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Gurbatar hasken muhalli

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Gurbatar hasken muhalli
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara lighting (en) Fassara
Hoton tauraron dan adam hadadden duniya da daddare. Yankunan duhu kadan ne suka rage a saman duniya.
Gidan shakatawa na birni ( Ibirapuera Park, Brazil) da dare.

Gurɓatar hasken muhalli[1] shine yake tasirin lallata hasken muhalli


2akan kwayoyin halitta guda daya da kuma tsarin halittu gaba daya.

Hasken da ba a so

Tasiri da hasken wucin gadi ke da shi a kan kwayoyin halitta yana da matukar muni,[2] kuma ya bambanta daga fa'ida (misali karin ikon nau'in maharbi don lura da ganima) zuwa ga mutuwa nan da nan (misali asu da ke sha'awar fitilun wuta kuma zafi ya kashe su). Hakanan yana yiwuwa hasken da dare ya kasance mai fa'ida kuma yana cutar da nau'in halitta. A matsayin misali, mutane suna amfana daga yin amfani da hasken wucin gadi na cikin gida don tsawaita lokacin da ake samu don aiki da wasa, amma hasken yana rushe rudun circadian na ɗan adam, kuma sakamakon damuwa yana lalata lafiya.[3][4]

Ta hanyar tasirin daban-daban da gurɓataccen haske ke da shi a kan nau'ikan mutum ɗaya, yanayin yanayin yankuna yana shafar. A cikin batun inda jinsuna biyu suka mamaye Niche guda biyu, yawan adadin yawan jama'a na iya canzawa da gabatarwar wucin gadi da dare. Misali, wasu nau'in gizo-gizo suna guje wa wuraren da aka kunna wuta, yayin da wasu nau'ikan suna son gina gidajen yanar gizo kai tsaye akan fitilun. Tun da fitilun fitulu suna jawo kwari masu tashi da yawa,[5] gizo-gizo da ke jure wa haske suna samun fa'ida akan gizo-gizon da ke guje mata, kuma suna iya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin muhalli a sakamakon haka.[6] Canje-canje a cikin waɗannan mitoci na nau'in na iya yin tasiri a kan ƙwanƙwasa, kamar yadda hulɗar tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan da sauran nau'ikan halittu ke shafar kuma ana canza gidajen abinci . Waɗannan illolin na iya shafar tsirrai da dabbobi na yau da kullun . Misali, canje-canje a cikin ayyukan ƙwari masu aiki na dare na iya canza yanayin rayuwa na tsire-tsire masu furanni na dare, wanda zai iya ba da abinci ko matsuguni ga dabbobin yau da kullun.

Gabatarwar hasken wucin gadi da dare yana ɗaya daga cikin sauye-sauye masu tsauri ga ɗan adam a Duniya, kwatankwacin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, canjin amfani da ƙasa, da canjin yanayi saboda haɓakar iskar gas na kore .

Gurbacewar haske na iya shafar dabbobi da shuke-shuken da ke aiki da rana, kamar yadda waɗannan ɓangarorin na yau da kullun waɗanda ke satar kwari a cikin dare a cikin yanar gizo gizo-gizo kusa da fitulun titi .

Zagayen haske na halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gabatarwar hasken wucin gadi yana tarwatsa da yawa na hasken halitta wanda ke tasowa daga motsi na Duniya, Wata, da Rana, da kuma daga abubuwan yanayi .

Zagayowar rana (rana).

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mafi bayyanan canji a cikin gabatar da haske da dare shine ƙarshen duhu gaba ɗaya. Zagayowar rana/dare mai yiwuwa shine siginar ɗabi'ar muhalli mafi ƙarfi, kamar yadda kusan dukkan dabbobi za a iya rarraba su azaman dare ko na rana . Idan dabbar dare tana aiki ne kawai a cikin matsanancin duhu, ba za ta iya rayuwa a wuraren da aka kunna wuta ba. Mafi munin abin da ya fi shafa shine kai tsaye kusa da fitilun tituna da gine-gine masu haske, amma hasken sararin sama zai iya kaiwa zuwa ɗaruruwan kilomita nesa da tsakiyar gari .

Zagaye na yanayi (rana).

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Karɓawar axial na Duniya yana haifar da yanayi a waje da wurare masu zafi . Canji a cikin tsawon yini, ko lokacin daukar hoto, shine mabuɗin sigina don halayen yanayi (misali lokacin mating ) a cikin dabbobin da ba na wurare masu zafi ba. Kasancewar haske da daddare na iya haifar da "lokacin da ba su wuce lokaci ba",[7] canza hali, thermoregulation, da aikin hormonal na kwayoyin da abin ya shafa. Wannan na iya haifar da yanke haɗin kai tsakanin aikin jiki da yanayin yanayi, haifar da rushewa ga haifuwa, barci, da ƙaura.

Zagayen wata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Halin wasu dabbobi (misali coyotes,[8] jemagu,[9][10] kwari ) yana da mabuɗin zuwa zagayowar wata. Kusa da cibiyoyin birni matakin skyglow yakan wuce na cikakken wata,[11] don haka kasancewar hasken da daddare na iya canza waɗannan halayen, mai yuwuwar rage dacewa.

Gajimare ɗaukar hoto

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A wurare masu kyau, gajimare na shafe taurari kuma suna duhuntar da sararin sama, wanda ke haifar da mafi duhun dare. A cikin birane da kewayen birni, akasin haka, gajimare na haɓaka tasirin skyglow, doi: musamman don tsayin igiyoyin ruwa. < Wannan yana nufin cewa matakin haske ya fi girma a kusa da birane, amma kuma yana nufin cewa da gaske dare duhu bai taɓa faruwa a waɗannan wuraren ba.[12]

Tasirin gajimare a kan matakan haske a cikin birane da na kewayen birni ya juyo gaba ɗaya daga abin da ke faruwa a wurare masu kyau.

Tasirin gurɓataccen haske a kan kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Muhalli na Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shawarar kwari zuwa hasken wucin gadi yana daya daga cikin sanannun misalan tasirin hasken da daddare kan halittu. Lokacin da kwari ke sha'awar fitilu ana iya kashe su ta hanyar gajiya ko hulɗa da fitilar kanta, kuma suna da rauni ga mafarauta kamar jemagu.[13]

Bambance-bambancen tsayin hasken haske yana shafar kwari daban-daban, kuma yawancin nau'ikan suna iya ganin hasken ultraviolet da infrared wanda ba zai iya gani ga mutane. Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin fahimta, asu sun fi sha'awar faffadan fari da maɓuɓɓugan haske masu launin shuɗi fiye da yadda suke fitowa zuwa hasken rawaya wanda ƙananan fitilun sodium-vapor ke fitarwa.

An kashe kwari ta hanyar jan hankalin akwatin haske da aka binne.

Haɗin ido na asu yana haifar da jan hankali ga haske.[14]

Dragonflies suna ganin haske a kwance a kwance a matsayin alamar ruwa. Don haka, ba za a iya bambanta tushen ruwa da hanyoyin kwalta tare da gurɓataccen haske a gare su. Duwatsu masu neman ruwa ko dai su sha ko kuma a sanya ƙwai a cikinsa sukan sauko akan tituna ko wasu wurare masu duhu duhu kamar motoci kuma suna kasancewa a wurin har sai sun mutu saboda rashin ruwa da hawan jini.[15]


Rashin gurɓataccen haske na iya kawo cikas ga al'adar ɗaurin aure na gobara, da zarar sun dogara da hasken nasu don yin zawarcin, yana haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a. [16][17][18]


Ƙwayoyin wuta suna da kwarjini (wanda ke da ƙarancin inganci a tsakanin kwari) kuma waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba ne suke iya hange su cikin sauƙi, suna samar da kyawawan nau'ikan tukwane don jawo hankalin jama'a; Kyakkyawan samfurin bincike don tasirin haske akan namun daji na dare; kuma a ƙarshe, saboda hankalinsu da saurin amsawa ga sauye-sauyen muhalli, masu kyau na bioindicators don hasken dare na wucin gadi.[19]

Tsuntsaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fitilar kan dogayen gine-gine na iya ɓatar da tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura zuwa ga mutuwa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 365-988 ne suka yi karo da gine-ginen tsuntsaye masu saurin kisa a kowace shekara a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke sa gine-ginen da mutum ya kera ya zama babban taimako ga raguwar jinsunan tsuntsaye.[20] Wurin saman gilashin da ke fitar da hasken wucin gadi da dare shine babban abin da ke haifar da mugunyar karon tsuntsaye da gine-gine, kuma kashe fitulu da daddare na iya rage yawan mace-macen.[21] Shirin Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) yana aiki tare da masu ginin a Toronto, Kanada da sauran biranen don rage mace-macen tsuntsaye ta hanyar kunna fitilu a lokacin ƙaura.

Tsuntsaye masu ƙaura sun ruɗe da fitilun binciken cibiyar kasuwanci ta Duniya.

An kuma lura da irin wannan rashin fahimta ga nau'in tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura kusa da samar da wuraren hakowa a teku. Nazarin Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij bv (NAM) da Shell sun haifar da haɓakawa da gwajin sabbin fasahohin haske a cikin Tekun Arewa. A farkon 2007, an shigar da fitilu a kan dandalin samar da Shell L15. Gwajin ya tabbatar da babban nasara tun da yawan tsuntsayen da ke kewaya dandalin ya ragu da kashi 50 – 90%.[56] Tsuntsayen teku na kanana kuma fitilu na iya ɓatar da su yayin da suke barin gidajensu da tashi zuwa teku.[22]

Brazil star trails and birds in light pollution photography in Rio beach at night
Tauraron taurarin Brazil da tsuntsaye a cikin hoton gurɓataccen haske a bakin tekun Rio da daddare
Birds flying trace and star trail near Rio de Janeiro beach at night time in light pollution
Binciken jBirds na tashi da tauraro kusa da bakin tekun Rio de Janeiro da dare a cikin gurɓataccen haske

Tsuntsaye suna ƙaura da dare saboda dalilai da yawa.[23] Ajiye ruwa daga bushewa a cikin zafin rana yana tashi kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin kewayawa na tsuntsu yana aiki tare da taurari ta wata hanya. Tare da hasken birni yana haskaka sararin sama na dare, tsuntsaye (da kuma game da dabbobi masu shayarwa) ba sa yawo da taurari.

Ceilometers (fitilolin bincike) na iya zama tarkuna musamman ga tsuntsaye, [24] yayin da aka kama su a cikin katako kuma suna haɗarin gajiya da karo da wasu tsuntsaye. A cikin mafi munin kisa da aka yi rikodin ceilometer, a ranar 7-8 ga Oktoba, 1954, an kashe tsuntsaye 50,000 daga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 53 a Warner Robins Air Force Base.[25]

Kunkuru

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fitilar ci gaban gabar teku tana korar iyayen kunkuru na Teku, kuma 'ya'yansu masu kyankyashe suna sha'awar fitilun titi da otal maimakon ga teku.[26]

Tsire-tsire

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hasken wucin gadi yana da mummunan tasiri akan bishiyoyi da shuke-shuke, musamman a cikin fall da kaka phenology . Bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna dogara ga photoperiod, ko adadin lokaci a cikin rana inda hasken rana ke samuwa don photosynthesis, don taimakawa wajen ƙayyade yanayi masu canzawa. Lokacin da sa'o'in hasken rana ya ragu, tsire-tsire za su iya gane cewa kaka yana gudana kuma ya fara yin shirye-shirye don kwanciyar hankali na hunturu. Misali, bishiyu masu ɗorewa suna canza launin ganyen su don ƙara girman tsayin haske daban-daban waɗanda suka fi yawa a cikin faɗuwa kafin daga bisani su watsar da su yayin da haske ya yi ƙaranci don photosynthesis ya zama mai daraja. Lokacin da bishiyun da aka fallasa ga gurɓataccen haske, suna kuskuren hasken wucin gadi don hasken rana kuma suna riƙe koren ganyen su daga baya zuwa lokacin kaka. Wannan na iya zama haɗari ga itacen, saboda yana ɓata makamashi don ƙoƙarin yin photosynthesize wanda ya kamata a kiyaye shi don rayuwa ta hunturu. Rashin gurɓataccen haske na iya haifar da stoma na ganye ya kasance a buɗe har cikin dare, wanda ke barin bishiyar ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da cuta.[27]

Hakazalika, gurɓataccen haske a cikin bazara kuma na iya zama haɗari ga bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Hasken wucin gadi yana sa tsire-tsire suyi tunanin cewa bazara ya isa kuma lokaci yayi da za a fara samar da ganye don sake yin photosynthesizing. Koyaya, yanayin zafi ba zai yi zafi ba tukuna don tallafawa sabbin ganyayen ganye, kuma suna iya kamuwa da sanyi, wanda zai iya lalata samar da ganyen gaba. Ƙananan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda aka fallasa ga hasken wucin gadi na iya fuskantar haɗari mafi girma, saboda yawancin jikinsu yana haskakawa. Sabili da haka, tsarin tushen kawai yana da kariya, kuma zai iya yuwuwa ba zai isa ya ci gaba da ciyar da shuka gaba ɗaya ba yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kasancewa kore ta cikin kaka da hunturu.[28]

Muhallin Ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zooplankton

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zooplankton (misali Daphnia ) yana nuna ƙaura a tsaye . Wato suna canza matsayinsu na tsaye a cikin tafkunan cikin yini. A cikin tabkuna tare da kifi, babban direba na ƙaura shine matakin haske, saboda ƙananan kifi suna ganima a kansu. Gabatar da haske ta hanyar skyglow yana rage tsayin da zasu iya hawa cikin dare.[29] Saboda zooplankton yana ciyar da phytoplankton da ke samar da algae, raguwar tsinkayar su akan phytoplankton na iya ƙara samun damar furen algal, wanda zai iya kashe tsire-tsire na tabkuna da ƙananan ingancin ruwa .

Kifi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gurɓataccen haske yana tasiri ƙaura a wasu nau'in kifi. Misali, salmon chinook na yara suna jan hankali kuma suna rage gudu ta hanyar hasken wucin gadi. Mai yiyuwa ne hasken wucin gadi ya kusantar da su kusa da bakin tekun, inda suke fuskantar hadarin tsinke daga tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Hasken wucin gadi kuma yana jawo babban kifin piscivorous, wanda ke da fa'ida saboda saurin motsin kifin yara.[30] Gurɓataccen haske kuma yana da tasiri akan aikin hormonal na wasu kifi; Turai perch da roach duk sun sami raguwa a cikin samar da hormones na haihuwa lokacin da aka fallasa su ga hasken wucin gadi a cikin yanayin karkara.[31] An kuma nuna hasken wucin gadi yana haifar da tarnaki ga kifaye (da zooplankton) a cikin tsaunukan Arctic, inda kwale-kwalen kamun kifi da fitulu suka haifar da karancin kifin da ya kai mita 200 a kasa da ruwan.[32]

Mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon ƙarni an gano cewa idanuwan ɗan adam suna ɗauke da na'urar daukar hoto mara hoto wanda shine farkon mai daidaita yanayin hawan circadian na ɗan adam.[33] Wannan photoensor yana da tasiri musamman ta launin shuɗi, kuma idan ya lura da haske glandon pineal yana dakatar da fitar da melatonin . Kasancewar haske da daddare a cikin gidajen mutane (ko na masu aiki) yana sa yin barci da wahala kuma yana rage yawan adadin melatonin a cikin jini, da fallasa ga ƙaramin fitila mai haske na mintuna 39 ya isa ya hana matakan melatonin. zuwa 50%. [4] Saboda melatonin yana da ƙarfi anti-oxidant, ana tsammanin cewa wannan raguwa zai iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin nono da ciwon daji na prostate.[34][35][36][37]

The effect that artificial light has upon organisms is wavelength dependent. While human beings cannot see ultraviolet light, it is often used by entomologists to attract insects. Generally speaking, blue light is more likely to be damaging to mammals because the non-imaging photoreceptors in mammalian eyes are most sensitive in the blue region.[38] This means that if traditional vapor discharge streetlamps are replaced by white LEDs (which generally emit more of their radiation in the blue part of the spectrum), the ecological impact could be greater even if the total amount of radiated light is decreased.

Polarized haske gurbatawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin gurɓataccen haske galibi ba shi da iyaka, kuma ƙarinsa ga hasken wata yana haifar da raguwar siginar polarization.

Fuskokin shirin wucin gadi, kamar tagogin gilashi ko kwalta suna nuna haske sosai. Yawancin kwari suna jan hankalin su zuwa ga sararin samaniya, saboda polarization yawanci alama ce ta ruwa. Ana kiran wannan tasirin gurbataccen haske na polarized,[39] kuma ko da yake yana da wani nau'i na photopollution na muhalli, " gurɓataccen hasken muhalli " yawanci yana nufin tasirin hasken wucin gadi akan kwayoyin halitta.

A cikin dare, polarization na sararin samaniyar wata yana raguwa sosai a gaban gurɓataccen hasken birane, saboda hasken birane da ya tarwatse ba ya da ƙarfi sosai.[40] Tunda hasken wata da aka yi imani da cewa dabbobi da yawa suna amfani da su don kewayawa, wannan nunin wani mummunan tasiri ne na gurɓataccen haske a kan ilimin halittu.

Hana da Sarrafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don daidaitawa da sarrafa matsalar gurɓataccen haske, yana buƙatar kafa tsarin kulawa da balagagge. Bisa binciken da Zhou ya yi, gabatar da ka'idoji kamar hasken wutar lantarki, karfafa farfaganda da ilmantar da gwamnoni na iya taimakawa wajen dakile ko rage illar gurbatar yanayi.[41]

Nassoshi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine (2004). "Ecological light pollution". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2 (4): 191–198. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:elp]2.0.co;2. ISSN 1540-9295.
  2. ↑ Catherine Rich; Travis Longcore (2006). Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-128-0.
  3. ↑ Chepesiuk, R (2009). "Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution". Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (1): A20–7. doi:10.1289/ehp.117-a20. PMC 2627884. PMID 19165374.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Navara, KJ; Nelson (2007). "The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences". J Pineal Res. 43 (3): 215–224. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x. PMID 17803517. S2CID 11860550.
  5. ↑ Czaczkes, Tomer J.; Bastidas-Urrutia, Ana María; Ghislandi, Paolo; Tuni, Cristina (2018-10-30). "Reduced light avoidance in spiders from populations in light-polluted urban environments". The Science of Nature (in Turanci). 105 (11): 64. Bibcode:2018SciNa.105...64C. doi:10.1007/s00114-018-1589-2. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 30377809. S2CID 53108567.
  6. ↑ Gaston, Kevin J.; Bennie, Jonathan; Davies, Thomas W.; Hopkins, John (2013-04-08). "The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: a mechanistic appraisal". Biological Reviews. 88 (4): 912–927. doi:10.1111/brv.12036. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 23565807. S2CID 5074170.
  7. ↑ Haim, Abraham; Shanas, Uri; Zubidad, Abed El Salam; Scantelbury, Michael (2005). "Seasonality and Seasons Out of Time—The Thermoregulatory Effects of Light Interference". Chronobiology International. 22 (1): 59–66. doi:10.1081/CBI-200038144. PMID 15865321. S2CID 10616727.
  8. ↑ Bender, Darren J; Bayne, Erin M; Brigham, R Mark (1996). "Lunar Condition Influences Coyote (Canis latrans) Howling". American Midland Naturalist. 136 (2): 413–417. doi:10.2307/2426745. JSTOR 2426745.
  9. ↑ Gannon, Michael R; Willig, Michael R (1997). "The Effect of Lunar Illumination on Movement and Activity of the Red Fig-eating Bat (Stenoderma rufum)". Biotropica. 29 (4): 525–529. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00048.x. JSTOR 2388947. S2CID 85156702.
  10. ↑ Rachel A. Granta; Elizabeth A. Chadwick; Tim Halliday (2009). "The lunar cycle: a cue for amphibian reproductive phenology?". Animal Behaviour. 78 (2): 349–357. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.05.007. S2CID 53169271.
  11. ↑ C. C. M. Kyba; T. Ruhtz; J. Fischer; F. Hölker (2011). "Cloud Coverage Acts as an Amplifier for Ecological Light Pollution". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17307. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617307K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017307. PMC 3047560. PMID 21399694.
  12. ↑ Kyba, C. C. M.; Ruhtz, T.; Fischer, J.; Hölker, F. (1 September 2012). "Red is the new black: how the colour of urban skyglow varies with cloud cover". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 425 (1): 701–708. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.425..701K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21559.x.
  13. ↑ Rydell, J (1992). "Exploitation of Insects around Streetlamps by Bats in Sweden". Functional Ecology. 6 (6): 744–750. doi:10.2307/2389972. JSTOR 2389972.
  14. ↑ Kenneth D. Frank (1988). "Impact of outdoor lighting on moths". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 42: 63–93. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17.
  15. ↑ "Polarized Light Pollution Leads Animals Astray". UPI Space Daily. United Press International. 13 January 2009. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ↑ Blinder, Alan (August 14, 2014). "The Science in a Twinkle of Nighttime in the South". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  17. ↑ Owens, Avalon Celeste Stevahn; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno; Yang, En-Cheng (2018-02-07). "Short- and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 13 (2): e0191576. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1391576O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191576. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5802884. PMID 29415023.
  18. ↑ Firebaugh, Ariel; Haynes, Kyle J. (2016-12-01). "Experimental tests of light-pollution impacts on nocturnal insect courtship and dispersal". Oecologia (in Turanci). 182 (4): 1203–1211. Bibcode:2016Oecol.182.1203F. doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3723-1. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 27646716. S2CID 36670391.
  19. ↑ Viviani, Vadim Ravara; Rocha, Mayra Yamazaki; Hagen, Oskar (June 2010). "Bioluminescent beetles (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae) in the municipalities of Campinas, Sorocaba-Votorantim and Rio Claro-Limeira (SP, Brazil): biodiversity and influence of urban sprawl". Biota Neotropica. 10 (2): 103–116. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032010000200013. ISSN 1676-0603.
  20. ↑ Loss, Scott R.; Will, Tom; Loss, Sara S.; Marra, Peter P. (2014-02-01). "Bird–building collisions in the United States: Estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability". The Condor (in Turanci). 116 (1): 8–23. doi:10.1650/CONDOR-13-090.1. ISSN 0010-5422. S2CID 11925316.
  21. ↑ Lao, Sirena; Robertson, Bruce A.; Anderson, Abigail W.; Blair, Robert B.; Eckles, Joanna W.; Turner, Reed J.; Loss, Scott R. (January 2020). "The influence of artificial light at night and polarized light on bird-building collisions". Biological Conservation. 241: 108358. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108358. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 213571293.
  22. ↑ RodrÍguez, Airam; RodrÍguez, Beneharo (2009). "Attraction of petrels to artificial lights in the Canary Islands: effects of the moon phase and age class". Ibis. 151 (2): 299–310. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00925.x. hdl:10261/45133.
  23. ↑ "در سایه‌ی نور‌ها". پریسا باجلان (in Farisa). 2020-10-15. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  24. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  25. ↑ Johnston, D; Haines (1957). "Analysis of Mass Bird Mortality in October, 1954". The Auk. 74 (4): 447–458. doi:10.2307/4081744. JSTOR 4081744.
  26. ↑ M. Salmon (2003). "Artificial night lighting and sea turtles" (PDF). Biologist. 50: 163–168.[permanent dead link]
  27. ↑ Škvareninová, Jana; Tuhárska, Mária; Škvarenina, Jaroslav; Babálová, Darina; Slobodníková, Lenka; Slobodník, Branko; Středová, Hana; Minďaš, Jozef (2017-12-01). "Effects of light pollution on tree phenology in the urban environment". Moravian Geographical Reports (in Turanci). 25 (4): 282–290. doi:10.1515/mgr-2017-0024. S2CID 73529155.
  28. ↑ ffrench-Constant, Richard H.; Somers-Yeates, Robin; Bennie, Jonathan; Economou, Theodoros; Hodgson, David; Spalding, Adrian; McGregor, Peter K. (2016-06-29). "Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United Kingdom". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (in Turanci). 283 (1833): 20160813. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0813. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4936040. PMID 27358370.
  29. ↑ Marianne V. Moore; Stephanie M. Pierce; Hannah M. Walsh; Siri K. Kvalvik; Julie D. Lim (2000). "Urban light pollution alters the diel vertical migration of Daphnia" (PDF). Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27: 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-10-21. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  30. ↑ Nelson, Thomas Reid; Michel, Cyril J.; Gary, Meagan P.; Lehman, Brendan M.; Demetras, Nicholas J.; Hammen, Jeremy J.; Horn, Michael J. (2021-02-16). "Effects of Artificial Lighting at Night on Predator Density and Salmonid Predation". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 150 (2): 147–159. doi:10.1002/tafs.10286. ISSN 0002-8487. S2CID 229392819.
  31. ↑ Brüning, Anika; Kloas, Werner; Preuer, Torsten; Hölker, Franz (2018). "Influence of artificially induced light pollution on the hormone system of two common fish species, perch and roach, in a rural habitat". Conservation Physiology. 6 (1): coy016. doi:10.1093/conphys/coy016. ISSN 2051-1434. PMC 5905364. PMID 29686874.
  32. ↑ Berge, Jørgen; Geoffroy, Maxime; Daase, Malin; Cottier, Finlo; Priou, Pierre; Cohen, Jonathan H.; Johnsen, Geir; McKee, David; Kostakis, Ina; Renaud, Paul E.; Vogedes, Daniel (2020-03-05). "Artificial light during the polar night disrupts Arctic fish and zooplankton behaviour down to 200 m depth". Communications Biology (in Turanci). 3 (1): 102. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0807-6. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7058619. PMID 32139805.
  33. ↑ Provencio, Ignacio; Rodriguez, Ignacio R.; Jiang, Guisen; Hayes, William Pär; Moreira, Ernesto F.; Rollag, Mark D. (2000). "A Novel Human Opsin in the Inner Retina". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (2): 600–605. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00600.2000. PMC 6772411. PMID 10632589.
  34. ↑ Susan L. Burks, Managing your Migraine, Humana Press, New Jersey (1994) 08033994793.ABA
  35. ↑ Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine, edited by Andrew Baum, Robert West, John Weinman, Stanton Newman, Chris McManus, Cambridge University Press (1997) 08033994793.ABA
  36. ↑ L. Pijnenburg, M. Camps and G. Jongmans-Liedekerken, Looking closer at assimilation lighting, Venlo, GGD, Noord-Limburg (1991)
  37. ↑ Knez, I (2001). "Effects of Colour of Light on Nonvisual Psychological Processes". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 21 (2): 201–208. doi:10.1006/jevp.2000.0198.
  38. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  39. ↑ Falchi, F; Cinzano P; Elvidge CD; Keith DM; Haim A (2011). "Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility". Journal of Environmental Management. 92 (10): 2714–2722. arXiv:2007.02063. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.029. PMID 21745709. S2CID 18988450.
  40. ↑ International Dark-Sky Association (2010). "Visibility, Environmental, and Astronomical Issues Associated with Blue-Rich White Outdoor Lighting" (PDF). IDA White Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  41. ↑ Zhou, Xiaomei (2016). "Research On Light Pollution". Proceedings of the 2016 6th International Conference on Machinery, Materials, Environment, Biotechnology and Computer (in Turanci). Tianjin, China: Atlantis Press: 718–720. doi:10.2991/mmebc-16.2016.152. ISBN 978-94-6252-210-7.
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