Thomas Maitland (Jami'in Sojan Burtaniya)
Laftanar Janar The Right Honorable Sir Thomas Maitland GCB GCH (10 Maris 1760 - 17 Janairu 1824) sojan Burtaniya ne kuma gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na Haddington daga 1790 zuwa 1796,1802–06 da 1812–13. An nada shi Kansila mai zaman kansa a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1803. Shi ne ɗan James Maitland na biyu mai rai,7th Earl na Lauderdale,kuma ƙane na James Maitland, 8th Earl na Lauderdale. Maitland bai taba yin aure ba.
Farkon aikin soja[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An ba Maitland aiki a cikin Edinburgh Light Horse, jim kadan bayan haihuwarsa, amma bai ɗauki aikinsa ba har sai da ya shiga 78th (Highland) Regiment of Foot (Seaforth Highland Regiment) a matsayin kyaftin a 1778.Ya koma ƙafa ta 62 a matsayin babba a cikin 1790.An ba shi mukamin Laftanar-Kanar a 1794 da Kanar da Birgediya-Janar a 1798.
Juyin juya halin Haiti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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A cikin 1797,Maitland ya sauka a Saint-Domingue,a karkashin umarnin kama mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Maitland ya gane cewa sojojinsa suna mutuwa da sauri cikin rugujewa saboda zazzabin rawaya,kuma ya fara tattaunawa da shugaban Haiti,Toussaint Louverture. Henry Dundas,1st Viscount Melville,wanda shine Sakataren Yaki na Firayim Minista William Pitt the Younger,ya umurci Sir Adam Williamson, Laftanar-Gwamnan Jamaica, da ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da wakilan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa da suka yi alkawarin dawo da su. Gwamnatin da ta dade, bauta da nuna wariya ga masu mulkin mallaka na kabilanci, matakin da ya janyo suka daga masu ruguzawa William Wilberforce da Thomas Clarkson.[1][2]
Elkins da McKitrick [3] sun rubuta:
A hakika Maitland ne kuma ba Ma'aikatar Yaƙi ba ne wanda ya ƙaddara cewa zaɓin kawai na Biritaniya, maimakon ƙoƙarin kiyaye kowane irin kasancewar a Jérémie da Môle-Saint-Nicolas, shine ya magance Louverture kai tsaye kuma ya yi shawarwari kan ƙaura daga ƙasar. tsibirin. Don haka shi da bakar fata suka kulla yarjejeniya ta sirri a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1798. Biritaniya za ta daina duk wani hari da aka kai wa St. Domingue da duk wani katsalandan ga harkokin cikin gida; Louverture ya yi irin wannan alkawari game da Jamaica; kuma Maitland zai ga cewa an ba da izinin isa ga tashar jiragen ruwa na St. Domingue ba tare da tsangwama daga jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya ba.
A cikin Mayu 1799, Maitland ya koma Saint-Domingue don yin shawarwari kan tsawaita yarjejeniya da Louverture.A ranar 13 Yuni,a gaban Edward Stevens,wakilin Amurka a tsibirin, Maitland da Louverture sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Maitland,wanda ya nuna cewa za a bude tashar jiragen ruwa na Le Cap da Port-Républicain zuwa jigilar Anglo-Amurka.
Gwamnan Ceylon[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Maitland ya zama Gwamnan Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) a tsakanin 1805 zuwa 1811.Yayin da yake Ceylon,Maitland ya sha'awar wani wuri a "Galkissa" ( Dutsen Lavinia )kuma ya yanke shawarar gina fadarsa a can. A wannan lokacin,Maitland ya ƙaunaci wata yarinya mai rawa mai suna Lovina,wadda iyayen Portuguese da Sinhalese suka haifa.Wani tatsuniya a wani lokaci ana ta maimaita cewa,a lokacin da ake gina fadar, Maitland ya ba da umarnin gina wani rami na asirce zuwa gidan Lovina, wanda ke kusa da fadar gwamna.Ɗayan ƙarshen ramin yana cikin rijiyar gidan Lovina,ɗayan kuma yana cikin wurin ajiyar giya da ke cikin fadar gwamna.Sa’ad da gwamna ya zo ya zauna a can,ya kan yi amfani da rami don saduwa da Lovina.[4][5]Kauyen Sinhalese da ke kewaye da gidan Gwamna ya bunkasa ya zama birni na zamani mai suna "Galkissa".Daga baya aka sake sunan birnin "Mount Lavinia" don girmama Lovina.A cikin 1920 an rufe rami.An gudanar da bikin bicentenary na Mount Lavinia Hotel a cikin 2005.Wasu daga cikin dangin Sir Thomas Maitland da ke zaune a Burtaniya sun halarci bikin. Hanyoyi biyu a tsakiyar Colombo a Sri Lanka na zamani,ana kiransa masa suna Maitland Crescent da Maitland Place.
Yakin Peninsular[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A farkon 1812, Earl na Wellington na 1 ya fara yakin da ya haifar da nasararsa a yakin Salamanca a ranar 22 ga Yuli.Don hana Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet aika da sojojin Faransa daga gabas ga tekun Spain,Wellington ya bukaci Ubangiji William Bentinck ya kaddamar da wani aiki na karkatar da hankali ta hanyar amfani da garrison na Sicily na Birtaniya.Da farko Bentinck ya amince ya tura sojojinsa 10,000, amma a watan Maris ya juya kansa. Bayan lallashi da yawa,ya bar aikin ya ci gaba kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni ya sanya mutane 8,000 a cikin motocin ruwa a karkashin umarnin Maitland.Bentinck ya sake canza ra'ayinsa a ranar 9 ga Yuni,ya dakatar da balaguron.A ƙarshe a ranar 28 ga Yuni Maitland ya tashi zuwa Menorca.Rundunar ta fara tattara sojojin Spain 6,000 a Menorca kuma sun sauka a ranar 31 ga Yuli a Palamós, 65 miles (105 km) arewa maso gabashin Barcelona . Da hikima ya yanke shawarar cewa Barcelona ta yi ƙarfi don kai hari, amma kuma ya ƙi ƙoƙarin kama Tarragona mai rauni.[6]Ba da daɗewa ba Maitland ya sami labarin cewa an fatattaki Sojojin Joseph O'Donnell na Murcia a yakin Castalla a ranar 21 ga Yuli.Ba tare da goyon bayan O'Donnell ba,Maitland ya yanke shawarar cewa ba zai iya cimma komai ba.Ya sake shiga rundunar sojojinsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Alicante maimakon haka,ya haɗa da sojojinsa tare da sansanin soja don kafa sojoji 15,000.[7]Tare da bala'i a Salamanca,an tilasta wa Faransawa su kwashe duka Madrid a tsakiyar Spain da Andalusia a kudu.Sojojin da suka hade sun hade da Suchet a lardin Valencia.[8]A kusa da sojojin Faransa 80,000,Maitland ya ƙi ƙaura daga Alicante. [7] Maitland ya nemi a sami sauƙi a cikin Satumba 1812 saboda rashin lafiya. [9]
Gwamnan Malta da na Ionian Islands[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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Maitland ya zama Laftanar-Gwamnan Portsmouth da Janar Janar Kwamandan Gundumar Kudu-maso-Yamma a watan Mayu 1813[10] sannan aka nada shi a matsayin Gwamnan Malta a ranar 23 ga Yuli, lokacin da tsibirin ya zama mulkin mallaka na kambi a maimakon wani karewa . Annobar ta barke a Malta a cikin Maris 1813 kuma cutar ta fara yaduwa musamman a Valletta da yankin Grand Harbor . Maitland ya isa tsibirin a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1813 kuma ya yi rantsuwa a ofis a ranar 5 ga Oktoba. Da zarar ya shiga, ya aiwatar da tsauraran matakan keɓewa. Annobar ta bazu zuwa Gozo a watan Janairu mai zuwa, amma tsibirin ba su da cutar a watan Maris 1814. Gabaɗaya, an kashe mutane 4486 wanda ya kai kashi 4% na yawan jama'a.Ana tunanin barkewar cutar za ta yi muni ba tare da tsauraran matakan Maitland ba.
Bayan kawar da annobar,Maitland ta yi gyare-gyare da dama.Ya kawar da sojojin Birtaniya daga Lampedusa a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1814, ya kawo karshen takaddamar da ta fara a 1800. A Malta,ya kasance mai mulkin kama karya kuma ya ki kafa majalisa mai ba da shawara wadda ta ƙunshi wakilan Malta, don haka an san shi da sunan "King Tom".Ya kafa rundunar 'yan sanda ta Malta a cikin 1814,yayin da Jami'ar jin daɗin Italiyanci ta rushe a cikin 1819.An gudanar da gyare-gyare iri-iri a fannin haraji da kotunan shari'a ma.Maitland ya ci gaba da zama Gwamna har zuwa mutuwarsa daga apoplexy a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1824. Likitoci Robert Grieves,Alexander Broadfoot da John Hennen sun halarci kan gadon mutuwarsa.
Yayin da yake Gwamna na Malta,Maitland ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Tsibirin Ionian a tsakanin 1815 zuwa 1823,yayin da tsibiran suka kasance masu kariyar Burtaniya.Wurin zama na gwamnati ya kasance a Corfu,inda Sir Frederick Hankey,sakataren sa na sirri ya wakilce shi.An gina abin tunawa na Maitland neoclassical a wurin don girmama shi a cikin 1821.
- ↑ C.L.R. James, Black Jacobins (London: Penguin, 1938), p. 109.
- ↑ David Geggus, Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–1798 (New York: Clarendon Press, 1982).
- ↑ Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, p. 656
- ↑ Seneviratne, The story of Mount Lavinia Hotel, pp. 20–22
- ↑ Aves, Sri Lanka, p. 79
- ↑ Glover, Peninsular War, pp. 268–269
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gates, Spanish Ulcer, p. 364
- ↑ Glover, Peninsular War, pp. 207–210
- ↑ Glover, Peninsular War, p. 270
- ↑ "No. 16733". The London Gazette. 25 May 1813. p. 1018.