Jihar Bono
 Jihar Bono | ||||
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Bono (en)  | |||
Jihar Bono (ko Bonoman ) jiha ce ta kasuwanci wanda al'ummar Bono suka kafa, tana nan a kudancin Ghana na yanzu. Bonoman ta kasance daulace ta Akan na tsakiyar zamani a yanzu Bono, Bono ta Gabas da yankin Ahafo bi da bi da sunan ( Bono da Ahafo ) da Gabashin Ivory Coast.[1] An yarda cewa itace asalin ƙungiyoyin mutanen Akan da suka yi hijira daga jihar a lokuta daban-daban don ƙirƙirar sababbin jihohin Akan don neman zinariya. Kasuwancin zinare, wanda ya fara bunƙasa a Bonoman a farkon karni na 12, itace mafarin karfin mulkin Akan da dukiya a yankin, tun daga tsakiyar zamanai. [2]
Asali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Asalin mutanen Akan na Bonoman an ce sun kasance can daga arewacin yankin da a yanzu ake kira Sahel ko kuma daular Ghana a lokacin da 'yan asalin Bono suka so su ci gaba da kasancewa da tsarin gargajiya na Bono na kakanninsu da ruhi, wadanda mutanen Akan suka bijire kuma suka yi yaƙi da Musulunci, sun yi hijira zuwa kudancin Sahara, a Ghana ta yau.[2][3]
Cibiyoyin ciniki da jiha ke amfani da su[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bono Mansa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bono Mansa (ma'ana "A jihar Bono")) wani lokaci ana kiransa Bono Manso ko Mansu ya kasance yanki ne na kasuwanci a cikin tsakiyar Bonoman, kuma babban cibiyar kasuwanci a yankin da ke yankin Bono Gabas na yanzu. Wanda ke kudu da kogin Black Volta a tsakanin yankin savanna da gandun daji, garin na karbar ayari daga Djenné da Timbuktu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwancin Trans-Saharan . Kayayyakin da aka yi ciniki sun hada da goro, gishiri, fata, da zinariya ; Zinariya ita ce mafi mahimmancin kasuwanci na yankin, wanda ya fara a tsakiyar karni na 14. [2][4] [5][6]
Begho[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Begho (kuma Bighu ko Bitu ; ana kiransa Bew da Nsokɔ ta Akan) wani gari ne na kasuwanci na tsakiya da ke kudu da Black Volta a tsakanin yankin daji da savanna arewa-maso-yammacin Brong-Ahafo.[7] Garin, kamar dai Bono-Manso, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a matsayin wani cibiya da ayarin arewa daga Masarautar Mali ke yawan zuwa tun kimanin shekara ta 1100 miladiyya. Kayayyakin da ake cinikayya sun hada da hauren giwa, gishiri, fata, gwal, kwaya kola, yadi, da kuma gami da tagulla . [8]
Tone-tonen kasa sun janyo shimfiɗar gine-gine da aka yi tun daga tsakanin alif 1350 zuwa 1750 AD, da kuma tukwane iri-iri, bututun shan taba, da kuma shaidar narkewar ƙarfe. Tare da yuwuwar yawan jama'a sama da 10 000, Begho na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen kudancin Afirka ta yamma a lokacin zuwan Turawan Fotugal a shekara ta 1471.[5][8]
Sarkin Mali ya mamaye Bighu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha shida a matsayin "gazawar Bighu Juula na cigaba da samar da gwala-gwalai," a cewar Bakewell. "Sakamakon mamayar Bighu da alama cewa sarkin Mali ya samu damar zuwa wani bangare na cinikin zinari na Akan wanda Wangara ya iya sarrafa shi." Bakewell ya kuma lura, "wurin da aka yi watsi da garin Bighu, ko Bitu, a Ghana ta yau ... yana kusa da ƙauyen Hani na yanzu.": [9] 18,30-31
Bonduku[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bonduku ta kasance wata cibiyar kasuwanci ce a daular Bonoman. Ta janyo kafuwar jihar Gyaman wanda kuma ake rubuta ta da Masarautar Jamang wacce ta shahara musamman wajen samar da auduga. Jihar ta wanzu tsakanin shekarun 1450 zuwa 1895 kuma tana cikin ƙasar Ghana da Cote d'Ivoire a yanzu.[5]
Tsarin garuruwan Bonoman[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dangane da tone-tonen ƙasa, labaran baka na gargajiya, Effah-Gyamfi (1985) ya ƙaddamar da matakan birane daban-daban guda uku. A cewarsa, a farkon zangon (karni na goma sha uku zuwa na sha biyar) tsakiyar biranen ba su da yawa, kuma garuruwan na da dubban jama’a, ba duka a cikin birane suke ba. An yi gine-gine da wattle da aka yi da dauri . An samo tukunyar fenti na wannan lokacin an rarraba a cikin radius na 3.3 km.
A kashi na biyu, karni na 16 zuwa na 17, manyan biranen sun fi girma, wadanda suka hada da gidaje da aka rarraba a ko'ina da cibiyar kasuwar gama-gari. Akwai alamu da dama dake nuna kasuwanci tsakanin wurare masu nisa,, irin su ƙwanƙolin gilashin da aka shigo da su da tukwane masu murfi da akayi da mica, sun samo asali daga wannan lokacin. [6] [2]
Rushewar Bonoman[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rushewar jihar Bono ya faru ne a lokacin da wasu al’ummar Akan suka taso, musamman yadda wasu ’yan kabilar Akan suka fice daga jihar Bono. A nan ne yawancin yarukan Akan na Ivory Coast suka yi ƙaura zuwa yammacin Ghana. Abubuwa da yawa sun raunana wannan jihar, ciki har da rikice-rikice tsakanin shugabanni, rikice-rikice saboda haraji, da kuma samun damar kai tsaye zuwa gabar tekun Gold Coast kai tsaye, inda kasuwanci ke taimakawa yawancin jihohin Akan wajen samun iko. [2]
Tasiri kan Al'adun Akan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Al'adun Akan daban-daban sun samo asali ne daga jihar Bono, ciki har da laima da ake amfani da su wa sarakuna, takuba na al'umma, kujerun zama, masu sarrafa zinari, maƙera, saƙan tufafi na Kente, alamun adinkra masu ban sha'awa da awon zinari.[5]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Anquandah, James (2002). "Ghana: early towns & the development of urban culture: an archaeological view". In Adande, Alexis B. A.; Arinze, Emmanuel (eds.). Museums & urban culture in West Africa. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 9–16. ISBN 0-85255-276-9.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1987). "Archaeology and the study of early African towns: the West African case, especially Ghana", West African Journal of Archaeology.
- ↑ "Atlas of the Human Journey". The Genographic Project. Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ↑ Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Crossland, L. B. (1989). “Pottery from the Begho-B2 site, Ghana”. African occasional papers 4. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. ISBN 0-919813-84-4. Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1985), Bono Manso: an archaeological investigation into early Akan urbanism (African occasional papers, no. 2) Calgary: Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary Press. ISBN 0-919813-27-5
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120.
- ↑ Kwasi Konadu, The Akan Diaspora in the Americas(Oxford University Press, 2010; ISBN 0199889279), p. 51.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Goody, Jack (1964). "The Mande and the Akan Hinterland". In Vansina, J.; Mauny, R.; Thomas, L. V. (eds.). The Historian in Tropical Africa. London: Oxford University. pp. 192–218.
- ↑ Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1979), Traditional history of the Bono State Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
Kara karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- (Emmanuel ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - Empty citation (help)
- (R. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1979), Traditional history of the Bono State Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
- Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120.