Taron Marubuta Na Afirka
| Iri | babban taro |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 1 ga Yuni, 1962 |
| Muhimmin darasi | Adabin Afirka |
| Wuri |
Makerere University (en)  |
| Participant (en) |
Chinua Achebe Wole Soyinka J. P. Clark Obi Wali Gabriel Okara Christopher Okigbo (en) Bernard Fonlon (en) Cameron Duodu Kofi Awoonor Es'kia Mphahlele (en) William Modisane (en) Lewis Nkosi Dennis Brutus (en) Arthur Maimane (en) Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Robert Serumaga (en) Rajat Neogy (en) p’Bitek Okot (en) Pio Zirimu (en) Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot Rebeka Njau David Rubadiri (en) Jonathan Kariara (en) Langston Hughes (en) |
| Mai-ɗaukan nauyi |
Congress for Cultural Freedom (en) da The Mbari Club (en) |
A watan Yuni 1962 [1] [2] an gudanar da taron adabin Afirka a cikin harshen Ingilishi, taron marubutan Afirka na farko, an gudanar da shi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Makerere da ke Kampala, Uganda. A hukumance da ake kira "Taro na Marubutan Afirka na Maganar Turanci", Congress for Cultural Freedom da Mbari Club ne suka dauki nauyinsa tare da hadin gwiwar Sashen Nazarin Mural na Makerere, wanda darekta Gerald Moore. [3] [4]
Taron ya samu halartar manyan marubutan Afirka da dama da suka hada da: daga yammacin Afirka Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka (daga baya Nobel Laureate in Literature), John Pepper Clark, Obi Wali, Gabriel Okara, Christopher Okigbo, Bernard Fonlon, Frances Ademola, Cameron Duodu, Kofi Awoonor; daga Afirka ta Kudu: Ezekiel Mphahlele, Bloke Modisane, Lewis Nkosi, Dennis Brutus, Arthur Maimane; daga Gabashin Afirka Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (a wancan lokacin da aka sani da James Ngugi), Robert Serumaga, Rajat Neogy (wanda ya kafa Mujallar Transition), Okot p'Bitek, Pio Zirimu (wanda aka ba da izini tare da haɗa kalmar "orature"), Grace Ogot, Rebecca Njau, David Rubadiri, Jonathan Kariara; kuma daga ƴan ƙasashen Afirka Langston Hughes. [5] [6] [7] [8] Taron ya kasance "ba wai kawai babban taron duniya na farko na marubuta da masu sukar adabin Afirka a nahiyar Afirka ba, an kuma gudanar da shi a daidai lokacin da akasarin kasashen Afirka na samun 'yancin kai na siyasa." [9]
Batun taro[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taron ya tabo batun yadda gadon mulkin mallaka ya jefa marubucin Afirka cikin rudani dangane da zabin harshe a rubuce. Tambayoyin da aka gabatar da muhawara a wurin taron su ne:
- Menene adabin Afirka?
- Shin wallafe-wallafen 'yan Afirka ne suka rubuta, wallafe-wallafen da ke nuna kwarewar Afirka?
- Shin dole ne a rubuta adabin Afirka a cikin harsunan Afirka?
Rigima[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A wajen taron, marubutan kishin ƙasa da dama sun ƙi amincewa da duk wani adabin da aka rubuta cikin harsunan da ba na Afirka ba a matsayin adabin Afirka. Ngũgĩ ya lura da abin ban mamaki game da taken taron, domin ya keɓe wani yanki mai yawa na al'ummar da ba sa rubutu da Ingilishi, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin bayyana adabin Afirka amma ya yarda cewa dole ne ya kasance cikin Turanci. [10] Kamar yadda zai kwatanta shi a cikin littafinsa na 1986 Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature: "Bullet shine hanyar da za a iya jujjuya jiki. Harshe shi ne hanyar kaskantar da kai.” [11]
A cikin wata makala mai taken “The Dead End Of African Literature” da aka buga a Transition a shekarar 1963, Obiajunwa Wali ya bayyana cewa: “Watakila babbar nasarar da aka samu a taron karshe na marubutan African Writers of English Expression da aka gudanar a Kwalejin Makerere, Kampala, a watan Yuni 1962. shi ne wallafe-wallafen Afirka kamar yadda aka bayyana a yanzu kuma an fahimta ba su kai ga ko'ina ba. Taron da kansa ya nuna ƙarshen ƙarshen harin da aka kai a makarantar Negritude na Léopold Senghor da Aimé Césaire. . . . Wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin taron, shi ne watsi da Amos Tutuola." [12]
Tasiri da gado[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Da yake rubutawa taron shekaru 50 bayan haka, James Currey a cikin jaridar Leeds African Studies Bulletin ya nakalto Chinua Achebe yana cewa a shekarar 1989: “A shekarar 1962 mun ga haduwar gagarumin tsarar matasan Afirka maza da mata wadanda za su kirkiro cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Rubuce-rubucen da a yau ake karantawa sosai kuma ana mutunta su sosai a sassa da dama na duniya. Ya kasance lokaci mai mahimmanci, da kuma shekara, a cikin tarihin adabin Afirka na zamani." [13]
Ana kallon taron a matsayin wani babban ci gaba a cikin adabin Afirka, kuma ana tunanin ya bayyana salon rubuce-rubucen marubutan Afirka da dama. Alal misali, Currey ya lura cewa Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o a lokacin da yake matashin ɗalibi ya yunƙura ya nemi Chinua Achebe a wurin taron ya karanta littattafan littattafansa The River Tsakanin da Kuka Ba, Yaro, wanda daga baya za a buga a cikin jerin marubutan Afirka na Heinemann. wanda aka kaddamar a Landan a waccan shekarar, tare da Achebe a matsayin editan ba da shawara na farko. [13] Daga baya Ngũgĩ ya ƙi Kiristanci a cikin shekarar 1976, kuma ya canza sunansa na asali daga James Ngugi, wanda ya gani a matsayin alamar mulkin mallaka. Ya kuma koma yin rubutu da yaren Gikuyu maimakon turanci.
Taron tunawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Taron Littattafan Afirka na SOAS - shekaru 55 bayan taron farko na Marubuta na Makerere na Afirka" an shirya shi a matsayin taron tunawa da ke gudana a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba 2017, wanda Jami'ar London ta Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka (SOAS) ta dauki nauyin shiryawa, tare da babban bayani. jawabin Wole Soyinka. [14]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ "The First Makerere African Writers Conference 1962",
- ↑ Peter Kalliney, "The Makerere generation", TLS, 6 July 2016.
- ↑ Obi Nwakanma, Christopher Okigbo, 1930-67: Thirsting for Sunlight, James Currey, 2010, p. 181.
- ↑ Mbari Club, Makerere University College. Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Congress for Cultural Freedom, Conference of African Writers of English Expression, Kampala, Uganda: Makerere University College, 1962. WorldCat
- ↑ Billy Kahora, "Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: A history of creative writing instruction in East Africa", Chimurenga Chronic, 18 April 2017.
- ↑ John Roger Kurtz, Urban Obsessions, Urban Fears: The Postcolonial Kenyan Novel, Africa World Press, 1998, pp. 15–16.
- ↑ Frederick Philander, "Namibian Literature at the Cross Roads", New Era, 18 April 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ↑ Robert Gates, "African Writers, Readers, Historians Gather In London", PM News, 27 October 2017.
- ↑ Announcement of conference to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the June 1962, Humanities & Social Sciences Online.
- ↑ Kristina S. Ten, "Vehicles for Story: Chinua Achebe and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o on Defining African Literature, Preserving Culture and Self", Student Pulse, Vol. 3, No. 05, 2011, pp. 2–3.
- ↑ Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, Heinemann Educational Books, 1986, 08033994793.ABA, p. 9.
- ↑ Obiajunwa Wali, "The Dead End Of African Literature", Transition, No. 10 (September 1963), pp. 13–16.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 James Currey, "Ngũgĩ, Leeds and the Establishment of African Literature", Leeds African Studies Bulletin 74 (December 2012), pp. 48–62; quoting Achebe from a lecture given at the University of Guelph, Canada, in 1989.
- ↑ Otosirieze Obi-Young, "55 Years After Makerere Conference, University of London’s SOAS to Host Memorial Gathering", Brittle Paper, 27 October 2017.