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Khalid ibn al-Walid

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Khalid ibn al-Walid
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Makkah, 592 (Gregorian)
Harshen uwa Larabci
Mutuwa Madinah da Homs (en) Fassara, 19 ga Augusta, 642
Makwanci Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Walid dan al-Mughirah
Mahaifiya Loubaba bint Al-Harith
Abokiyar zama Asma bint Anas ibn Mudrik (en) Fassara
Yara
Ahali Najiyah bint al-Walid (en) Fassara, Walid ibn Walid (en) Fassara, Bin Al Wold (en) Fassara, Fatima Bint Al-Waleed (en) Fassara da Atika bint Al-Walid bin Al-Mughirah (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Karatu
Harsuna Larabci
Sana'a
Sana'a Jarumi da maiwaƙe
Aikin soja
Fannin soja Rashidun army (en) Fassara
Digiri commander-in-chief (en) Fassara
khalid bn walid
khalid bn al walid
Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Larabci: خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي, romanized: Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin Larabawa a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.

Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a yakin Uhudu a shekarar 625. Bayan musuluntarsa ​​a shekarar 627 ko shekarar 629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na Rumawa a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin kwace Makka da yakin Hunayn a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a Yaƙin Buzakha a shekara 632 da Musaylima a Yakin Aqraba a shekarar 633.

Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), Damascus (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar 637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekarar 642.

Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.

Asali da farkon aikin soja

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Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya).[1] Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin "mai izgili" ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani.[1] Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci.[2] Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje,[3] musamman Yemen da Abisiniya (Habasha),[2] kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu.[3] Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah.[3] An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da "ubangijin makka" kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su.[4] Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin "mutum mai matsayi mai girma" a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.[5]

Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra ("Lubaba Ƙarami", don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal.[6] Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu.[6] Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).[7]

Adawar farko ga Muhammadu

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Dutsen Uhudu (hoton 2009) inda Khalid da mahayan dawakansa suka fatattaki sojojin musulmi wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad ke jagoranta a 625

Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan ​​Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, Banu Hashim na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618.[1] Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624.[1] Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari.[1] A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina.[8][9] A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, "Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti" na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi.[10] Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma.[10] Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya.[8][10] A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama.[8] Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa.[11] Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.[12]

A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin aikin hajji a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa.[13] Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka.[14] Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka.[15] An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya a watan Maris.[13]

Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu

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A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekarar 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As;[16] masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance "watakila sun fi amintattu".[17] Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka.[18] Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid "ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi", a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.[19]

Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629.[20][21] Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli.[22] Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama.[22][23] Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci.[24][21][25] Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah).[25]

Garin damisa na Dumat al-Jandal (hoton 2007). Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro kan birnin a cikin 630, kuma yana iya jagorantar wani balaguron a cikin 633 ko 634, kodayake masana tarihi na zamani sun jefa shakku game da kamfen na ƙarshe ko rawar Khalid a ciki.

A watan Disambar 629/Janairu shrkarar 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8.[26] A yaƙin Hunayn daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.

Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta.[27] A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu.[28] A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba.[27] A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima "yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi".[29]

Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina.[30] A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci.[31] Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.[31]

Kwamanda a yakin Ridda

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Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's military campaigns in central Arabia.
Taswirar da ke bayani kan yadda Khalid ya murkushe kabilun Larabawa a tsakiyar Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda

Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina).[32] A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin halifa sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, "kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi".[33]

Yakin Buzakha

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Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha.[34] A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin.[35] Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham.[35] Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.[35]

Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra

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Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid.[36] Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.[37]

Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.

Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama

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Taswirar yankin Yamama na Arabiya mai inuwa da ja. Khalid dan kabilar Banu Hanifa karkashin jagorancin Musaylima ne ya mamaye yankin

Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama,[38] wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya.[39] Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan ​​Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal.[40] A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah.[41] Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.[42]

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri.[43] Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi.[44] A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa.[44] Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.

Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.

Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.[7]

Kamfe a Iraki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yakin Khalid a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya), bisa ga jigon al'adar Musulunci.

Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.

Tafiya zuwa Siriya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria
Taswirar da ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen tafiyar da Khalid ya yi zuwa Siriya daga Iraki

Dukkan labaran Musulunci na farko sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Abubakar ya umurci Khalid da ya bar Iraki zuwa Sham don tallafa wa sojojin musulmi da suka rigaya a can. Yawancin wadannan bayanai sun tabbatar da cewa umurnin halifan ya samo asali ne daga bukatar karfafawa da kwamandojin musulmin kasar Sham suka yi. Wataƙila Khalid ya fara tattaki zuwa Siriya a farkon Afrilu 634. Ya bar ƙananan sojojin musulmi a cikin garuruwan Iraki da aka ci yaƙi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Muthanna ibn Haritha gabaɗaya.

Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru bayan ayyukan Khalid a Ayn al-Tamr ba su da daidaito da rudani. A cewar Donner, Khalid ya ci gaba da gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyuka guda biyu kafin ya fara tattakinsa zuwa Syria, wanda sau da yawa majiyoyi sun rude da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tattakin. Daya daga cikin hare-haren da aka kai shi ne kan Dumat al-Jandal da kuma kan kabilar Namir da Taghlib da ke yammacin gabar kogin Euphrates na sama har zuwa yankin Balikh da tsaunukan Jabal al-Bishri a arewa maso gabashin Palmyra. Ba a dai san ko wanne alkawari ya fara faruwa ba, ko da yake dukkansu yunƙurin musulmi ne na kawo mafi yawan ƙabilun Larabawa makiyaya na arewacin Larabawa da Siriyawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Madina.

A yakin Dumat al-Jandal, Abubakar ya umurci Khalid ko kuma ya bukace shi daga daya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin, al-Walid ibn Uqba, da ya karfafa wa babban kwamandan Iyad bn Ghanm kawanya a garin oasis. Magoya bayanta sun samu goyon bayan abokansu na makiyaya daga kabilar Rumawa da suka hada da Ghassanid, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra da Banu Kalb. Khalid ya bar Ayn al-Tamr zuwa Dumat al-Jandal inda dakarun musulmi suka fatattaki masu kare a fafatawar. Bayan haka, Khalid ya kashe shugaban Kindite na garin, Ukaydir, wanda ya fice daga Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammad, yayin da sarkin Kalbite Wadi’a ya tsira bayan ceton abokansa Taimiyya a sansanin musulmi.

Masana tarihi Michael Jan de Goeje da Caetani sun yi watsi da gaba ɗaya cewa Khalid ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Dumat al-Jandal bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Iraqi kuma birnin da aka ambata a cikin al'adun gargajiya na iya zama garin da sunan wannan garin kusa da al-Hira. Masanin tarihi Laura Veccia Vaglieri ya kira tantancewarsu da "ma'ana" kuma ta rubuta cewa "da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Khālid zai iya yin irin wannan karkatar da zai kai shi nesa ba kusa ba yayin da yake jinkirin cimma manufarsa [don shiga cikin sojojin musulmi. a Siriya." Vaglieri yayi hasashen cewa Iyad bn Ghanm ko kuma Amr bn al-As ne ya mamaye yankin kamar yadda a baya aka dora wa na baya baya a yakin Ridda da murkushe Wadi'a, wanda ya tare kansa a Dumat al-Jandal. Crone, ya yi watsi da rawar da Khalid ya taka a Iraki gaba daya, ya tabbatar da cewa Khalid ya kame Dumat al-Jandal a yakin 631 kuma daga nan ya tsallaka hamada don shiga yakin Sham.

Hanyar tafiya da tafiya hamada Taswirar da ke nuna jerin gwano guda uku na tattakin Khalid zuwa Siriya daga Iraki a wajajen Afrilu 634, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Fred Donner ya taƙaita. Yankin 'taron hamada' na hanyoyin tafiya ana nuna shi da ja. Mafarin tattakin gama gari na Khalid zuwa Sham shi ne al-Hira, bisa ga mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya, ban da al-Baladhuri, wanda ya sanya shi a Ayn al-Tamr. Bangaren tattakin gama gari da ake kira 'tattakin hamada' ta majiyoyin sun faru ne a wani mataki da ba a sani ba bayan tashin al-Hira. Wannan zangon ya sa Khalid da mutanensa - masu karfi tsakanin 500 zuwa 800 - suna tafiya daga wata rijiya da ake kira Quraqir suka haye wani babban jeji mara ruwa na tsawon kwanaki shida da dare biyar har suka isa wurin ruwa a wani wuri da ake kira Suwa. Da yake mutanensa ba su da isassun fatun ruwa da za su bi ta wannan nisa da dawakansu da rakumansu, Khalid ya sa wasu raƙumansa ashirin su ka ƙara yawan shan ruwansu na yau da kullun, ya rufe bakunansu don hana raƙuman ci da kuma lalata ruwan da ke cikinsu; kowace ranar tafiya sai ya sa aka yanka rakuma da dama domin mutanensa su sha ruwan da aka ajiye a cikin rakuman. Amfani da rakuma a matsayin ajiyar ruwa da kuma gano magudanar ruwa a Suwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasihar da jagoransa Rafi ibn Amr na Tayyi ya yi wa Khalid.

Ban da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama a Dumat al-Jandal da kogin Furat, lissafin gargajiya sun yi ittifaqi kan al'amura guda biyu ne kawai na hanyar Khalid zuwa Sham bayan tashin al-Hira: tattakin hamada tsakanin Quraqir da Suwa, da wani farmaki na baya-bayan nan. a kan kabilar Bahra a Suwa ko kusa da su da ayyukan da suka haifar da mika wuya ga Palmyra; in ba haka ba, sai suka rabu wajen bin hanyar Khalid. Dangane da waɗannan asusun, Donner ya taƙaita hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa Khalid ya bi zuwa kusa da Damascus: biyu ta Palmyra daga arewa da kuma ta Dumat al-Jandal daga kudu. Kennedy ya lura cewa majiyoyin suna "tabbas daidai" a cikin shawarwarin hanyoyin tafiyarsu kuma babu "kawai babu sanin wane nau'i ne daidai".

A cikin shirin tafiya na farko na Palmyra–Damascus, Khalid ya hau kan kogin Furat—ya bi ta wuraren da ya rage a baya—zuwa Jabal al-Bishri daga nan kuma ya wuce kudu maso yamma ta Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn da Huwwarin kafin ya isa yankin Damascus. A cikin wannan tafarki kawai tazarar da za a iya yin tattakin hamada shine tsakanin Jabal al-Bishri da Palmyra, ko da yake yankin da ke tsakanin wuraren biyu bai wuce tafiyar kwanaki shida ba kuma ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama. Hanyar Palmyra–Damascus hanya ce ta biyu kai tsaye tsakanin al-Hira da Palmyra ta Ayn al-Tamr. Tsakanin hamadar da ke tsakanin Ayn al-Tamr da Palmyra ya kai tsayin daka don tabbatar da tattakin na kwanaki shida kuma yana dauke da karancin ruwa, duk da cewa babu sunayen wuri da za a iya fassara shi da Qurakir ko Suwa. A cikin hanyar Dumat al-Jandal–Damascus, ana samun irin waɗannan sunayen, wato wuraren Qulban Qurajir, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da 'Qurakir', kusa da gefen gabas na Wadi Sirhan, da Sab Biyar, wanda aka gano da Suwa kilomita 150 (93 mi). gabas da Damascus. Tazarar da ke tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon biyu mai bushewa ne kuma yayi daidai da labarin tafiyar kwanaki shida.

Tattakin Hamada shi ne abin da ya fi karramawa na balaguron Khalid da kuma adabin Futuh na zamanin da ('Yakin Musulunci) gaba daya. Kennedy ya rubuta cewa tattakin hamada "ya kasance cikin tarihi da almara. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun yi mamakin juriyarsa [Khalid]; malaman zamani sun gan shi a matsayin gwanin dabara." Ya kara da cewa "tabbas" Khalid ya hau wannan tattaki, "wani abin tunawa da juriya na soji", kuma "shigonsa Siriya wani muhimmin sinadari ne na nasarar makamai na musulmi a can". Masanin tarihi Moshe Gil ya kira tattakin da cewa "wani abin da ba shi da kamanceceniya" da kuma shaida "Halayen Khalid a matsayin fitaccen kwamanda".

Masanin tarihi Ryan J. Lynch yana ganin tattakin hamadar Khalid wani adabi ne da marubutan al’adun Musulunci suka gina don samar da labarin da ya danganta mamayar musulmi a Iraki da Sham da kuma gabatar da mamayar a matsayin “al’amari ne mai kirgumi, wanda bai dace ba” a layi daya. tare da zargin da ake zargin marubutan. Lynch ya ci gaba da cewa, labarin tattakin, wanda "da zai kayatar da nishadantarwa" masu sauraren musulmi, an kirkiresu ne daga "gutsi na tunawa da zaman jama'a" da mazauna suka danganta mamaye garuruwansu ko yankunansu ga Khalid a matsayin hanyar "don samun kudin shiga." wani mataki na daraja ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa" tare da "sanannen janar".

Yakin Siriya

Yawancin asusun gargajiya na da sojojin musulmi na farko da aka tura zuwa Siriya daga Madina a farkon shekara ta 13 bayan hijira (farkon bazara 634). Kwamandojin rundunan musulmi su ne Amr bn al-As da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan da Shurahbil bn Hasana da Abu Ubayda bn al-Jarrah, duk da cewa na karshe bai kai kasar Sham ba sai bayan da Umar ya gaji halifanci a lokacin rani na shekara ta 634. , bayan rasuwar Abubakar. A cewar Donner, majiyoyin gargajiya na tuntuɓar sojojin Musulmi na farko zuwa Siriya ya kasance a baya bayan watanni da yawa. Mai yiwuwa ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 633, wanda ya fi dacewa da littafin tarihin Syriac na 724 wanda ba a san sunansa ba, wanda ya nuna tarihin yaƙin farko tsakanin sojojin musulmi da Rumawa zuwa Fabrairu 634. A lokacin Khalid ya bar Iraki, sojojin musulmi a Siriya. Tuni dai ya yi artabu da wasu sansanoni na Byzantine, ya kuma mamaye yankunan kudancin Syria, amma bai mallaki wata cibiyar birane ba.

An nada Khalid babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham. Al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn A'tham, al-Fasawi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 987) da Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi sun ruwaito cewa, Abubakar ya nada Khalid babban kwamanda a matsayin wani bangare na sake tura shi daga Iraki zuwa Sham, inda ya bayar da misali da cewa; hazakar soja na janar da rikodi. Wani labari guda a cikin al-Baladhuri a maimakon haka ya danganta nadin Khalid da ijma'i tsakanin kwamandojin da suka rigaya a Siriya, ko da yake Athamina ya ce "ba shi yiwuwa mutum kamar (Amr bn al-As) ya amince" da irin wannan shawarar da son rai. Bayan hawansa, Umar zai iya tabbatar da Khalid a matsayin babban kwamanda.

Khalid ya isa yankin karkarar Marj Rahit da ke arewacin Damascus bayan da sojojinsa suka yi tattaki zuwa hamada. Ya isa ranar Ista na waccan shekarar, watau 24 ga Afrilu 634, kwanan wata da ba kasafai aka ambata ba daga mafi yawan kafofin gargajiya, wanda Donner ke ganin zai yi daidai. A can, Khalid ya kai hari ga gungun Ghassanid da ke bikin Ista kafin shi ko wasu kwamandojinsa su kai hari a sansanin noman Ghouta da ke kusa da Damascus. Bayan haka, Khalid da kwamandojin sojojin musulmi na farko, ban da Amr, suka taru a Bosra kudu maso gabashin Dimashku. Cibiyar kasuwanci ta Bosra, tare da yankin Hauran da take a cikinta, a tarihi ta bai wa kabilun Larabawa makiyaya alkama da mai da ruwan inabi kuma Muhammadu ya ziyarce shi a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ƙila Rumawa ba su sake kafa wani sansanin daular sarauta a cikin birnin ba bayan janyewar Sasaniya a shekara ta 628 kuma sojojin musulmi sun fuskanci turjiya a lokacin da suke kewaye. Bosra ya mamaye a karshen watan Mayu 634, wanda ya zama babban birni na farko a Siriya da ya fada hannun musulmi. Khalid da kwamandojin musulmi sun nufi yamma zuwa Falasdinu domin shiga cikin Amr a matsayin dakarun na baya a yakin Ajnadayn, babban karo na farko da sojojin Rumawa, a watan Yuli. Yaƙin ya ƙare da gagarumin nasara ga musulmi kuma Rumawa suka koma Pella ('Fahl' a Larabci), babban birni a gabashin kogin Jordan. Musulmai sun bi su kuma suka sake samun wata babbar nasara a yakin Fahl, ko da yake babu tabbas ko Amr ko Khalid ne ke da cikakken iko a cikin wannan alkawari.

Siege na Damascus

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Muslim and Byzantine troop movements before the battle of Yarmouk
Ƙungiyoyin musulmi da na Rumawa a Siriya kafin yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.

Ragowar sojojin Rumawa daga Ajnadayn da Fahl sun koma arewa zuwa Damascus, inda kwamandojin Rumawa suka yi kira da a karfafa masarautu. Khalid ya ci gaba, watakila yana ba da rukunin Rumawa a filin Marj al-Suffar kafin ya kewaye birnin. An tuhumi kowanne daga cikin kwamandojin musulmi biyar da tare daya daga cikin kofofin birnin; Khalid ya tsaya a Bab Sharqi (Kofar Gabas). Tawaga ta shida da aka ajiye a Barzeh nan da nan a arewacin Damascus sun kori sojojin agaji da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 575-641) ya aike.

Hadisai da dama sun danganta yadda musulmi suka kama Damascus. Labarin da ya fi shahara shi ne Ibn Asakir na Damascus (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1175), wanda Khalid da mutanensa suka keta kofar Bab Sharqi. Khalid da mutanensa sun haura katangar gabas na birnin suka kashe masu gadi da sauran masu kare a Bab Sharqi. Yayin da dakarunsa suka shiga daga gabas, dakarun musulmi karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda sun shiga cikin lumana daga kofar Bab al-Jabiya ta yammacin kasar bayan tattaunawa da manyan jami'an Damascene karkashin jagorancin Mansur ibn Sarjun, wani babban jami'in birnin. Dakarun musulmi sun hadu a tsakiyar birnin inda aka amince da ka'idoji. A daya bangaren kuma, al-Baladhuri yana cewa Khalid ya shiga cikin aminci daga Bab Sharqi yayin da Abu Ubayda ya shigo daga yamma da karfi. Bincike na zamani ya yi tambaya kan isowar Abu Ubayda Sham a lokacin da aka yi wa kawanya. Caetani ya jefa shakku game da hadisai da aka ambata, yayin da dan Gabas Henri Lammens ya maye Abu Ubayda da Yazid bn Abi Sufyan.

A cikin juzu'i na marubucin Siriyak Dionysius na Tel Mahre (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 845) da kuma sarki Eutychius na Alexandria (d. 940), Damascenes da Mansur ke jagoranta, bayan sun gaji da kewaye kuma sun gamsu da ƙudurin maƙiyan, suka matso. Khalid a Bab Sharqi tare da tayin bude kofa domin samun tabbacin tsaro. Khalid ya karba kuma ya ba da umarnin rubuta yarjejeniyar yin magana. Ko da yake an rubuta nau'o'in yarjejeniyar Khalid da yawa a farkon Musulmi da Kiristanci, gabaɗaya sun yarda cewa a kiyaye rayukan mazaunan, dukiyoyinsu da majami'u, don biyan kuɗin jizya (haraji). Musulmai sun kwace kadarorin daular. Yarjejeniyar ta yiwu ta zama abin koyi ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙulla yarjejeniya da aka yi a duk faɗin Siriya, da Iraki da Masar, a lokacin mamayar musulmi na farko.

Ko da yake bayanan da al-Waqidi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 823) da Ibn Ishaq suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa Damascus ta mika wuya a watan Agusta/Satumba 635, sun ba da lokuta daban-daban na kewayen daga watanni hudu zuwa goma sha hudu.

Yaƙin Yarmuk

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kwaruruka na Kogin Yarmouk, a kusa da yakin Yarmouk
Misalin Yaƙin Yarmouk na wani mai zanen Catalan wanda ba a san shi ba (c. 1310–1325).

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 636 Khalid ya janye sojojinsa daga Damascus zuwa tsohon babban birnin Ghassanid da ke Jabiya a cikin Golan. An sa shi ta hanyar gabatowar babban sojojin Rumawa wanda Heraclius ya aika, wanda ya kunshi sojojin daular mulkin Vahan da Theodore Trithyrius da sojojin kan iyaka, ciki har da mayaƙan doki na Larabawa na Kirista a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ghassanid phylarch Jabala ibn al-Ayham da ma'aikatan Armeniya karkashin jagorancin wasu Georgius (wanda larabawa ke kira Jaraja). Masana tarihi na zamani suna jayayya da girman dakaru; Donner ya rike Rumawa fiye da Musulmai hudu zuwa daya, Walter E. Kaegi ya rubuta cewa Rumawa "watakila sun sami fifiko na lambobi" tare da sojoji 15,000-20,000 ko fiye, kuma John Walter Jandora ya ce akwai yiwuwar "kusa da lambobi" tsakanin bangarorin biyu. tare da musulmi mutum 36,000 (ciki har da 10,000 na sojojin Khalid) da Rumawa kusan 40,000.

Sojojin Ruqqad sun kafa sansani a yankin Ruqqad da ke yamma da wuraren musulmi a Jabiya. Saboda haka Khalid ya ja baya, ya koma arewacin Kogin Yarmouk, kusa da inda Ruqqad ya hadu da Yarmouk. Yankin ya mamaye tuddai masu tsayi, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, hanyoyi masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɗa Damascus zuwa Galili da wuraren kiwo na tarihi na Ghassanids. Fiye da wata guda musulmi suna ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da tsaro tsakanin Adhri'at (Daraa na zamani) da sansaninsu kusa da Dayr Ayyub inda suka fatattaki Rumawa a wani gumurzu da suka yi a wajen Jabiya a ranar 23 ga Yuli 636. Jandora ya tabbatar da cewa Larabawa Kirista da Armeniya na Rumawa. mataimaka sun watse ko suka koma, amma sojojin Rumawa sun kasance “mai girma”, wanda ya kunshi gadi na manya-manyan sojan doki, da masu gadin bayan sojojin sa-kai a lokacin da suka tunkari layin kare musulmi.

Khalid ya raba dakarun dawakansa gida biyu, kowanne ya tsaya a bayan fikafikan sojojin musulmi na dama da na hagu don kare sojojinsa daga wani rufaffiyar wani rufaffiyar mayaƙan sojojin Rumawa. Ya ajiye manyan mahaya dawakai 200-300 don tallafawa tsakiyar layin tsaronsa sannan ya bar maharba da aka ajiye a sansanin musulmi kusa da Dayr Ayyub, inda za su iya yin tasiri sosai a kan rundunar Byzantine mai shigowa. Hare-haren farko da Rumawa suka yi a kan bangaren dama da hagu na musulmi ya ci tura, amma sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da dukkanin layin musulmi ya koma baya ko kuma kamar yadda majiyoyin kiristoci na wannan zamani suka tabbatar, sun yi ja da baya.

Rumawa sun bi musulmi zuwa sansaninsu, inda musulmi suka yi ta fama da garken rakumansu domin su samar da wasu lungu da sako na kariyar da sojojin dakaru za su iya yakarsu kuma sojojin na Rumawa ba su samu saukin shiga ba. A sakamakon haka, Rumawa sun kasance cikin rauni ga hare-hare daga maharba musulmi, aka dakatar da su kuma an fallasa gefen hagu. Khalid da sojojin dawakinsa sun yi amfani da wannan dama wajen huda Rumawa bangaren hagu, inda suka yi amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin sojojin rundunan Rumawa da na doki. Khalid ya lullube mayaƙan mayaƙan dawakai na kowane bangare, amma da gangan ya bar wata buɗaɗɗen da Rumawa za su iya tserewa kawai daga arewa, nesa da sojojinsu. A cewar masanin tarihi na Bizantine na ƙarni na 9 Theophanes, sojojin Rumawa sun yi tawaye a ƙarƙashin Vahan, mai yiwuwa bisa la’akari da gazawar Theodore na fuskantar harin da aka kai wa sojojin doki. Daga baya kuma an fatattaki sojojin.

A halin da ake ciki kuma sojojin dawakan na Byzantine sun ja da baya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin da ke tsakanin rundunonin Ruqqad da Allan. Khalid ya aika da runduna domin su bi su, suka hana su sake haduwa. Ya biyo bayan wani samame da dare ya yi inda ya kwace gadar Ruqqad, hanya daya tilo da za ta iya janyewa ga Rumawa. Daga nan ne musulmi suka afkawa sansanonin Rumawa a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta tare da kashe mafi yawan sojojin Rumawa, ko kuma suka haifar da firgici a cikin sahu na Rumawa, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin kwarin Yarmouk a kokarinsu na komawa yamma.

Jandora ya ba da tabbacin nasarar da musulmi suka samu a Yarmouk ga hadin kai da "mafi girman jagoranci" na sojojin musulmi, musamman "hiza" na Khalid, idan aka kwatanta da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a cikin sojojin Rumawa da kuma dabarar Theodorus na al'ada, wanda Khalid "daidai". tsammani". A ra'ayin Gil, janyewar Khalid a gaban sojojin Heraclius, da ficewa daga Damascus da kuma ci gaba da kai ruwa rana a magudanar ruwa na Yarmouk "shaida ce ta kyakkyawar iyawarsa ta shiryawa da kuma gwanintarsa a fagen fama". Rikicin na Rumawa ya yi nuni da halaka sojojinsu na karshe a kasar Siriya, inda nan da nan suka sami nasarar samun nasarar da musulmi suka samu a baya a Palastinu da Transjordan tare da share fagen kwato birnin Damascus a cikin watan Disamba, a wannan karon da Abu Ubayda, da kuma mamaye kwarin Beqaa daga karshe. sauran Siriya a arewa. A kima na Jandora, Yarmouk yana daya daga cikin "yakin da suka fi muhimmanci a tarihin Duniya", wanda a karshe ya kai ga nasarar musulmi wanda ya fadada Halifanci tsakanin tsaunukan Pyrenees da tsakiyar Asiya.

Ragewa

An rike Khalid a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi a Sham tsakanin watanni shida da shekaru biyu daga farkon halifancin Umar, dangane da madogararsa. Masana tarihi na zamani galibi sun yarda cewa korar da Umar ya yi wa Khalid ya faru ne a bayan Yarmuk. Halifa ya nada Abu Ubayda a wurin Khalid, ya mayar da dakarunsa ga sauran kwamandojin musulmi, sannan ya nada Khalid karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin lardunan Abu Ubayda; umarni daga baya ya tura mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Khalid zuwa Iraki. Majiyoyin Islama na farko sun kawo dalilai daban-daban na korar Khalid daga babban hafsan. Daga cikinsu har da yanke shawararsa mai zaman kansa da mafi karancin aiki tare da shugabanni a Madina; tsofaffin zarge-zarge na rashin da’a, da suka hada da kashe Malik bn Nuwayra da auren matar da Malik ta rasu; zargin da ake yi na raba ganima ga ’ya’yan manyan kabila don cutar da wadanda suka cancanta musulunta na farko; kiyayya ta sirri tsakanin Khalid da Umar; da rashin natsuwa da Umar ya yi a kan irin jaruntakar da Khalid ya ke da shi a tsakanin musulmi, wanda ya ke tsoron za ta iya rikidewa zuwa wata kungiyar asiri.

Masana tarihi na zamani De Goeje, William Muir da Andreas Stratos sun kalli kiyayyar Umar da Khalid a matsayin sanadin korar Khalid. Shaban ya yarda da kiyayyar amma ya ce ba shi da wani tasiri a kan shawarar da halifa ya dauka. De Goeje ya yi watsi da tallafin da Khalid ya ba wa manyan kabilu, al'adar da aka saba yi tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi na farko ciki har da Muhammad, a matsayin dalilin korar shi. Muir, Becker, Stratos da Philip K. Hitti sun ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshe an kori Khalid saboda nasarorin da musulmi suka samu a Siriya bayan Yarmouk ya buƙaci a maye gurbin wani kwamandan soji da ke shugabantar da ƙwararren shugaba kamar Abu Ubayda.

Athamina yana shakkar duk dalilan da aka ambata, yana jayayya da dalilin "dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci" a lokacin da manyan sassan Siriya suka kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Byzantine kuma Heraclius bai bar lardin ba. Athamina ya riki cewa "da dukkan gazawarsa na soja", da Abu Ubayda ba za a yi la'akari da shi "madaidaicin maye gurbin basirar da ba ta misaltuwa ta Khalid". Rashin samun dakaru na yau da kullum na Madina, da bukatar sake tura mayaka zuwa wasu fagarori, da kuma barazanar da Rumawa ke yi ga samun nasarar musulmi a kasar Sham, duk ya bukaci kafa tsarin tsaro da ya danganci tsofaffin kabilun larabawa a kasar Siriya, wadanda suka kasance a matsayin runduna. na Byzantium. Bayan da madina ta yi kira ga manyan qungiyoyin Ghassanid da aka yi watsi da su, aka kulla alaka da Kalb da Judham da Lakhm. Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun ɗauki ɗimbin ƴan kabilar Larabawa da ke wajen sojojin Khalid a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Sojojin Khalid na farko na mutum 500-800 sun kumbura zuwa 10,000 sakamakon yadda ’yan kabilar suka shiga sahun sojojinsa daga gaban Iraki ko Larabawa kuma sun kai 30,000-40,000 a cikin iyalansu. Athamina ya kammala Umar ya sallami Khalid kuma ya kira dakarunsa daga Sham a matsayin kai hari ga Kalb da abokansu.

Ayyuka a arewacin Siriya

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Abu Ubayda da Khalid sun tashi daga Damascus zuwa arewa zuwa Homs (wanda ake kira Emesa ta Rumawa) kuma sun kewaye birnin watakila a cikin hunturu na 636-637. An yi wa kawanya a tsakanin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'i da masu kare Byzantine suka yi kuma birnin ya mamaye a cikin bazara. Bisa ga sharuɗɗan mika wuya, an sanya haraji kan mazaunan don samun tabbacin kariya ga dukiyoyinsu, majami'u, injinan ruwa da ganuwar birni. An kebe kashi daya bisa hudu na cocin St. John don amfanin musulmi, kuma gidaje da lambuna da aka yi watsi da su Abu Ubaida ko Khalid suka kwashe suka rarraba a tsakanin sojojin musulmi da iyalansu. Saboda kusancinsa da hamadar hamada, ana kallon Homs a matsayin wurin zama mai kyau ga kabilun Larabawa kuma ya zama birni na farko a Siriya da ya sami yawan musulmi.

Bayanai game da mamayar da suka biyo baya a arewacin Siriya ba su da yawa kuma sun yi karo da juna. Abu Ubayda ne ya aika Khalid ya ci Qinnasrin (wanda Rumawa ke kira Chalcis) da kuma Aleppo kusa da shi. Khalid ya fatattaki rundunar Rumawa karkashin jagorancin wani Minas a wajen birnin Qinnasrin. A can Khalid ya kebe mazauna garin biyo bayan roko da suka yi da cewa su Larabawa ne da Rumawa suka tilasta musu aikin soja. Ya bi shi da kewaye garin Qinnasrin mai katanga, wanda ya mamaye a watan Agusta/Satumba 638. Shi da Iyad bn Ghanm daga nan suka kaddamar da farmakin farko na musulmi zuwa yankin Anatoliya na Byzantine. Khalid ya mai da Qinnasrin hedkwatarsa, ya sauka a wurin shi da matarsa. Khalid aka nada Abu Ubayda mataimakin gwamna a Qinnasrin a shekara ta 638. Yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Homs da Qinnasrin ya haifar da cin nasara a arewa maso yammacin Siriya kuma ya sa Heraclius ya bar hedkwatarsa a Edessa don Samosata a Anatolia kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin daular Konstantinoful.

Watakila Khalid ya shiga cikin harin da aka yi wa birnin Kudus, wanda aka kai a shekara ta 637 ko 638. A cewar al-Tabari, yana daya daga cikin shaidun wata wasika ta tabbatarwa da Umar ya aikewa sarki Sophronius na Kudus na tabbatar da tsaron mutanen birnin da dukiyoyin birnin.

Kora da mutuwan Khalid bn Al-Walid

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar yadda Sayf bn Umar ya ce, daga baya a shekara ta 638 Khalid ya yi ta yayata cewa ya raba ganima daga yakin da ya yi a arewacin Sham, ciki har da kudade ga mai martaba Kindite al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. Don haka Umar ya umurci Abu Ubaida ya yi wa Khalid tambayoyi a bainar jama’a tare da sauke Khalid daga mukaminsa ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon tambayoyin ba, haka kuma ya sanya Qinnasrin a karkashin jagorancin Abu Ubayda kai tsaye. Bayan tambayoyin da aka yi masa a Homs, Khalid ya yi jawabai na bankwana a jere ga sojojin da ke Qinnasrin da Homs kafin Umar ya kira shi zuwa Madina. Labarin Sayf ya lura cewa Umar ya aika da sanarwa zuwa ga rundunonin musulmi na Siriya da Iraki cewa an kori Khalid ba saboda rashin adalci ba amma saboda sojojin sun kasance "rashin kunya saboda shi [Khalid]" kuma yana jin tsoron za a yi rashin daidaituwa. Sun dogara gare shi maimakon Allah.

Korar Khalid ba ta jawo cece-ku-ce a tsakanin jama’a ba, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wayewar kan siyasar musulmi na kiyayyar Umar ga Khalid, wadda ta shirya jama’a don korar shi, ko kuma saboda kiyayyar da ake yi wa Makhzum gaba daya sakamakon adawar da suka yi da Muhammad tun da farko. da musulmin farko. A cikin ruwayar Ibn Asakir, Umar ya bayyana a majalisar sojojin musulmi a Jabiya a shekara ta 638 cewa an kori Khalid ne saboda ya yi wa jaruman yaki da manyan kabilu da mawaka ganima a maimakon ya tanadi kudade ga musulmi mabukata. Babu wani kwamandojin da suka halarci taron da ya fito ya nuna adawarsa, sai wani dan Makhzumi da ya zargi Umar da saba wa umurnin soja da Muhammad ya ba Khalid. A cewar malamin fikihu al-Zuhri (a shekara ta 742), kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 639, Abu Ubayda ya nada Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm a matsayin magajinsa, amma Umar ya tabbatar da Iyad ne kawai a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira, sannan ya nada Yazid. ibn Abi Sufyan gwamnan sauran sham, wato gundumomin Damascus, Jordan da Palastinu.

Khalid ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekara ta 21 bayan hijira (a.k. 642 Miladiyya). Hadisai da aka ambata game da Khalid sun haɗa da gargaɗin Muhammadu ga Musulmi kada su cutar da Khalid da annabce-annabce cewa za a yi wa Khalid zalunci duk da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Musulunci. A cikin riwayoyin adabin Musulunci, Umar ya bayyana nadama kan sallamar Khalid da matan Madina suka yi na rasuwarsa baki daya. Athamina tana daukar wadannan duka a matsayin "baya wuce kalaman nuna juyayi a bangaren al'ummomin da suka biyo baya kan jarumtar Khalid kamar yadda al'adar Musulunci ta bayyana".

Iyali da masu da'awar zuri'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun akalla karni na 12, ana zargin kabarin Khalid yana cikin masallacin Khalid ibn al-Walid a birnin Homs na kasar Syria a yau.

Kabarin Khalid a cikin Masallacin Khalid bn al-Walid Babban ɗan Khalid sunansa Sulayman, don haka kunyarsa ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('uban Sulaiman'). Khalid ya auri Asma, diyar Anas bn Mudrik, fitaccen jigo kuma mawaki na kabilar Khath'am. Ɗansu Abd al-Rahman ya zama babban kwamanda a yaƙin Larabawa-Byzantine kuma na hannun damar Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham kuma daga baya wanda ya kafa kuma khalifan farko na khalifancin Umayyawa, ya zama mataimakin gwamnan na ƙarshen. gundumar Homs-Qinnasrin-Jazira. Wani dan Khalid, Muhajir, shi ne mai goyon bayan Ali, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin halifa a shekara ta 656-661, kuma ya rasu yana yakar sojojin Mu'awiya a yakin Siffin a shekara ta 657 a lokacin yakin basasar musulmi na farko. Bayan rasuwar Abd al-Rahman a shekara ta 666, bisa zarginsa da shan gubar da Mu'awiya ya umarta, dan Muhajir Khalid ya yi yunkurin daukar fansa kan kisan kawun nasa, aka kama shi, amma daga baya Mu'awiya ya sake shi bayan Khalid ya biya kudin jininsa. Khalid dan Abd al-Rahman shi ne kwamandan yakin ruwan yaki da Rumawa a shekara ta 668 ko 669.

Babu wata muhimmiyar rawar da dangin Khalid suka taka a tarihin tarihi. Asalin zuriyarsa na maza ya kare ne zuwa ga rugujewar daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 750 ko kuma jim kadan bayan da dukan zuriyarsa maza arba'in suka mutu a wata annoba a kasar Sham, in ji masanin tarihi na karni na 11 Ibn Hazm. Don haka dukiyoyin iyalansa da suka hada da gidansa da wasu gidaje da dama a Madina, Ayyub bn Salama, jikan Khalid al-Walid bn al-Walid ne ya gaji shi. Sun kasance a hannun zuriyar Ayyub har zuwa aƙalla ƙarshen karni na 9.

Iyalan mawaƙin Balarabe na ƙarni na 12 Ibn al-Qaysarani sun yi iƙirarin cewa zuriyarsu ta fito daga Muhajir bn Khalid, ko da yake ɗan tarihi Ibn Khallikan na ƙarni na 13 ya lura da’awar ta ci karo da ijma’in masana tarihi da tarihin Larabci cewa zuriyar Khalid ta ƙare a farkon zamanin Musulunci. . Wata ila zuriyar mace ta tsira kuma shugaban addinin Sufi na ƙarni na 15 Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi na Homs ya yi iƙirarin. Kizil Ahmed Bey shugaban Isfendiyarids wanda ya mulki wata hukuma a yankin Anatoliya har zuwa lokacin da daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye ta, ya kirkiro daularsa ta asali daga Khalid. Kabilar Sur a karkashin Sher Shah, wani sarkin Indiya na karni na 16, su ma sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Khalid.

Legacy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana daukar Khalid "daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci" na Donner.[45] A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance "hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba".[46] Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”.[47] A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin "babban jarumin Musulunci" a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid "wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa",[48] Humphreys ya siffanta shi da "watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi].[49] Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.[50]

Mausoleum a cikin Homs

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid.[51] Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman.[52] Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin.[52] Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13.[51] Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266.[48] A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Hinds 1991, p. 138.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hinds 1991, pp. 137–138.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lammens 1993, p. 171.
  4. ↑ Hinds 1991, p. 137.
  5. ↑ Shaban 1971, pp. 23–24.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Landau-Tasseron 1998, pp. 202–203.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lecker 2004, p. 694.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Robinson 2000, p. 782.
  9. ↑ Umari 1991, pp. 53–54.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hill 1975, p. 37.
  11. ↑ Hill 1975, p. 39.
  12. ↑ Shaban 1971, p. 23.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Watt 1971, p. 539.
  14. ↑ Umari 1991, pp. 109–110.
  15. ↑ Umari 1991, p. 110.
  16. ↑ Lecker 1989, p. 27.
  17. ↑ Lecker 1989, p. 27, note 25.
  18. ↑ Umari 1991, p. 121.
  19. ↑ Kennedy 2007, p. 76.
  20. ↑ Crone 1978, p. 928.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Kaegi 1992, p. 72.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kennedy 2007, p. 71.
  23. ↑ Kaegi 1992, pp. 71–72.
  24. ↑ Umari 1991, p. 144.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Zetterstéen 1965, p. 235.
  26. ↑ Umari 1991, p. 158.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Umari 1991, pp. 172–173.
  28. ↑ Umari 1991, p. 172.
  29. ↑ Watt 1956, p. 70.
  30. ↑ Vaglieri 1965, p. 625.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Schleifer 1971, p. 223.
  32. ↑ Kister 2002, p. 44.
  33. ↑ Shaban 1971, p. 24.
  34. ↑ Watt 1960, p. 110.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Bosworth 1960, p. 1358.
  36. ↑ Landau-Tasseron 1991, p. 267.
  37. ↑ Kister 2002, p. 45.
  38. ↑ Kister 2002, pp. 22–23.
  39. ↑ Kister 2002, pp. 7–9, 28–29.
  40. ↑ Kister 2002, p. 23.
  41. ↑ Kister 2002, pp. 23–25.
  42. ↑ Kister 2002, p. 29.
  43. ↑ Kister 2002, pp. 46–47.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Kister 2002, p. 47.
  45. ↑ Donner 1981, p. 111.
  46. ↑ Kennedy 2007, p. 81.
  47. ↑ Kennedy 2007, pp. 75–76.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Hillenbrand 1999, p. 230.
  49. ↑ Humphreys 1990, p. 72, note 124.
  50. ↑ Mulder 2014, pp. 92–93.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Sirriya 1979, p. 116.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Blackburn 2005, p. 75, note 195.
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