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Abinci da ciwon daji

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Abinci da ciwon daji
Lafiya
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Dalilan Ciwon Daji da health effect of food (en) Fassara
Alamomin
Wannan tallan yana nuna cewa cin abinci mai kyau yana taimakawa wajen hana ciwon daji.

An gano abubuwan da ake amfani da abinci a matsayin suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hadarin ciwon daji, tare da nau'o'in abinci daban-daban suna karuwa da rage haɗari. Abinci da ƙiba na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da kusan kashi 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji,[1] yayin da rashin aikin jiki ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da 7% haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa.[2] Ɗaya daga cikin bita a cikin 2011 ya ba da shawarar cewa jimlar caloric ci yana rinjayar ciwon daji da kuma yiwuwar ci gaba.[3]

Duk da yake an ba da shawarwarin abinci da yawa don rage haɗarin ciwon daji, kaɗan suna da muhimmiyar shaidar kimiyya.[3] An danganta kiba da shan barasa tare da faruwa da ci gaban wasu cututtukan daji.[3] Ana ba da shawarar rage shan abubuwan sha masu zaki da sukari a matsayin ma'auni don magance kiba.[4] Abincin da ke da ƙarancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jan nama yana da tasiri amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba,[5] kuma tasirin na iya zama ƙanana ga mutanen da ke da abinci mai gina jiki waɗanda ke kula da lafiyayyen nauyi.[3]

Wasu takamaiman abinci suna da alaƙa da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Nazarin ya danganta cin ja ko naman da aka sarrafa zuwa ƙarin haɗarin ciwon nono, ciwon hanji,[4] ciwon prostate,[6] da ciwon daji na pancreatic, wanda za a iya bayyana shi a wani bangare ta kasancewar carcinogens a cikin abincin da aka dafa a yanayin zafi.[7][8] Aflatoxin B1, mai yawan gurɓataccen abinci, yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon hanta, [9] yayin shan kofi yana hade da raguwar haɗari.[9] Taunar goro na haifar da ciwon daji na baki .[10] Ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan abincin da yake ci.[9][11]Al'ummomin baƙi suna haɓaka haɗarin sabuwar ƙasarsu, galibi a cikin tsararraki ɗaya, suna ba da alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin abinci da ciwon daji.[12]

Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da sarrafa nauyi da cin "mafi yawan kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, dukan hatsi da kifi, da rage cin nama ja, kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen sukari."[3]

Nau'in abinci

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Abincin ƙuntatawa

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Yawancin abinci da tsarin tsarin abinci ana da'awar suna da amfani ga cutar kansa. Shahararrun nau'ikan abincin "anti-cancer" sun haɗa da abincin Breuss, Jiyya na Gerson, ka'idar Budwig da kuma abincin macrobiotic. Babu daya daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan abincin da aka gano yana da tasiri, kuma an gano wasu daga cikinsu suna da illa.[13]

Tsarin abinci

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Masu ilimin cututtuka na abinci mai gina jiki suna amfani da ƙididdiga masu yawa, irin su manyan abubuwan da suka shafi bincike da bincike na mahimmanci, don auna yadda tsarin halayen abinci ya shafi hadarin bunkasa ciwon daji. [14] (Mafi kyawun tsarin abincin da aka yi nazari akai shine abincin tsakiyar teku . ) Bisa la'akari da tsarin abincin da suke ci, masu ilimin cututtuka sun rarraba mutane zuwa ƙididdiga. Don ƙididdige tasirin halayen cin abinci akan haɗarin ciwon daji, suna auna haɗin kai tsakanin ƙididdiga da rarraba yawan ciwon daji (a cikin nazarin nazarin shari'ar ) da kuma ciwon daji (a cikin binciken dogon lokaci ). Yawancin lokaci sun haɗa da wasu masu canji a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga don lissafin sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji da ba tare da ciwon daji ba ( confounders ). Ga ciwon nono, akwai wani replicated Trend ga mata da mafi "m ko lafiya" rage cin abinci, watau mafi girma a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, don samun ƙananan hadarin ciwon daji.[15] “Tsarin abincin mai sha” kuma yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kansar ƙirjin nono, yayin da ƙungiyar ba ta da daidaituwa tsakanin tsarin abinci na yammaci da haɓakar haɗarin kansar nono. Abincin da aka ɗora yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji.

Abubuwan abinci

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Barasa

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Barasa yana da alaƙa da ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa.[16] 3.6% na duk cututtukan daji da 3.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji a duniya ana danganta su da shan barasa.[17] Ciwon daji na nono a cikin mata yana da alaƙa da shan barasa.[3] [18] Barasa kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na baki, esophagus, pharynx da larynx,[19] ciwon daji mai launi,[20][21] ciwon hanta,[22] ciki[23] da ovaries .[24] Hukumar Bincike Kan Kansa ta Duniya (Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer) ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ware barasa a matsayin wani nau'in ciwon daji na rukuni na 1 . Ƙimar ta ta ce, "Akwai isassun shaidun da ke nuna cutar sankara na barasa a cikin mutane. …Abin shaye-shaye yana da cutar kansa ga mutane (Rukunin 1)." [25]

Nama mai sarrafawa da ja

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A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2015, Hukumar Bincike Kan Kansa ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa cin naman da aka sarrafa (misali, naman alade, naman alade, karnuka masu zafi, tsiran alade) ko jan nama na da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji.[26][27][28]

Fiber, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari

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Shaida akan tasirin fiber na abinci akan haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji yana haɗuwa tare da wasu nau'ikan shaidar da ke nuna fa'ida kuma wasu ba.[4] Duk da yake cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari yana da fa'ida, yana da ƙarancin fa'ida akan rage ciwon daji fiye da sau ɗaya ana tunani. [4] Soya yana da wadata a cikin phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens suna da raunin estrogenic sakamako, amma abubuwan da ke faruwa ne ta halitta. [4]

Nazarin meta-biyu na 2020 sun gano cewa yawan cin fiber yana da alaƙa da ƙaramin haɗarin duka premenopausal da cututtukan nono na baya[29] da ƙimar rayuwa mafi girma a cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono.[30]

Wani bincike na 2014 ya samo 'ya'yan itace amma ba kayan lambu ba da aka kare daga ciwon daji na gastrointestinal na sama. [31] Yayin da 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da fiber ke da kariya daga ciwon daji na colorectal da fiber da aka kare daga ciwon hanta.[32]

Flavonoids

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Flavonoids (musamman flavonoids irin su catechins) sune "kungiyoyin polyphenolic da aka fi sani da su a cikin abincin ɗan adam kuma ana samun su a ko'ina cikin tsire-tsire." [33] Duk da yake wasu nazarin sun nuna flavonoids na iya yin tasiri a rigakafin ciwon daji, wasu sun kasance marasa mahimmanci ko kuma suna nuna cewa suna iya zama cutarwa.[34][35]

Namomin kaza

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A cewar Cancer Research UK, "a halin yanzu babu wata shaida cewa kowane nau'in naman kaza ko naman kaza zai iya hana ko warkar da ciwon daji", kodayake bincike kan wasu nau'in ya ci gaba.[36]

Sauran

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  • Bisa ga Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka, babu wani tabbataccen shaida game da tasirin maganin ciwon daji na cinye kayan waken soya .[37]
  • Koren shayi ba shi da wani tasiri a kan hadarin ciwon daji.[38][39][40]
  • Nazarin meta-bincike na 2016 ya nuna cewa mata da maza waɗanda suka sha kofi suna da ƙarancin haɗarin cutar kansar hanta .[10] Binciken laima na meta-bincike ya gano cewa kofi yana hade da ƙananan haɗarin hanta da ciwon daji na endometrial.[41]
  • Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 ya gano, "babu tabbataccen shaida cewa karin bitamin D yana shafar ciwon daji a cikin mata masu zama tsofaffi."[42]

Hanyoyin aiki

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Methionine metabolism

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Hanyar methionine metabolism. dihydrofolate, DHF; dSAM, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylated; hCys, homocysteine ; ME, ƙungiyar methyl ; MetTR-1-P, 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate; MT, methyltransferase ; MTA, methylthioadenosine; MTHF, methylenetetrahydrofolate; SAH, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine ; SAM, S-adenosyl methionine ; SUB, substrate.

Kodayake yawancin hanyoyin salula suna da hannu a cikin cin abinci, yawancin bincike a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun nuna lahani a cikin hanyar methionine na rayuwa a matsayin dalilin ciwon daji.[43][44] Misali, kasawa na manyan hanyoyin abinci na masu ba da gudummawar methyl, methionine da choline, suna haifar da samuwar ciwon hanta a cikin rodents.[45][46] Methionine wani muhimmin amino acid ne wanda dole ne a samar da shi ta hanyar cin abinci na sunadaran gina jiki ko masu ba da gudummawar methyl ( choline da betain da ake samu a naman sa, qwai da wasu kayan lambu). Assimilated methionine yana canzawa a cikin S-adenosyl methionine ( SAM) wanda shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci don haɗin polyamine, misali spermidine, da samuwar cysteine (duba adadi a hannun dama). Hakanan ana sake sake yin fa'ida samfuran methionine zuwa methionine ta homocysteine remethylation da methylthioadenosine (MTA) juyawa (duba adadi a hannun dama). Vitamins B6, B12, folic acid da choline sune mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don waɗannan halayen. SAM shine madaidaicin halayen methylation wanda DNA, RNA da furotin methyltransferases ke daidaitawa.

Girman girma (GF) da kunnawar steroid/retinoid na PRMT4.

Samfuran waɗannan halayen sune DNA methylated, RNA ko sunadarai da S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). SAH yana da mummunan ra'ayi akan samar da kansa a matsayin mai hana methyltransferase enzymes . Saboda haka, SAM: SAH rabo kai tsaye yana daidaita salon salula methylation, yayin da matakan bitamin B 6, B 12, folic acid da choline suna daidaita yanayin methylation a kaikaice ta hanyar sake zagayowar methionine .[47][48] Halin da ke kusa da ciwon daji shine rashin daidaituwa na hanyar methionine na rayuwa don mayar da martani ga kwayoyin halitta ko yanayin muhalli wanda ya haifar da raguwar SAM da / ko SAM-dogara methylation . Ko yana da rashi a cikin enzymes kamar methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, methionine -dogara na ciwon daji Kwayoyin, babban matakan polyamine kira a cikin ciwon daji, ko shigar da ciwon daji ta hanyar rage cin abinci da ke hana masu ba da gudummawar methyl na waje ko haɓakawa a cikin masu hana methylation, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yana da dangantaka da karfi. raguwar matakan SAM a cikin mice, berayen da mutane.[49][50]

A cewar wani bita na 2012, tasirin hana methionine akan ciwon daji har yanzu ba a yi nazari kai tsaye a cikin mutane ba kuma "har yanzu akwai ƙarancin ilimin da zai ba da ingantaccen shawarwarin abinci mai gina jiki".[51]

Sadarwar Kimiyya

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Kafofin watsa labarai suna taka rawa sosai a fannin sadarwa na kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki[ana buƙatar hujja] . A cikin 1996, a kan Oprah Winfrey's talk show, wani baƙo ya yi iƙirarin cewa sarrafa nama daga Amurka zai iya haifar da BSE, spongiform encephalopathy na bovine. Manoman naman sa na Texas sun kai ƙarar wasan kwaikwayon Oprah daga baya waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin nunin nata ya haifar da raguwar farashin naman sa[52] Sadarwar kimiyyar da ke tattare da abinci mai gina jiki na iya zama abin dogaro saboda gaskiyar cewa babu isasshen bincike da zai iya ba da tabbataccen ƙarshe ga idan wasu abinci. haifar da ciwon daji ko a'a.[53] Wannan yana ba da dama ga masu wallafawa su sanya kanun labarai masu ɓarna kamar "Mafi Girman Abincin Carbohydrate yana Haɗe da Babban Haɗarin Jimillar Mutuwa".[53]

Bincike ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasa sun fi kashe lokaci wajen bayar da labaran da suka shafi cutar kansa fiye da gidajen talabijin na cikin gida. Bugu da ƙari, tashoshi na gida suna ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramin lokaci suna magana game da yadda mutum zai iya hana ciwon daji. Wannan ya faru ne saboda matsalolin lokaci da kasafin kuɗi maimakon rashin sha'awa. [54]

Har ila yau, tallace-tallacen abinci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen danganta abinci da ciwon daji kamar yadda kamfanoni da nau'o'i daban-daban ke tallata abincin su da abin sha da ba su da kyau yana sa mutane su kasance masu aminci. Haɗe tare da ƙananan farashi da tallace-tallacen da aka biya yana da wuya a magance waɗannan abincin da ke haifar da ciwon daji. [55]

Duba kuma

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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    • "Diet, healthy eating and cancer". info.cancerresearchuk.org. Cancer Research UK. 2013-08-22. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
    • "EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) Study". epic.iarc.fr. International Agency for Research on Cancer: World Health Organization.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Anand, P; Kunnumakkara, AB; Sundaram, C; Harikumar, KB; et al. (September 2008). "Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes". Pharmaceutical Research. 25 (9): 2097–116. doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9. PMC 2515569. PMID 18626751.
  2. ↑ Moore SC, Lee IM, Weiderpass E, Campbell PT, Sampson JN, Kitahara CM, Keadle SK, Arem H, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Adami HO, Blair CK, Borch KB, Boyd E, Check DP, Fournier A, Freedman ND, Gunter M, Johannson M, Khaw KT, Linet MS, Orsini N, Park Y, Riboli E, Robien K, Schairer C, Sesso H, Spriggs M, Van Dusen R, Wolk A, Matthews CE, Patel AV (2016). "Association of Leisure-Time Physical Activity With Risk of 26 Types of Cancer in 1.44 Million Adults". JAMA Intern Med. 176 (6): 816–25. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1548. PMC 5812009. PMID 27183032.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Wicki, A; Hagmann, J (9 September 2011). "Diet and cancer". Swiss Medical Weekly. 141: w13250. doi:10.4414/smw.2011.13250. PMID 21904992.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Stewart, Bernard W.; Wild, Christopher P., eds. (2014). "Ch. 2: Cancer Etiology § 6 Diet, obesity and physical activity". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. pp. 124–33. ISBN 9789283204299.
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  6. ↑ Joshi, AD; Corral, R; Catsburg, C; Lewinger, JP; et al. (2012). "Red meat and poultry, cooking practices, genetic susceptibility and risk of prostate cancer: Results from a multiethnic case-control study". Carcinogenesis. 33 (11): 2108–18. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs242. PMC 3584966. PMID 22822096.
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  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Empty citation (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Park, S; Bae, J; Nam, BH; Yoo, KY (2008). "Aetiology of cancer in Asia" (PDF). Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 9 (3): 371–80. PMID 18990005.
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  12. ↑ Buell, P; Dunn, JE (May 1965). "Cancer mortality among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California". Cancer. 18 (5): 656–64. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(196505)18:5<656::AID-CNCR2820180515>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 14278899.
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  15. ↑ Brennan, SF; Cantwell, MM; Cardwell, CR; Velentzis, LS; et al. (May 2010). "Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 (5): 1294–302. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28796. PMID 20219961.
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  17. ↑ Boffetta, P; Hashibe, M; La Vecchia, C; Zatonski, W; et al. (August 2006). "The burden of cancer attributable to alcohol drinking". International Journal of Cancer. 119 (4): 884–7. doi:10.1002/ijc.21903. hdl:2434/22728. PMID 16557583. S2CID 14938863.
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  25. ↑ IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Alcohol Drinking; Berrino, F; Grant, M; Griciute, L; et al. (1988). "Ch. 6: Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation §5: Evaluation" (PDF). Alcohol Drinking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 44. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): World Health Organization. pp. 258–9. ISBN 978-9283212447.
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  28. ↑ Staff (October 26, 2015). "Processed meats do cause cancer - WHO". BBC News. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  29. ↑ Farvid, Maryam; Spence, Nicholas; Holmes, Michelle; Barnett, Junaidah (2020). "Fiber consumption and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective studies". Cancer. 126 (13): 3061–3075. doi:10.1002/cncr.32816. PMID 32249416. S2CID 214809009. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
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  31. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  32. ↑ Bradbury, KE; Appleby, PN; Key, TJ (July 2014). "Fruit, vegetable, and fiber intake in relation to cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 100 Suppl 1: 394S–8S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071357. PMID 24920034.
  33. ↑ Spencer, JP (May 2008). "Flavonoids: Modulators of brain function?". British Journal of Nutrition. 99 (E Suppl 1): ES60–ES77. doi:10.1017/S0007114508965776. PMID 18503736.
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  35. ↑ Jin, H; Leng, Q; Li, C (15 August 2012). "Dietary flavonoid for preventing colorectal neoplasms". Colorectal Cancer Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD009350. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009350.pub2. PMID 22895989.
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  37. ↑ "Soybean". www.cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26.
  38. ↑ Filippini, Tommaso; Malavolti, Marcella; Borrelli, Francesca; Izzo, Angelo A.; Fairweather-Tait, Susan J.; Horneber, Markus; Vinceti, Marco (2 March 2020). "Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (11): CD005004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7059963. PMID 32118296.
  39. ↑ "Green Tea". www.cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26.
  40. ↑ Zhao, Long-Gang; Li, Zhuo-Ying; Feng, Guo-Shan; Ji, Xiao-Wei; Tan, Yu-Ting; Li, Hong-Lan; Gunter, Marc; Xiang, Yong-Bing (2020). "Tea Drinking and Risk of Cancer Incidence: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies and Evidence Evaluation". Advances in Nutrition. 12 (2): 402–412. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa117. PMC 8009746 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33002099.
  41. ↑ Zhao, Long-Gang; Li, Zhuo-Ying; Feng, Guo-Shan; Ji, Xiao-Wei; Tan, Yu-Ting; Li, Hong-Lan; Gunter, Marc; Xiang, Yong-Bing (2020). "Coffee drinking and cancer risk: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies". BMC Cancer. 20 (20): 101. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-6561-9. PMC 7003434. PMID 32024485.
  42. ↑ Bjelakovic, G; Gluud, LL; Nikolova, D; Whitfield, K; et al. (23 June 2014). "Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults". Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD007469. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2. PMID 24953955.
  43. ↑ Mikol, YB; Hoover, KL; Creasia, D; Poirier, L (December 1983). "Hepatocarcinogenesis in rats fed methyl-deficient, amino acid-defined diets". Carcinogenesis. 4 (12): 1619–29. doi:10.1093/carcin/4.12.1619. PMID 6317218.
  44. ↑ Ghoshal, AK; Farber, E (1984). "The induction of liver cancer by dietary deficiency of choline and methionine without added carcinogens". Carcinogenesis. 5 (10): 1367–70. doi:10.1093/carcin/5.10.1367. PMID 6488458.
  45. ↑ Newmark, HL; Yang, K; Lipkin, M; Kopelovich, L; et al. (2001). "A Western-style diet induces benign and malignant neoplasms in the colon of normal C57Bl/6 mice". Carcinogenesis. 22 (11): 1871–5. doi:10.1093/carcin/22.11.1871. PMID 11698351.
  46. ↑ Henning, SM; Swendseid, ME; Coulson, WF (1997). "Male rats fed methyl- and folate-deficient diets with or without niacin develop hepatic carcinomas associated with decreased tissue NAD concentrations and altered poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity". Journal of Nutrition. 127 (1): 30–6. doi:10.1093/jn/127.1.30. PMID 9040540.
  47. ↑ Caudill, MA; Wang, JC; Melnyk, S; Pogribny, IP; et al. (2001). "Intracellular S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations predict global DNA hypomethylation in tissues of methyl-deficient cystathionine ß-synthase heterozygous mice". Journal of Nutrition. 131 (11): 2811–8. doi:10.1093/jn/131.11.2811. PMID 11694601.
  48. ↑ Poirier, LA; Wise, CK; Delongchamp, RR; Sinha, R (June 2001). "Blood determinations of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and homocysteine: Correlations with diet". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 10 (6): 649–55. PMID 11401915.
  49. ↑ Prinz-Langenohl, R; Fohr, I; Pietrzik, K (2001). "Beneficial role for folate in the prevention of colorectal and breast cancer". European Journal of Nutrition. 40 (3): 98–105. doi:10.1007/PL00007387. PMID 11697447. S2CID 39886028.
  50. ↑ Van den Veyver, IB (2002). "Genetic effects of methylation diets". Annual Review of Nutrition. 22: 255–82. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.010402.102932. PMID 12055346.
  51. ↑ Cavuoto, PI; Fenech, MF (October 2012). "A review of methionine dependency and the role of methionine restriction in cancer growth control and life-span extension". Cancer Treatment Reviews. 38 (6): 726–36. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.01.004. PMID 22342103.
  52. ↑ McCluskey, Jill; Swinnen, Johan (2011). "The media and food‐risk perceptions". EMBO Reports. 12 (7): 624–629. doi:10.1038/embor.2011.118. PMC 3128959. PMID 21701503.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 O'connor, Anahad, "More Evidence That Nutrition Studies Don't Always Add Up.” The New York Times."
  54. ↑ Lee, C; Long, M; Slater, M; Song, W.,"Comparing Local TV News with National TV News in Cancer Coverage: An Exploratory Content Analysis.” NCBI.nlm.nih.gov
  55. ↑ Englund, T "How Branded Marketing and Media Campaigns Can Support a Healthy Diet and Food Well-Being for Americans: Evidence for 13 Campaigns in the United States.”Sciencedirect-com
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