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Rikicin ungulu na Afirka
Wani griffon mai guba na Eurasian da aka samu a cikin Dutsen Atlas na Morocco, shekarar 1991

Rikicin ungulu na Afirka Shine sunan da aka ba da raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin nau'ikan gaggafa da yawa a duk faɗin Afirka. An bayar da rahoton raguwar yawan jama'a daga wurare da yawa a faɗin nahiyar tun farkon shekarun 2000. Dalilan galibi guba ne daga gawawwakin dabbobi, da kuma cinikayya ba bisa Ƙa'ida ba a cikin sassan jikin gaggafa don maganin gargajiya.[1] Bayanan da ke akwai sun nuna cewa rikicin gaggafa na Afirka na iya zama kama da rikicin ungulu na Indiya, amma ya fi tsawo kuma ba a rubuta shi sosai ba.[1]

Dalilai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin guba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsuntsaye da yawa na iya taruwa don cin abinci a kan babban gawa. Guba na iya kashe daruruwan

Ana iya sanya gawawwakin dabbobi da guba tare da maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mai guba.[1] Wannan na iya zama daga niyya da gangan ga gaggafa - alal misali, masu farautar giwaye da rhinos za su yi niyya ga gaggauta don kawar da abubuwan da ke kewaye da su wanda zai iya fallasa ayyukansu ba bisa ka'ida ba.[2] Har ila yau, ana sanya guba ga gawawwakin don kashe masu cin nama da ake zargi da cinye dabbobi, masu cin ganyayyaki da ake zarge da lalata amfanin gona da kuma sarrafa yawan karnuka.[1][2][1]

Tsuntsaye suna da matukar damuwa ga guba saboda halayensu na neman abinci da halaye na tarihin rayuwa. Su ne masu cinye gawawwakin dabbobi da kayan sharar gida. Yawancin nau'ikan gaggafa suna cin abinci a cikin manyan kungiyoyi, don haka yawancin tsuntsaye na iya zama guba ta gawawwakin guda ɗaya.[3] Ko da gawa mai guba ba ta kashe tsuntsaye ba zai iya haifar da mummunar sakamako. Bayyanawa ta sublethal na iya shafar nasarar haihuwar su, halayyarsu, halaye na jiki, da kuma amsawar rigakafi.[4] Tsawon rayuwarsu da kuma matakin trophic mai girma sun sa su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da tarin guba a tsawon lokaci.

Ciniki a cikin sassan jiki don maganin gargajiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana amfani da sassan jikin gaggafa a wasu al'adu don magance cututtukan jiki da na hankali.[1] Farashin naman gaggafa da sassan jiki suna ƙaruwa, wataƙila saboda ƙaruwar buƙatun waɗannan samfuran ko rage wadatar gaggafa.[5] Cinikin tsuntsayen Afirka don amfani da imani ya bambanta da mahimmanci a duk faɗin nahiyar tare da al'adun Afirka daban-daban da ke shiga ko a'a dangane da darajar sassan jiki da nama ga ayyukan maganin gargajiya. Matsayin kasuwanci na yanzu ba mai ɗorewa ba ne kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yawan gaggafa.[6]

Kashe Wutar Lantarki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin jinin tsuntsaye tare da kayan aikin makamashi da wutar lantarki sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, musamman a kudanci da arewacin Afirka.[1] Kokarin saduwa da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun haifar da faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen wutar lantarki. Koyaya, waɗannan ba koyaushe suna aiwatar da ƙirar tsaron tsuntsaye ba wanda zai iyakance haɗarin electrocution da haɗari.[7]

Sauran dalilai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran barazanar da ke taimakawa ga raguwar yawan tsuntsayen Afirka sun haɗa da lalacewar mazaunin da raguwa, rikice-rikice na wuraren gida, raguwar samar da abinci na tsuntsaye, da cin naman daji da mutane ke amfani da shi.[8] Har ila yau, mutuwar gaggafa ta haifar da su ziyarci rijiyoyi don sha sannan su zama ruwan sama da nutsar da su. A wani abin da ya faru a Maroko, 15 Eurasian griffons sun nitse a cikin rijiyar.

Yankunan da abin ya shafa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Arewacin Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani lammergeier daga Aljeriya

Baya ga masu yawo, har yanzu akwai nau'ikan gaggafa guda uku a Arewacin Afirka: griffon vulture, lammergeier, da gaggafa ta Masar. Sauran nau'o'i biyu (tsuntsu mai cinereous da tsutsa mai fuska) yanzu sun mutu daga yankin.[9]

Ana samun gaggafa ta Masar a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka, yayin da Eurasian griffon ya ƙuntata ga tsaunukan Atlas.[10] An kawar da lammergeier daga yankin sai dai Maroko, inda ake la'akari da shi cikin haɗari.[11]

Nau'in da ya fi shafar shi ne Eurasian griffon, kodayake a bayyane yake ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin Turai da Asiya. Yawancin guba a yankin ana danganta su da amfani da strychnine, wanda gwamnatin Maroko ke sarrafawa sosai.[12]

Yammacin Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsuntsaye biyu da ke da murfin suna cin wani kare da ya mutu a Gambiya. Muhimmancin su a cikin yanayin muhalli shine kawar da gawawwakin

Nau'o'in gaggafa guda bakwai suna rayuwa a kasashen Yammacin Afirka: gaggafa ta Masar, gaggafa mai rufe fuska, gaggauta mai lappet, gaggawar dabino, gaggabar Rüppell, gaggafar fararen baya da gaggawar fararen kai.[13]

Yammacin Afirka ta ga wasu daga cikin mafi girman raguwa a cikin yawan gaggafa, tare da har zuwa kashi 61% na gaggafa a cikin wuraren shakatawa da kashi 70% a waje da wuraren shakatawa sun ɓace a cikin shekaru 30 tsakanin 1970 da 2000. Wasu yawan jama'a sun ragu da kusan kashi 97%.[14] A cikin 2020, kimanin tsuntsaye 50 da aka rufe da gashin kansu sun yi guba a Gambiya, kuma tsakanin Satumba 2019 da Maris 2020, an kashe 2000 a Guinea-Bissau don maganin gargajiya.[15] An fara shirye-shiryen kiyayewa a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe da Senegal, binciken yawan gaggafa da haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a.[15]

Kudancin Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankin da ke cikin cape gaggafa

Kudancin Afirka yana da nau'o'in nau'o-nau'i daban-daban na tsuntsaye a cikin nahiyar, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'o" nau'oʼi takwas waɗanda suka haɗa da tsuntsayen Masar da aka ambata a sama, tsuntsayen da ke da murfin fari, tsuntsaye mai farin kai, tsuntsun griffon, tsuntsen da ke da fuskar Cape Vulture.[16]

Yayinda ake gudanar da ayyukan kiyayewa a yankin, yanayin guba da yawan mutuwarsu sun haifar da mummunan rauni ga gaggafa a yankin.[17]

Wani abin da ya faru kwanan nan a Kruger National Park ya shafi gawawwakin da ke da guba na wani buffalo na Afirka a wani wuri a tsakiyar watan Agusta 2022. An kiyasta cewa 104 White-backed vultures sun mutu, yayin da 20 suka ji rauni. Har ila yau, wani hyena ya mutu daga guba. An yi imanin cewa guba ta kasance da gangan don tattara ɓangarorin gaggafa. A halin yanzu, yawan gaggafa masu farin baya suna zaune a kusan mutane 7,500, daga yawan mutanen da suka kai dubban dubbai.[18]

Wani bala'in muhalli ya faru yadda ya kamata a cikin Chobe National Park, Botswana a cikin 2019, wanda ya shafi gawawwakin giwaye uku na Afirka masu guba. Jimillar tsuntsaye 537 sun mutu, tsuntsaye masu farar fata 468, tsuntsaye 28 masu rufe fuska, tsuntsayen farar fata 17, tsuntsayen fuska 14, da tsuntsayen cape 10. Bugu da ƙari, gaggafa 2 tawny sun mutu saboda guba. Ga irin wannan jinkirin kiwo da tsuntsaye masu rai, wannan mummunan rauni ne ga yawan su kuma babban koma baya ga duk wani kokarin kiyayewa.

Sakamakon da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsuntsaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin muhalli a Afirka. A matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya na farko suna ba da gudummawa ga lalata cututtukan cututtuka masu cutarwa da kuma cire gawawwakin da suka lalace daga mahalli, wanda zai iya iyakance gurɓataccen ruwa da yaduwar cututtuka daga gawawwaken dabbobi.[19] Raguwar yawan gaggafa a Indiya ya haifar da karuwar yawan karnuka da karuwar cutar rabies, yana nuna yiwuwar barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam a Afirka.

Nau'in da abin ya shafa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Image Common name Binomial name Region 2006 IUCN conservation status 2021 IUCN conservation status Population trends
Hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus Sub-Saharan Africa Template:Font color Template:Font color Range-wide declines of 68-79%, several population crashes in west Africa have exceeded 80% declines.
Rüppell's vulture Gyps ruppellii Sub-saharan Africa and Spain Template:Font color Template:Font color Has had the worst range-wide declines, between 85-98% however is more secure in The Gambia and Maasai Mara
White-backed vulture Gyps africanus Sub-Saharan Africa Template:Font color Template:Font color Declined by 63-89% during the last three generations. Though the most common African vulture, it has suffered the most casualties during the crisis
Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres Southern Africa Template:Font color Template:Font color Declined by 60-70% from 1992 to 2007, however there have been recent increases in some breeding populations[20]
Lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotos Sub-Saharan Africa and Arabia Template:Font color Template:Font color Declined by 67-80% over the last three generations in Africa. Arabian populations appear to be stable.[21]
White-headed vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis Sub-Saharan Africa Template:Font color Template:Font color Declined by 60-75% throughout its range, with the worst in Botswana reaching an overall population crash with 87% lost.[22]
Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus Afro-Eurasia Template:Font color Template:Font color 91% declines in Africa during the last three generations, about 10% in Europe, stable in the southern Middle East. The biggest declines were recorded in India, owing to the Indian vulture crisis[23]
Eurasian griffon vulture Gyps fulvus Europe, Asia, Morocco, and Algeria Template:Font color Template:Font color Has declined in North Africa and the Middle East however it is compensated for by major increases in Europe
Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus Afro-Eurasia Template:Font color Template:Font color 30% declines across its range. European populations are increasing however Asian populations have suffered heavily

Bayani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ogada, Darcy; Shaw, Phil; Beyers, Rene; Buji, Ralph; Murn, Campbell; Thiollay, Jean Marc; Beale, Colin; Holdo, Ricardo; Pomeroy, Derek; Baker, Neil; Krüger, Sonja (2015). "Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing Toward Extinction". Conservation Letters. 9 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1111/conl.12182. S2CID 54684268.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Safford, Roger; Andevski, Jovan; Botha, Andre; Bowden, Christopher G. R.; Crockford, Nicola; Garbett, Rebecca; Margalida, Antoni; Ramírez, Iván; Shobrak, Mohammed; Tavares, José; Williams, Nick P. (March 2019). "Vulture conservation: the case for urgent action". Bird Conservation International (in Turanci). 29 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1017/S0959270919000042. ISSN 0959-2709. S2CID 91384130.
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  4. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ Saidu, Yohanna; Buij, Ralph (2018-03-29). "Traditional medicine trade in vulture parts in northern Nigeria". Vulture News. 65 (1): 4. doi:10.4314/vulnew.v65i1.1. ISSN 1606-7479.
  6. ↑ McKean, Steven; Mander, Myles; Diederichs, Nicci; Ntuli, Lungile; Mavundla, Khulile; Williams, Vivienne; Wakelin, James (2013). "The impact of traditional use on vultures in South Africa". Vulture News (in Turanci). 65: 15–36. doi:10.4314/vulnew.v65i1.2. ISSN 1606-7479.
  7. ↑ Oppel, Steffen; Ruffo, Alazar Daka; Bakari, Samuel; Tesfaye, Million; Mengistu, Solomon; Wondafrash, Mengistu; Endris, Ahmed; Pourchier, Cloé; Ngari, Alex; Arkumarev, Volen; Nikolov, Stoyan C. (June 2022). "Pursuit of 'sustainable' development may contribute to the vulture crisis in East Africa". Bird Conservation International (in Turanci). 32 (2): 173–187. doi:10.1017/S0959270921000307. ISSN 0959-2709. S2CID 243002738 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  8. ↑ "Fifteen Griffon Vultures found dead in a well in Morocco". Vulture Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  9. ↑ "Vultures of Northwest Africa: a complete list". MaghrebOrnitho. 21 August 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Status of Bearded Vulture in Morocco". MaghrebOrnitho. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  11. ↑ Garrido, Jose Rafael (April 2014). "Poisoning of vultures in Morocco. International Workshop African Vultures & Poison --- Ronda, Málaga, Spain 8--11 April 2014". Academia. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  12. ↑ Amezian, Mohamed; El Khamlichi, Rachid (2016). "Significant population of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus found in Morocco" (PDF). Ostrich. 87 (1): 73–76. doi:10.2989/00306525.2015.1089334. S2CID 85701482.
  13. ↑ Di Vittorio, M.; Hema, E.M.; Dendi, D; et al. (2018). "The conservation status of West African vultures: An updated review and a strategy for conservation". Vie et Milieu-Life and Environment. 68 (1): 33–43.
  14. ↑ "Status of Bearded Vulture in Morocco". MaghrebOrnitho. 28 November 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Tackling vulture population declines in West Africa". Bird Life International. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  16. ↑ "Vulture conservation in South Africa". projectvulture. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  17. ↑ "More than 100 vultures and a hyena poisoned to death at South Africa's Kruger National Park". Animal Survival International. 16 August 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  18. ↑ Nyambura, Helen (19 August 2022). "Poachers poison scores of vultures for use in traditional drugs". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  19. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ICUN2021Cape
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IUCN2021LappetFaced
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IUCN2021Whiteheaded
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IUCN2021Egyptian
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