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Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama a Amurka

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Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama a Amurka
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Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama a Amurka ya ƙunshi dukkan nau'ikan tsattsauran Ra'ayi na Musulunci da ke faruwa a cikin Amurka. Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama shine bin ka'idoji na dokokin Islama, wanda zai iya haɗawa da inganta tashin hankali don cimma burin siyasa.[1][2][3] Bayan hare-haren ta'addanci na Satumba 11, 2001, tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama ya zama abin fifiko na tsaron kasa na Gwamnatin Amurka da kuma mayar da hankali ga yawancin hukumomin tsaro da masu tilasta bin doka.[3][4] Da farko, abin da aka mayar da hankali ga damuwa ya kasance a kan Kungiyoyin ta'addanci na Islama na kasashen waje, musamman al-Qaeda, amma a cikin shekaru tun bayan hare-haren ta'addancin Satumba 11, an mayar da hankali kan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama da cibiyoyin jihadi a cikin Amurka.[2][3][4]

Kusan kusan shekaru ashirin, yaki da ta'addanci shine mafi mahimmancin tsaron Amurka da tsaron kasa.[4] Tun lokacin da aka saki dabarun tsaron kasa na Gwamnatin Trump a cikin 2018, ba a sake la'akari da yaki da ta'addanci a matsayin babbar damuwa ta tsaron kasa ta Amurka, duk da cewa ta'addancin ya kasance barazana mai dorewa.[4] Kodayake yawan 'yan ƙasar Amurka ko mazauna na dogon lokaci da ke cikin ayyukan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kaɗan ne, ɗaukar su da shiga cikin ayyukan aikata laifuka da kungiyoyin ta'addanci na Islama suka shirya a yankin Amurka har yanzu hukumomin Amurka suna ɗaukar damuwa game da tsaro na ƙasa.[2][3][5]

Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama da tashin hankali na jihadi

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A rubuce-rubuce ga Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa, 'yar jaridar Amurka da aka haifa a Belgium Dina Temple-Raston ta yi jayayya cewa "babban canji a cikin ta'addanci a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata ya kasance raƙuman Amurkawa da suka shiga yakin - ba kawai a matsayin sojoji ba amma a matsayin manyan mambobin Ƙungiyoyin Islama da kuma a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin kungiyoyin ta'addance, gami da al-Qaeda".[6] A cewar Temple-Raston, 'yan ƙasar Amurka ko mazauna dogon lokaci sune "masters, farfaganda, enablers, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai dabarun" a cikin kungiyoyin ta'addanci na kasashen waje kuma suna aiki don yada akidar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Yamma.[6] Wannan yanayin yana da damuwa a gare ta, wanda ya kara yin sharhi cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Amurka "sun fahimci Amurka fiye da yadda Amurka ta fahimta".[6]

Akwai rashin fahimta game da yadda ake yaduwar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Amurka. A cewar 'yan siyasa na Amurka, babu "babu wani bayanin martaba na Amurka" na mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Amurka kuma "ƙwarewa da abubuwan motsawa sun bambanta sosai. Janet Napolitano, tsohon Sakataren Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka, ya bayyana cewa ba a san ko akwai "karin tashin hankali" ko "karin tattara mutane masu tsattsa ra'ayi a baya". Kungiyoyin Islama suna neman Amurkawa su zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da daukar ma'aikata saboda saba da Amurka da Yamma. A cewar Napolitano, barazanar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke tasowa ta sa ya zama "mafi wuya ga masu tilasta bin doka ko al'ummar leken asiri su gano da rushe makirci".

Zeyno Baran, babban jami'i kuma darektan Cibiyar Manufofin Eurasia a Cibiyar Hudson mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Amurka, ya yi jayayya cewa kalmar da ta fi dacewa ita ce tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama don rarrabe addinin Islama daga akidar siyasa wanda ke haifar da tsattsa ra'ayi:Musulunci, addini, yana hulɗa da ibada, ɗabi'a, da imani, kuma yana iya jituwa da dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yanci na asali. Musulmai, duk da haka, sun yi imanin cewa Musulunci shine kawai tushen tsarin shari'a da siyasa wanda ke jagorantar tsarin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da shari'a na duniya. Dokar Musulunci, ko Shari'a, dole ne ta tsara dukkan fannoni na al'ummar ɗan adam, daga siyasa da ilimi zuwa tarihi, kimiyya, zane-zane, da sauransu. Yana adawa da dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi.[7]Tare da darajar da aka sanya akan 'yancin addini a Amurka, tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini batu ne mai wahala da rarrabuwa. Zuhdi Jasser, shugaban kasa kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar tunanin Musulmi ta Amurka ta American Islamic Forum for Democracy, ya shaida a gaban Majalisa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 cewa Amurka "ta yi amfani da ra'ayinta game da Musulmai da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummominmu...[8] Ɗaya daga cikin sansanin ya ki yarda cewa duk Musulmai masu ibada da addinin Islama masu tsattsa ra'ayi suna da haɗari ga addinin Islami na ciki.[8]

Wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Amurka suna aiki sosai kuma Kungiyoyin ta'addanci na Islama na kasashen waje ne ke horar da su, yayin da wasu aka sani da "kwararrun kyarketai" waɗanda ke tsattsa ra'ayi da kansu.[2][3][5]   Mai harbi na Fort Hood, Major Nidal Hasan, ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne na asalin Palasdinawa. Ya yi magana ta hanyar imel tare da Anwar al-Awlaki, amma ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da al-Qaeda.[9] Farfagandar Al-Qaeda tana amfani da Hasan don inganta ra'ayin "zama al-Qaeda ta hanyar ba al-Qaïda ba".[9]   Carlos Leon Bledsoe, ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a matsayin matashi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya canza sunansa zuwa Abdulhakim Muhammad, ya harbe wani mai ɗaukar sojoji na Amurka a Little Rock, Arkansas a watan Yunin 2009, bayan ya kwashe lokaci a Yemen.[5]   Faisal Shahzad ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne daga Pakistan kuma ya sami horo na bam daga Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan; an gano makircinsa na fashe bam a Times Square na New York ne kawai bayan bam din ya gaza.[5]   Zachary Chesser ya tuba zuwa addinin musulunci bayan makarantar sakandare kuma ya fara yada tsattsauran ra'ayi a Intanet.[10] An kama shi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin shiga jirgin sama zuwa Somaliya don shiga ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta Islama al-Shabaab.[10]

'Yan ƙasar Amurka a cikin kungiyoyin ta'addanci na Islama

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Tun daga shekara ta 2007, an kama sama da 'yan Amurka 50 da mazauna dindindin ko kuma an tuhume su da yunkurin shiga kungiyoyin ta'addanci na Islama a kasashen waje, gami da al-Qaeda a yankin Larabawa (AQAP) da al-Shabaab.[11] A cikin 2013 kadai, an san Amurkawa 9 da shiga ko ƙoƙarin shiga kungiyoyin ta'addanci na kasashen waje.[11] 'Yan ƙasar Amurka a cikin al-Qaeda suna ba da ilimin sirri game da Amurka. Adam Gadahn dan Amurka ne wanda ya koma kungiyar al-Qaeda a ƙarshen shekarun 1990..[12] Ya fitar da bidiyon farfaganda na harshen Ingilishi, amma Gadahn ba shi da kwarewa kuma Anwar al-Awlaki ya maye gurbin muryarsa. Awlaki ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne na zuriyar Yemen, wanda aka kashe a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2011 ta hanyar harin makami mai linzami na Amurka a Yemen. Awlaki yana da takardun shaida na addini wanda Gadahn ya rasa da kuma salon "mai sauƙin rinjaye"; "dubu da yawa, watakila miliyoyin, sun kalli laccocin [Awlaki] akan Intanet".[12]

Wani muhimmin dan kasar Amurka a tsarin ikon al-Qaeda wani mutum ne mai suna Adnan Shukrijumah . An yi imanin cewa Shukrijumah shine mafi girman Amurka a cikin al-Qaeda.[13] An haife shi a Saudi Arabia, ya girma a Trinidad, kuma ya koma Florida a matsayin matashi; ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma ya bar Amurka a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2001.[13] Shukrijumah asiri ne ga hukumomi har sai Najibullah Zazi ya gano shi bayan an kama Zazi saboda wani makirci da ya gaza na jefa bam a wuraren sufuri a kusa da Birnin New York.[13] Zazi ya yi tafiya zuwa Afghanistan don yaƙi da sojojin Amurka, amma Shukrijumah ya shawo kan Zazi ya koma Amurka kuma ya shirya hari a can.[13] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an haifi Mohammed Abusalha a Florida wanda ya tuba ya kai harin bam yayin da yake fada da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama a Siriya.

A cikin 2014, Troy Kastigar da Douglas McAuthur McCain, Amurkawa biyu waɗanda a baya suka tuba zuwa addinin Islama, sun yi tafiya zuwa Siriya da Iraki don shiga jihadi na duniya a Siriya da Iraki a madadin kungiyar ta'addanci ta Islama ISIL / ISIS / Daesh, kuma an kashe su a yaƙi.[14] A cikin 2015, Zulfi Hoxha ya yi tafiya zuwa Siriya inda ya zama muhimmiyar adadi a cikin rukunin ISIS.

Duba kuma

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  • Rashin jin daɗin Amurka
  • Rashin jinin Yahudawa a Amurka
  • Karfafa abokan hulɗa na cikin gida don hana tashin hankali a Amurka
  • FBI Mafi yawan 'yan ta'adda
  • Ta'addanci na gida
  • Musulunci da tashin hankali
    • Musulunci da tashin hankali na cikin gida
    • Al'amuran siyasa na Islama
  • Jihadism da hip hop
  • Ta'addanci na Jihad
  • Jerin hare-haren ta'addanci na Islama, a duk duniya (tun daga shekarun 1970s)
  • Jerin kungiyoyin da Tarayyar Turai ta sanya a matsayin kungiyoyin ta'addanci
  • Jerin makircin ta'addanci da ba su yi nasara ba a Amurka bayan 9/11
  • Ta'addanci a Amurka
  • Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka
  • Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka Jerin Kungiyoyin Ta'addanci na kasashen waje

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina, eds. (October–November 2023). "The Beginning of a New Wave? The Hamas-Israel War and the Terror Threat in the West" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center. 16 (10): 27–33. doi:Hamming Check |doi= value (help). Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 (Tobias ed.). doi:Gonzales Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina, eds. (21 September 2022). "The Islamic State Crime-Terror Nexus in the United States: Developments and Wider Relevance" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center. 15 (9): 1–12. doi:Marcus Check |doi= value (help). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina, eds. (November–December 2022). "The Terrorist Threats and Trends to Watch Out for in 2023 and Beyond" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center. 15 (11): 1–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bergen, Peter; Bruce Hoffman (2010-09-10). "Assessing the Terrorist Threat: A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center's National Security Preparedness Group" (PDF). Bipartisan Policy Center: 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Temple-Raston, Dina (2010-10-11). "Terror Made in America". NPR. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  7. ↑ Baran, Zeyno (2008-07-10). "The Roots of Violent Islamist Extremism and Efforts to Counter It". Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-26. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Jasser, M. Zuhdi (2011-03-10). "The Extent of Radicalization in the American Muslim Community and the Community's Response" (PDF). House Hearing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jonsson, Patrik (2010-10-19). "Fort Hood Shooting: Al Qaeda Now Portrays Nidal Hasan as Terrorism Star". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2010-10-19.[permanent dead link] [dead link]
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Barhrampur, Tara (2010-11-02). "Internet helped Muslim Convert from Northern Virginia Embrace Extremism at Warp Speed". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "California Arrest Underscores Ongoing Concern Over Americans Joining Al Qaeda Abroad". Access ADL. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 2013-10-18. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Temple-Raston, Dina (2010-10-14). "Two Americans Become Al-Qaida Media Strategists". NPR. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Temple-Raston, Dina (2010-10-11). "Al-Qaida Mastermind Rose Using American Hustle". NPR. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  14. ↑ "For Jihad Recruits, a Pipeline From Minnesota to Militancy". The New York Times. September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
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