Daular Musulunci ta Hobyo

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Daular Musulunci ta Hobyo
Saldanadda Hobyo (so)
سلطنة ابناء كيناديد (ar)

Wuri
Babban birni Hobyow (en) Fassara
Yawan mutane
Addini Musulunci
Labarin ƙasa
Sun raba iyaka da
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Hiraab Imamate (en) Fassara
Wanda ya samar Yusuf Ali Kenadid
Ƙirƙira 1878
Rushewa 26 Disamba 1925
Tsarin Siyasa
• Shugaban ƙasa Yusuf Ali Kenadid (1878)
hoton daular mussulunci ta hobyo
hoton ta,barin daulat hobyo

Sultanate of Hobyo ( Somali , Larabci: سلطنة هوبيو‎ ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sultanate of Obbia, [1] masarautar Somaliya ce ta karni na 19 a arewa maso gabas da tsakiyar Somaliya da gabashin Habasha. Yusuf Ali Kenadid ne ya kafa ta a cikin 1870s. kuma ya kasance ɗan uwan Sarkin Musulmi Osman Mahamuud ne, wanda ya mulki daular Majeerteen Sultanate.[2]

Gudanarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar yadda yake a daular Majeerteen Sultanate, Sarkin Musulmi na Hobyo yana da iko mai ƙarfi a lokacin wanzuwarsa kuma ya mallaki dukkan wani iko na dunƙulewar ƙasa ta zamani: tsarin mulki mai aiki, basaraken gado, mai suna aristocrats, tutar jaha da kuma kwararrun sojoji.[3][4] Kamar Masarautar Majeerteen, wani misali ne na jajircewar al'ummar Migiurtini na kiyaye al'ummar gargajiya da 'yancin su.[5] Dukan sarakunan biyu kuma sun kiyaye rubuce-rubucen ayyukansu, wanda har yanzu akwai.[6]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rise of the Sultanate[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sarkin garin Hobyo ya samo asali ne daga baraka a tsakanin Majeerteen. Zaɓen Yusuf Ali a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi da Bah Lelkase da Bah Yaqub suka yi a Alula (wanda tun zamanin Sarki Xawaadane aka naɗa shi gidan Bah Yaquba) shi ne tushen rikicin daular.[7]

Da farko dai burin Ali Yusuf Kenadid shi ne ya karɓe ikon masarautar Majeerteen da ke makwabtaka da ita, wadda a lokacin ne ɗan uwansa Sarki Osman Mahamud yayi mulki. Duk da haka, bai yi nasara a wannan aikin ba, kuma a ƙarshe an tilasta masa yin hijira zuwa Yemen. Shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin 1870s, Kenadid ya dawo daga yankin Larabawa tare da ƙungiyar musketeers Hadhrami da gungun laftanar masu biyayya. Tare da taimakonsu, ya sami nasarar cin galaba a kan ƙabilun Hawiye na yankin ya kuma kafa daular Hobyo a shekara ta 1878.[8][9][2]

Dawakan dawakin Sarkin Musulmi na Hobyo

A karshen ƙarni na 19, dukkan sarakunan Somaliya na da suka shiga yarjejeniya da ɗaya daga cikin masu mulkin mallaka, Abyssinia, Birtaniya ko Italiya, A ƙarshen 1888, Sultan Kenadid ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Italiyanci, ya mai da mulkinsa ya zama mai kare Italiya. Abokin hamayyarsa, Sarki Osman zai rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya makamanciyar ta ta Sarkin Musulmi a shekara mai zuwa. Dukansu sarakunan sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ba da kariya don ci gaba da manufofinsu na faɗaɗa, tare da Kenadid na neman yin amfani da goyon bayan Italiya a rikicinsa da Sarkin Omani na Zanzibar kan wani yanki da ke kan iyaka da Warsheikh, baya ga gwagwarmayar da yake yi kan masarautar Majeerteen tare da Sarki Osman. A yayin rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi, masu mulkin sun kuma yi fatan yin amfani da manufofin daular turai ta yadda za su ƙara tabbatar da ci gaba da 'yancin cin gashin kan yankunansu.[10]

Sharuɗɗan kowace yarjejeniya ta bayyana cewa Italiya za ta kawar da duk wani tsoma baki a cikin gwamnatocin sarakunan.[10] Domin samun makamai na Italiya da tallafin shekara-shekara, Sultans sun amince da mafi ƙarancin kulawa da rangwamen tattalin arziki.[11] Italiyawa kuma sun amince da aikewa da wasu jakadu kaɗan don inganta duka sarakunan da bukatunsu.[10]

Sai dai alaƙar da ke tsakanin Hobyo da Italiya ta yi tsami ne a lokacin da Sultan Kenadid ya ki amincewa da shawarar Italiya na ba wa tawagar sojojin Burtaniya izinin sauka a cikin masarautarsa domin su ci gaba da yakinsu da Sarkin Diiriye Guure, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan da Sojojin sa na Dervish forces.[12] Da yake kallon barazanar da Italiyawa ke yi, Sultan Kenadid daga karshe an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Aden a Yemen sannan zuwa Eritrea, kamar yadda ɗansa Ali Yusuf, magajin gadon sarauta ya yi.[13] Sai dai ba kamar yankunan kudanci ba, sarakunan arewa ba su kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin kai tsaye ba saboda yarjejeniyar da suka ƙulla da Italiya a baya.[14]

Tawayen Umar Samatar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ko da yake sun yi galaba a kan sojojin sarkin, har yanzu jama'a ba su yarda da mulkin Italiya ba tare da yaki ba. Kwamishina Trivulzio, wanda aka naɗa tare da kula da Hobyo, ya ba da rahoton motsin mutane ɗauke da makamai zuwa kan iyakokin masarautar kafin da kuma bayan hadewar. Yayin da ake shirye-shiryen ci gaban Corpo Zaptié zuwa Majeerteen, wata sabuwar barazana ta fito. Ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin Sultan Ali Yusuf, Omar Samatar, ya kai hari tare da kama El Buur a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1925.[ana buƙatar hujja]Jama'ar yankin sun goyi bayan Omar, kuma nan suka sami cikakken juyin juya hali a hannunsu bayan Omar ya bi diddigin nasarar da ya samu a baya tare da kama El-Dhere. Corpo Zaptié yayi ƙoƙari amman bai yi nasarar kwato El-Bur daga hannun Omar.[ana buƙatar hujja] A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, Italiyanci sun gudu zuwa Bud Bud, 'yan banga sun yi wa ƴan gaba daya kuma sun ragu cikin karfi da warwarewa. An shirya wani yunƙuri na uku, amma kafin a kashe kwamandan rundunar, Laftanar-Kanar Splendorelli, an yi masa kwanton ɓauna aka kashe shi a tsakanin Bud Bud da Bula Barde . Hankalin Italiya ya tashi, kuma Hobyo ta zama kamar bata ce komai ba yayin da Omar ya miƙe tsaye don sake kwace garin Hobyo da kanta. A yunƙurin ceto lamarin, gwamna De Vecchi ya nemi bataliyoyin biyu daga Eritrea kuma ya ɗauki umarnin kansa. Tawayen nan ba da jimawa ba ya mamaye kan iyakoki zuwa cikin Benaadir da Western Somaliland, kuma Omar ya ƙara ƙarfi.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Bala'in da ya afku a Hobyo ya girgiza masu ra'ayin Italiya a Roma. Ba da jimawa ba zargi ya hau kan Gwamna De Vecchi, wanda ake zargin rashin iya aiki da hawan Omar. Rome ta umurci De Vecchi cewa zai karɓi ƙarfafa daga Eritrea, amma cewa kwamandan bataliyoyin Eritriya shine ya ɗauki umurnin soja kuma De Vecchi ya kasance a cikin Mogadishu kuma yana iyakance aikin gudanarwa. Kwamandan zai kai rahoto kai tsaye zuwa Roma, yana ƙetare De Vecchi gaba ɗaya.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Da yake lamarin ya ruɗe sosai, De Vecchi ya tafi da tsohon Sarkin Musulmi Ali Yusuf zuwa Mogadishu. Mussolini ya lashi takobin sake kwato garin Hobyo gaba ɗaya, sannan ya zarce zuwa Majeertin ta kowace hanya. Ko da mayar da Ali Yusuf aka yi la'akari. Duk da haka, dangin sun riga sun goyi bayan Omar Samatar, don haka wannan bai kasance wani zaɓi ba kamar yadda zai bayyana.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Kafin ƙarfafawar ya isa, De Vecchi ya zaɓi tsohuwar dabarar rarraba da mulki, kuma ya ba da lada mai yawa, kuɗi da daraja ga kowane dangin da ya zaɓi ya tallafa wa Italiyawa. Idan aka yi la'akari da fafatawa tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Iritiriya da aka daɗe ana yi da su tun da dadewa, abin mamaki ne ba a yi yunƙurin yin wannan dabarar ba da wuri, kuma ta zama mafi nasara fiye da sojojin Eritrea wajen dawo da tawaye.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Sojojin sun ƙara karfi da bataliya daga Eritriya, Italiya sun sake kwace El-Buur a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1925, suka tilasta Omar Samatar ya koma yammacin Somaliland.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Makarantar Sakandare ta Cumar-Samatar da ke tsakiyar Galkaka ana kiranta da sunan Omar Samatar don tunawa da gwagwarmaya da sadaukarwa.[15]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ New International Encyclopedia, Volume 21, (Dodd, Mead: 1916), p.283.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001). A Political Chronology of Africa. Europa Publications. p. 378. ISBN 1857431162.
  3. ↑ Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
  4. ↑ Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.
  5. ↑ Boahen, A. Adu; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1985-01-01). Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 (in Turanci). UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-101713-1.
  6. ↑ Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
  7. ↑ Keenadiid, Yaasiin Cismaan (1984). Ina Cabdille Xasan e la sua attività letteraria (in Italiyanci). Istituto universitario orientale.
  8. ↑ Helen Chapin Metz, Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p.10.
  9. ↑ Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Template:Harvcoltxt
  11. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  12. ↑ The Majeerteen Sultanates
  13. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
  14. ↑ Ismail, Ismail Ali (2010). Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia. Trafford Publishing. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-1426983740.
  15. ↑ "Taariikhda Cumar samater oo kooban". 2009-11-23.

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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