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Tushen

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
root
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na plant organ (en) Fassara
Bangare na shuka, root system (en) Fassara da bishiya
Karatun ta rhizometry (en) Fassara
Tushen farko da na biyu a cikin shuka auduga

A cikin tsire-tsire na jijiyoyi, Tushen su ne gabobin tsire-shuke waɗanda aka gyara don samar da jingina ga tsire-tire da ɗaukar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin jikin tsire-nsire, wanda ke ba da damar tsire-zane su girma da sauri. Sau da yawa suna ƙasa da ƙasa, amma tushen na iya zama iska ko iska, wato, girma sama da ƙasa ko musamman sama da ruwa.[1]

Ayyuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban ayyukan tushen shine shan ruwa, abinci mai gina jiki na shuka da kuma rataye jikin shuka zuwa ƙasa.[2]

Yanayin jikin mutum[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankin giciye na tushen sha'ir

An raba yanayin tushen zuwa yankuna huɗu: murfin tushen, apical meristem, yankin elongation, da gashi. Tushen tushen sabbin tushen yana taimakawa tushen shiga cikin ƙasa. Wadannan murfin tushen suna raguwa yayin da tushen ya zurfafa samar da wuri mai laushi wanda ke samar da mai. Meristem na apical a bayan murfin tushen yana samar da sabbin ƙwayoyin tushen da ke tsawo. Sa'an nan kuma, gashin tushe yana samar da ruwa da ma'adanai masu gina jiki daga ƙasa.[3] tushe farko a cikin tsire-tsire masu samar da iri shine radicle, wanda ke fadada daga tayin shuka bayan tsirowar iri.

Lokacin da aka rarraba, tsari na sel a cikin tushen shine gashin tushe, epidermis, epiblem, cortex, endodermis, pericycle kuma, a ƙarshe, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi a tsakiyar tushen don jigilar ruwan da tushen ya sha zuwa wasu wurare na shuka.   [<span title="need diagram (March 2016)">clarification needed</span>]

Sashe na tsakiya na Ranunculus

Wataƙila mafi kyawun halayyar tushen da ke rarrabe su daga wasu gabobin shuke-shuke kamar rassan rassan da ganye shine cewa tushen suna da asalin endogenous, watau, sun samo asali kuma sun bunkasa daga wani layin ciki na mahaifiyar, kamar pericycle. Sabanin haka, rassan rassan da ganye suna waje, watau, sun fara tasowa daga cortex, wani nau'i na waje.

Dangane da maida hankali ga abubuwan gina jiki, tushen kuma suna hada cytokinin, wanda ke aiki a matsayin sigina game da yadda saurin tsiro zai iya girma. Tushen sau da yawa yana aiki a cikin adana abinci da abubuwan gina jiki. Tushen mafi yawan nau'ikan shuke-shuke na jijiyoyi sun shiga cikin symbiosis tare da wasu ƙwayoyin cutaƙwayoyin cuta mycorrhizae, da kuma manyan kwayoyin halitta ciki har da kwayoyin cuta suma suna da alaƙa da tushen.

Tushen bishiyoyi masu girma a saman ƙasa

Tsarin gine-ginen tushen (RSA)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen bishiyoyi a Cliffs na Neuse State ParkDutsen da ke cikin filin shakatawa na jihar Neuse

Ma'anar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

In its simplest form, the term root system architecture (RSA) refers to the spatial configuration of a plant's root system. This system can be extremely complex and is dependent upon multiple factors such as the species of the plant itself, the composition of the soil and the availability of nutrients.[4] Root architecture plays the important role of providing a secure supply of nutrients and water as well as anchorage and support.

Tsarin tsarin tushen yana aiki don tallafawa tsarin shuka, gasa tare da wasu shuke-shuke da kuma shan abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa.[5] Tushen yana girma zuwa takamaiman yanayi, wanda, idan ya canza, zai iya hana ci gaban shuka. Misali, tsarin tushen da ya bunkasa a cikin ƙasa mai bushe bazai iya zama mai inganci a cikin ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa ba, duk da haka tsire-tsire suna iya daidaitawa da wasu canje-canje a cikin muhalli, kamar canje-canjen yanayi.[5]

Kalmomi da abubuwan da aka haɗa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manyan kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba gine-ginen tsarin tushen sune:

Girman reshe Adadin hanyoyin haɗi (na waje ko na ciki)
Topology Tsarin reshe (Herringbone, Dichotomous, Radial)
Tsawon haɗin kai Tsakanin rassan
Hanyar tushe Hanyar radial na tushen gefe a kusa da kewayon tushen iyaye, kusurwar tushen gefe daga tushen iyayensa, da kusurwar duk tsarin yana yadawa.
Rediyo na haɗin kai Diamita na tushen

Dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin gine-ginen tushen ana tsara su ta hanyar hulɗa mai rikitarwa tsakanin martani na kwayoyin halitta da martani saboda motsawar muhalli. Wadannan abubuwan ci gaba suna rarraba su a matsayin intrinsic, tasirin kwayoyin halitta da abinci mai gina jiki, ko extrinsic, tasiri na muhalli kuma ana fassara su ta hanyar hanyoyin sigina.[6]

Abubuwan da ke shafar gine-ginen tushen sun haɗa da nauyi, hasken haske, ruwa da iskar oxygen, da kuma wadata ko rashin nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, aluminum da sodium chloride. Manyan hormones (tsinkaye na ciki) da hanyoyin da ke da alhakin ci gaban gine-ginen tushe sun haɗa da:

Auxin Tsarin tushen gefe, kula da rinjaye na apical da kuma tsarin tushen haɗari.
Cytokinins Cytokinins suna tsara girman tushen apical meristem kuma suna inganta tsawo na tushen gefe.
Ethylene Yana inganta tsarin tushen kambi.
Gibberellins Tare da ethylene, suna inganta ci gaban kambi da tsawo. Tare da auxin, suna inganta tsawo na tushen. Gibberellins kuma ya hana farawa na tushen gefe.

Girma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen bishiyoyi

Girman tushen farko yana daya daga cikin ayyukan apical meristem wanda ke kusa da ƙarshen tushen. Kwayoyin meristem sun ci gaba da rarraba, suna samar da ƙarin meristem, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta (waɗannan ana sadaukar da su don kare meristem), da ƙwayoyin tushen da ba a rarrabe su ba. Wannan na ƙarshe ya zama ƙwayoyin farko na tushen, na farko yana fuskantar elongation, tsari wanda ke tura tushen gaba a cikin matsakaici mai girma. A hankali waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna bambanta kuma suna girma cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman na tushen.

Girma daga meristems na apical an san shi da girma na farko, wanda ya ƙunshi duk tsawo.Ci gaban sakandare ya ƙunshi duk ci gaba a diamita, babban bangare na ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire masu katako da tsire-shire masu yawa. Misali, tushen ajiya na dankali mai zaki yana da girma na biyu amma ba katako ba ne. Girman sakandare yana faruwa a gefen meristems, wato vascular cambium da Cork cambium. Tsohon yana samar da xylem na biyu da phloem na biyu, yayin da na ƙarshe ya samar da periderm.

In plants with secondary growth, the vascular cambium, originating between the xylem and the phloem, forms a cylinder of tissue along the stem and root.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span>] The vascular cambium forms new cells on both the inside and outside of the cambium cylinder, with those on the inside forming secondary xylem cells, and those on the outside forming secondary phloem cells. As secondary xylem accumulates, the "girth" (lateral dimensions) of the stem and root increases. As a result, tissues beyond the secondary phloem including the epidermis and cortex, in many cases tend to be pushed outward and are eventually "sloughed off" (shed).[ana buƙatar hujja]

A wannan lokacin, cork cambium ya fara samar da periderm, wanda ya kunshi sel na cork masu kariya. Ganuwar sel na cork ya ƙunshi ƙuƙwalwar suberin, wanda shine ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa.[7] Ƙarƙashin suberin yana aiki ta hanyar samar da shingen jiki, kariya daga pathogens da kuma hana asarar ruwa daga kyallen da ke kewaye. Bugu da kari, yana kuma taimakawa wajen warkar da rauni a cikin tsire-tsire.[8] Har ila yau, an yi la'akari da cewa suberin na iya zama wani bangare na shingen apoplastic (wanda ke cikin sassan tantanin halitta na tushen) wanda ke hana mahaɗan guba shiga tushen kuma yana rage asarar iskar oxygen (ROL) daga aerenchyma yayin ruwa.[9] A cikin tushen, cork cambium ya samo asali ne a cikin pericycle, wani bangare na vascular cylinder.[9]

Vascular cambium yana samar da sabbin yadudduka na xylem na biyu a kowace shekara.  [ana buƙatar hujja]Jirgin xylem sun mutu a lokacin da suka girma (a wasu) amma suna da alhakin mafi yawan jigilar ruwa ta hanyar kwayar jijiyoyi a cikin tushe da tushen.

Tushen itace a Port Jackson

Tushen itace yawanci yana girma zuwa sau uku na diamita na reshe ya bazu, rabin su ne kawai ke ƙarƙashin kututture da rufin. Tushen daga gefe ɗaya na itace yawanci yana ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga ganye a gefe ɗaya. Wasu iyalai duk da haka, kamar Sapindaceae (gidan maple), ba su nuna alaƙa tsakanin wurin tushen da kuma inda tushen ke samar da abubuwan gina jiki a kan shuka ba.[10]

Tsarin mulki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai alaƙa da tushen ta amfani da tsarin fahimtar shuka don jin yanayin su na zahiri don girma, [11] gami da jin haske, da shingen jiki. Tsire-tsire kuma suna jin nauyi kuma suna amsawa ta hanyar hanyoyin auxin, wanda ke haifar da gravitropism.[12] A tsawon lokaci, tushen na iya fashe tushe, cire layin ruwa, da ɗaga tituna. Bincike ya nuna cewa tushen yana da ikon gane 'kai' da 'ba-kai' tushen a cikin ƙasa ɗaya.[13]

Halin da ya dace na iska, abubuwan gina jiki na ma'Abinci da ruwa suna jagorantar tushen shuke-shuke don girma a kowane bangare don biyan bukatun shuke-huke. Tushen zai ji kunya ko ragu daga bushe [14] ko wasu yanayin ƙasa mara kyau.

Gravitropism yana jagorantar tushen su girma ƙasa a lokacin tsiro, tsarin girma na tsire-tsire wanda kuma ke haifar da tsiro ya girma sama.[15]Ana kiyaye nau'ikan tushe daban-daban kamar na farko, na asali, na gefe da kambi a kusurwoyi daban-daban na gravitropic watau shugabancin da suke girma. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kusurwar tushe a cikin amfanin gona irin su sha'ir da alkama ana sarrafa su ta hanyar sabon kwayar halitta da ake kira Enhanced Gravitropism 1 (EGT1). [16]

Bincike ya nuna cewa tushen shuke-shuke da ke girma a cikin neman abinci mai gina jiki na iya jin da kuma guje wa tarwatsa ƙasa ta hanyar yaduwar iskar gas.[17]

Hoton haske na tushen gefe mai tasowa

Amsa game da guje wa inuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don kauce wa inuwa, tsire-tsire suna amfani da amsawar guje wa inuwa. Lokacin da shuka ke ƙarƙashin tsiro mai yawa, kasancewar wasu shuke-shuke da ke kusa zai sa shuka ta guje wa girma na gefe kuma ta sami karuwa a cikin tsiro sama, da kuma tsiro na tushen ƙasa. Don tserewa daga inuwa, tsire-tsire suna daidaita tsarin gine-ginen tushen su, musamman ta hanyar rage tsawon da adadin tushen gefe da ke fitowa daga tushen farko. Gwaje-gwaje na bambance-bambance na Arabidopsis thaliana sun gano cewa tsire-tsire suna jin launin Red zuwa Far Red wanda ke shiga cikin shuka ta hanyar photoreceptors da aka sani da phytochromes.[18] Shafuka na tsire-tsire da ke kusa za su sha jan haske kuma su nuna haske mai ja, wanda zai haifar da rabo ja zuwa haske mai ja zuwa ƙasa. Phytochrome PhyA wanda ke jin wannan Red zuwa Far Red haske rabo yana cikin tsarin tushen da kuma tsarin harbi na shuke-shuke, amma ta hanyar gwaji na maye gurbin knockout, an gano cewa tushen PhyA ba ya jin hasken rabo, ko kai tsaye ko axially, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin gine-ginen tushen gefe.[18] Bincike a maimakon haka ya gano cewa harbi na PhyA shine phytochrome wanda ke da alhakin haifar da waɗannan canje-canjen gine-gine na tushen gefe. Bincike ya kuma gano cewa phytochrome ya kammala waɗannan canje-canjen gine-gine ta hanyar sarrafa rarraba auxin a cikin tushen shuka.[18] Lokacin da PhyA ta fahimci ƙananan Red zuwa Far Red, phyA a cikin harbi zai kasance mafi yawa a cikin aikinsa.[19] A cikin wannan nau'in, PhyA yana daidaita ma'anar fassarar HY5 wanda ke sa ba a sake lalata shi ba kamar yadda yake lokacin da phyA ke cikin nau'in da ba ya aiki. Wannan daidaitaccen fasalin fassarar sa'an nan kuma ana iya jigilar shi zuwa tushen shuka ta hanyar phloem, inda yake ci gaba da haifar da nasa fassarar a matsayin hanyar fadada siginarsa. A cikin tushen shuka HY5 yana aiki don hana wani abu mai amsawa na auxin da aka sani da ARF19, wani abu mai mayar da martani da ke da alhakin fassarar PIN3 da LAX3, sanannun sunadarai masu jigilar auxin guda biyu.[19] Don haka, ta hanyar sarrafa ARF19, an hana matakin da aikin masu jigilar auxin PIN3 da LAX3.[19] Da zarar an hana shi, matakan auxin za su kasance ƙasa a wuraren da fitowar tushen gefe ke faruwa, wanda ke haifar da gazawar shuka don samun fitowar tushen farko ta hanyar tushen pericycle. Tare da wannan rikitarwa na jigilar Auxin a cikin tushen, za a hana fitowar tushen gefe a cikin tushen kuma tushen zai zama a maimakon haka ya shimfiɗa zuwa ƙasa, yana inganta ci gaban tsire-tsire a tsaye a ƙoƙarin kauce wa inuwa.[18][19]

Binciken Arabidopsis ya haifar da gano yadda wannan auxin ya yi aiki. A cikin ƙoƙari na gano rawar da phytochrome ke takawa a ci gaban tushen gefe, Salisbury et al. (2007) sun yi aiki tare da Arabidopsis thaliana da aka shuka a kan faranti na agar. Salisbury et al. sun yi amfani da nau'ikan tsire-tsire na daji tare da bambancin furotin knockout da kwayar halitta Arabidopsis mutants don lura da sakamakon da waɗannan maye gurbin suka samu a kan gine-ginen tushen, kasancewar furotin, da kuma bayyanar kwayar halitta. Don yin wannan, Salisbury et al. sun yi amfani da GFP fluorescence tare da wasu nau'ikan hotunan macro da microscopic don lura da duk wani canji daban-daban da ya haifar. Daga waɗannan binciken, Salisbury et al. sun sami damar yin la'akari da cewa harbe-harbe da ke cikin phytochromes suna canza matakan auxin a cikin tushen, sarrafa ci gaban tushen gefe da kuma gine-ginen tushen gaba ɗaya.[18] A cikin gwaje-gwajen van Gelderen et al. (2018), suna so su ga idan kuma yadda harbi na A. thaliana  ya canza kuma ya shafi ci gaban tushe da gine-ginen tushe. Don yin wannan, sun ɗauki tsire-tsire na Arabidopsis, suka girma su a cikin gel na agar, kuma suka fallasa tushen da tsire-shire don raba tushen haske. Daga nan, sun canza nau'ikan haske daban-daban da harbi da tushen tsire-tsire ke karɓa kuma sun rubuta yawan tushen gefe, adadin tushen gefe, da kuma gine-ginen gine-gyen gefe. Don gano aikin takamaiman photoreceptors, sunadarai, kwayoyin halitta, da hormones, sun yi amfani da nau'ikan maye gurbin Arabidopsis knockout daban-daban kuma sun lura da canje-canje da suka haifar a cikin gine-ginen tushen gefe. Ta hanyar abubuwan da suka lura da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban, van Gelderen et al. sun sami damar haɓaka hanyar da za a gano tushen Red zuwa Far-red haske ratios canza ci gaban tushen gefe.[19]

Nau'o'in[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin tushen gaskiya ya ƙunshi tushen farko da tushen na biyu (ko Tushen gefe).

  • tsarin tushen rarraba: tushen farko ba ya rinjaye; duk tsarin tushen yana da fibrous da rassa a kowane bangare. Mafi yawanci a cikin monocots. Babban aikin tushen fibrous shine kafa shuka.

Musamman[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen shuka na masara
Microscope image of a ross section of a pearl millet root, a circular fluorescent blue root containing a bright blue inner region (stele) with several smaller lateral roots emerging
Sashe na giciye na tushen kambi mai haɗari na millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Tushen da ke tasowa a sama da ƙasa a kan yankan Odontonema ("Firespike")
Tushen mangrove mai iska
Yankin da ke girma na tushe mai kyau
Tushen iska
Tushen stilt na Socratea exorrhiza
Tushen da ake gani

Tushen, ko ɓangarorin tushen, na nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa sun zama na musamman don yin amfani da dalilai na daidaitawa ban da ayyuka biyu na farko [bayyanawa da ake buƙata], wanda aka bayyana a cikin gabatarwa. 

  • Tushen haɗari ya fito ne daga jerin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da tushen rassan tushen farko, kuma a maimakon haka ya samo asali ne daga tushe, rassa, ganye, ko tsoffin tushen katako. Sau da yawa suna faruwa a cikin monocots da pteridophytes, amma kuma a cikin diocts da yawa, kamar clover (Trifolium), ivy (Hedera), strawberry (Fragaria) da willow (Salix). Yawancin tushen iska da tushen stilt suna da haɗari. A wasu conifers tushen haɗari na iya zama mafi girman ɓangaren tsarin tushen. Ana inganta tushen tushen haɗari a cikin nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa yayin (ƙananan) nutsewa, don ƙara musayar gas da adana iskar gas kamar iskar oxygen.[20] Za'a iya rarraba nau'ikan tushen haɗari daban-daban kuma sun dogara da yanayin halitta, haɓakar girma da aiki.[21][22]
  • Tushen iska (ko Tushen gwiwa ko gwiwa ko pneumatophores): tushen da ke tashi sama da ƙasa, musamman sama da ruwa kamar a wasu nau'ikan mangrove (Avicennia, Sonneratia). A wasu tsire-tsire kamar Avicennia tushen tsaye yana da adadi mai yawa na numfashi don musayar iskar gas.
  • Tushen iska: Tushen sama ɗaya sama da ƙasa, kamar a cikin ivy (Hedera) ko a cikin epiphytic orchid. Ana amfani da tushen iska da yawa don karɓar ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki kai tsaye daga iska - daga hazo, raɓa ko danshi a cikin iska.[23] Wasu sun dogara da tsarin ganye don tattara ruwan sama ko danshi har ma da adana shi a cikin sikelin ko aljihu. Sauran tushen iska, kamar tushen mangrove na sama, ana amfani da su don iska kuma ba don shan ruwa ba. Ana amfani da wasu tushen iska galibi don tsari, suna aiki a matsayin tushen tallafi, kamar a cikin masara ko tushen anka ko a matsayin akwati a cikin ɓaure mai ƙuntata. A wasu Epiphytes - tsire-tsire da ke zaune sama da farfajiyar a kan wasu tsire-shuke, tushen iska yana aiki don isa ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko isa farfajilar, sannan kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na yau da kullun.[23]
  • Tushen Canopy / tushen bishiyoyi: tushen da ke samuwa lokacin da rassan bishiyoyi ke tallafawa mats na epiphytes da detritus, wanda ke riƙe da ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin canopy. Suna girma a cikin waɗannan mats, mai yiwuwa su yi amfani da abubuwan gina jiki da danshi.[24]
  • Tushen kwangila: tushen da ke jan kwararan fitila ko corms na monocots, kamar hyacinth da lily, da wasu tushe, kamar Dandelion, zurfi a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar fadada radially da kwangila longitudinally. Suna da shimfiɗa.[25]
  • Tushen da ba shi da kyau: Tushen waɗanda suka sami karuwa kuma suna da tsarin katako. Wadannan tushen suna da wasu damar shan ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki, amma babban aikin su shine sufuri da samar da tsari don haɗa ƙaramin diamita, tushen kyau ga sauran shuka.
  • Tsarin tushen dimorphic: tushen da ke da siffofi biyu na musamman don ayyuka biyu daban-daban
  • Tushen kirki: yawanci tushen farko <2 mm diamita wanda ke da aikin ruwa da sinadarin abinci.  Sau da yawa suna da rassa sosai kuma suna tallafawa mycorrhizas. Wadannan tushen na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma an maye gurbinsu da shuka a cikin tsari mai gudana na tushen 'canji'.
  • Tushen Haustorial: tushen tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke waɗanda zasu iya shan ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki daga wani shuka, kamar a cikin mistletoe (Viscum album) da dodder.
  • Tushen yadawa: tushen da ke samar da buds masu haɗari waɗanda ke tasowa zuwa tsiro na sama, waɗanda ake kira suckers, waɗanda ke samar da sabbin tsire-tsire, kamar a Kanada thistle, cherry da sauransu da yawa.
  • Tushen Proteoid ko tushen rukuni: tarin tarin rootlets na iyakanceccen girma wanda ke tasowa a ƙarƙashin yanayin low phosphate ko low iron a cikin Proteaceae da wasu tsire-tsire daga iyalai masu zuwa Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Moraceae, Fabaceae da Myricaceae.
  • Tushen Stilt: tushen tallafi mai haɗari, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mangroves. Suna girma daga rassan gefe, suna rassa a cikin ƙasa.
  • Tushen ajiya: tushen da aka gyara don adana abinci ko ruwa, kamar karoshi da beets. Sun hada da wasu tushe da tushen tuberous.
  • Tushen tsari: manyan tushen da suka sha wahala sosai kuma suna ba da tallafin inji ga tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi masu katako.
  • Tushen ƙasa: tushen da ke ƙaruwa kusa da ƙasa, yana amfani da ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki masu sauƙi. Inda yanayin ke kusa da mafi kyau a cikin shimfidar ƙasa, ana ƙarfafa ci gaban tushen ƙasa kuma galibi suna zama tushen da ya fi dacewa.
  • Tushen Tuberous: nama da kuma fadada tushen gefe don abinci ko ajiyar ruwa, misali dankali mai zaki. Wani nau'in tushen ajiya wanda ya bambanta da tushe.
  • Tushen photosynthetic: tushen da ke da kore da photosynthesize, yana ba da sukari ga shuka. Suna kama da phylloclades. Yawancin orchid suna da waɗannan, kamar su Dendrophylax da Taeniophyllum .
  • <b id="mwAa4">Tushen ƙwayoyin</b> cuta: tushen da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin nitrogen na ƙasa. Wadannan galibi gajere ne kuma suna da zagaye. Ana samun ƙwayoyin tushe a kusan dukkanin kayan lambu.
  • Tushen Coralloid: kama da tushen nodules, waɗannan suna samar da nitrogen ga shuka. Sau da yawa suna da girma fiye da nodules, reshe, kuma suna a ko kusa da ƙasa, da kuma tashar nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Ana samun su ne kawai a cikin cycads.
Sashe na giciye na itacen mango

Rarraba tushen tsire-tsire na vascular a cikin ƙasa ya dogara da nau'in tsire-shuke, sararin samaniya da na lokaci na ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki, da kuma kaddarorin jiki na ƙasa. Tushen da ya fi zurfi ana samun su a cikin hamada da gandun daji masu tsayi; mafi zurfi a cikin tundra, gandun daji da kuma wuraren ciyawa masu tsayi. An lura da tushen rayuwa mafi zurfi, akalla 60 metres (200 ft) a ƙasa, yayin tono wani rami mai budewa a Arizona, Amurka. Wasu tushen zasu iya girma kamar yadda itacen yake da tsawo. Yawancin tushen a kan mafi yawan tsire-tsire duk da haka ana samun su kusa da farfajiya inda wadatar abinci mai gina jiki da iska suka fi dacewa da girma. Za'a iya ƙuntata zurfin tushen ta hanyar dutse ko ƙasa mai ƙuntataccen ƙasa kusa da farfajiya, ko kuma ta yanayin ƙasa na anaerobic.

Rubuce-rubuce[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Itacen Ficus tare da Tushen buttress
Nau'o'in Wurin da yake Matsakaicin zurfin tushe (m) Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su [26][27]
Boscia albitrunca Hamada ta Kalahari 68 Jennings (1974)
Juniperus monosperma Filayen Colorado 61 Cannon (1960)
Eucalyptus sp. Dajin Australiya 61 Jennings (1971)
Acacia erioloba Hamada ta Kalahari 60 Jennings (1974)
Prosopis juliflora Yankin hamada na Arizona 53.3 Phillips (1963)

Tarihin juyin halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rubuce-rubucen burbushin tushe - ko kuma, sun shiga cikin ramuka inda tushen ya ruɓe bayan mutuwa - ya koma zuwa marigayi Silurian, kimanin shekaru miliyan 430 da suka gabata.  Bayyana su yana da wahala, saboda gyare-gyare da siffofin tushen suna da kama da burrows na dabba. Ana iya nuna musu wariya ta amfani da siffofi da yawa.[28] Ci gaban juyin halitta na tushen mai yiwuwa ya faru ne daga gyare-gyaren rhizomes masu zurfi (tsuntsaye masu juyawa) wanda ya rataye tsire-tsire na asali tare da ci gaban tsire-tire masu tsayi (wanda ake kira Rhizoids) wanda ya kafa tsire-shuke kuma ya gudanar da ruwa zuwa shuka daga ƙasa.

Ma'amala da muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen Coralloid na Cycas revolutaCycas masu tayar da kayar baya

An nuna cewa haske yana da tasiri a kan tushen, amma ba a yi nazari sosai kamar tasirin haske a kan wasu tsarin shuke-shuke ba. Bincike na farko a cikin shekarun 1930 ya gano cewa haske ya rage tasirin Indole-3-acetic acid a kan farawa mai haɗari. Nazarin wake a cikin shekarun 1950 ya nuna cewa haske ya hana samar da tushen gefe, kuma a farkon shekarun 1960 masu bincike sun gano cewa haske na iya haifar da martani mai kyau a wasu yanayi. An yi nazarin tasirin haske a kan tsawo na tushen don tsire-tsire masu tsayi da tsire-shire masu tsire-tire, tare da yawancin binciken da suka gano cewa haske ya hana tsawo na tushe, ko an buga ko ci gaba. Labarin Arabidopsis a cikin shekarun 1990s ya nuna mummunan phototropism da hana tsawo na gashin tushe a cikin haske da phyB ya ji.[29]

Wasu tsire-tsire, wato Fabaceae, suna samar da tushe tushe don haɗuwa da kuma samar da dangantaka ta symbiotic tare da kwayoyin nitrogen da ake kira Rhizobia. Saboda babban makamashi da ake buƙata don gyara nitrogen daga yanayi, ƙwayoyin cuta suna ɗaukar mahaɗan carbon daga shuka don ciyar da aikin. A sakamakon haka, shuka tana ɗaukar mahaɗan nitrogen da aka samar daga ammoniya ta ƙwayoyin cuta.

Yanayin zafin ƙasa wani abu ne wanda ke tasiri ga farawa da tsayi. Tsawon tushen yawanci yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar zafin jiki fiye da yawanci, inda yanayin sanyi ke haifar da ci gaban gefe saboda tsawo zuwa ƙasa yana iyakance ta yanayin sanyi a matakan ƙasa. Bukatu sun bambanta da nau'ikan shuke-shuke, amma a yankuna masu sanyi yanayin sanyi na iya iyakance tsarin tushen. Nau'o'in zafin jiki kamar oats, rapeseed, Rye, alkama suna da kyau a cikin yanayin zafi fiye da na shekara-shekara kamar masara da auduga. Masu bincike sun gano cewa tsire-tsire kamar auduga suna bunkasa tushen tushe mai faɗi da gajeren lokaci a yanayin sanyi. Tushen farko wanda ya samo asali daga iri yawanci yana da diamita mai faɗi fiye da rassan tushen, don haka ana sa ran ƙananan diamita na tushen idan yanayin zafi ya kara farawa na tushen. Har ila yau, diamita na tushen yana raguwa lokacin da tushen ya yi tsawo.

Hadin gwiwar shuke-shuke[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Plants can interact with one another in their environment through their root systems. Studies have demonstrated that plant-plant interaction occurs among root systems via the soil as a medium. Researchers have tested whether plants growing in ambient conditions would change their behavior if a nearby plant was exposed to drought conditions. Since nearby plants showed no changes in stomatal aperture researchers believe the drought signal spread through the roots and soil, not through the air as a volatile chemical signal.[30]

Ma'amala da ƙasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Microbiota na ƙasa na iya hana duka cututtuka da kuma tushen symbionts masu amfani (mycorrhizal fungi suna da sauƙin kafawa a cikin ƙasa mara kyau). Intulation tare da kwayoyin cuta na ƙasa na iya ƙara fadada internode, amfanin gona da hanzarta fure. Gudun ƙwayoyin cuta tare da tushen ya bambanta da yanayin ƙasa na halitta. Misali, bincike ya gano cewa tsarin tushen tsaba na alkama da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi da AzotobacterAzotobacter jama'a a cikin ƙasa da ke da kyau ga ci gaban Azotobactor. Wasu binciken sun kasa samun nasara wajen kara matakan wasu ƙwayoyin cuta (kamar P. fluorescens<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAjA"> </span>) a cikin ƙasa ta halitta ba tare da haihuwa ba.[31]

Tsarin tushen ciyawa yana da fa'ida wajen rage Rushewar ƙasa ta hanyar riƙe ƙasa tare. Ciyawa masu tsayi waɗanda ke girma a cikin daji suna ba da gudummawa ga kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa lokacin da tsoffin tushen su suka lalace bayan hare-haren da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani, protozoa, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, kwari da tsutsotsi ke fitar da abubuwan gina jiki.[3]

Scientists have observed significant diversity of the microbial cover of roots at around 10 percent of three week old root segments covered. On younger roots there was even low coverage, but even on 3-month-old roots the coverage was only around 37%. Before the 1970s, scientists believed that the majority of the root surface was covered by microorganisms.[3]

Abinci mai gina jiki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu bincike da ke nazarin tsiro na masara sun gano cewa sinadarin calcium ya fi girma a cikin ɓangaren tushen apical, da potassium a gindin tushen. Tare da sauran sassan tushen shawo kan iri ɗaya ne. Ana jigilar potassium da aka sha zuwa ƙarshen tushen, kuma zuwa ƙarami wasu ɓangarorin tushen, sannan kuma zuwa harbi da hatsi. Sufurin calcium daga ɓangaren apical yana da jinkiri, galibi ana jigilar shi sama kuma an tara shi a cikin tushe da harbi.

Researchers found that partial deficiencies of K or P did not change the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline in Brassica napus L. plants. Calcium deficiency did, on the other hand, lead to a marked decline of polyunsaturated compounds that would be expected to have negative impacts for integrity of the plant membrane, that could effect some properties like its permeability, and is needed for the ion uptake activity of the root membranes.

Muhimmancin tattalin arziki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen kuma na iya kare muhalli ta hanyar riƙe ƙasa don rage lalacewar ƙasa.
Tushen da ƙwayoyin cuta wasu daga cikin amfanin gona da aka fi girbewa a duniya.

Kalmar amfanin gona na tushen tana nufin kowane tsarin shuka mai cin abinci a karkashin kasa, amma amfanin gona da yawa a zahiri rassan ne, kamar tubers na dankali. Tushen da za a iya ci sun haɗa da cassava, dankali mai zaki, beet, carrot, rutabaga, turnip, parsnip, radish, yam da horseradish. Abubuwan da aka samo daga tushen sun haɗa da sassafras, angelica, sarsaparilla da licorice.

Shukari shine muhimmin tushen sukari. Tushen Yam shine tushen mahaɗan Estrogen da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Magungunan hana haihuwa. Ana samun guba na kifi da maganin kwari na rotenone daga tushen Lonchocarpus spp. Muhimman magunguna daga tushen sune ginseng, aconite, ipecac, Gentiya da reserpine. Ana amfani da legumes da yawa waɗanda ke da nitrogen-fixing root nodules a matsayin green manure crops, wanda ke samar da nitrogen taki ga wasu amfanin gona lokacin da aka noma a ƙarƙashin. Ana sayar da tushen cypress na musamman, wanda ake kira gwiwoyi, a matsayin abin tunawa, tushen fitila kuma an sassaka su cikin fasahar gargajiya. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da tushen fararen spruce don kwando.

Tushen bishiyoyi na iya ɗagawa da lalata titunan kankare da kuma murkushewa ko toshe bututu da aka binne. Tushen iska na ɓaure mai maƙurewa ya lalata tsoffin temples na Maya a Amurka ta tsakiya da haikalin Angkor Wat a Kambodiya.

Bishiyoyi suna daidaita ƙasa a kan gangaren da ke fuskantar rushewar ƙasa. Tushen gashi yana aiki a matsayin anka a ƙasa.

Yaduwar shuke-shuke ta hanyar yanka ya dogara da samar da tushen. Ana yadu da daruruwan miliyoyin tsire-tsire ta hanyar yankan a kowace shekara ciki har da chrysanthemum, poinsettia, carnation, shrubs masu ban sha'awa da tsire-shire masu yawa.

Tushen kuma na iya kare muhalli ta hanyar riƙe ƙasa don rage lalacewar ƙasa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a yankuna kamar dunes na yashi.

Tushen a kan kwararan albasa

Dubi kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Absorption of water
  • Cypress knee
  • Drought rhizogenesis
  • Fibrous root system
  • Mycorrhiza – root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant.
  • Mycorrhizal network
  • Plant physiology
  • Rhizosphere – region of soil around the root influenced by root secretions and microorganisms present
  • Root cutting
  • Rooting powder
  • Stolon
  • Tanada effect
  • Taproot

manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Nguyen, Linh Thuy My; Hoang, Hanh Thi; Choi, Eunho; Park, Pil Sun (2023-07-05). "Distribution of mangroves with different aerial root morphologies at accretion and erosion sites in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 287: 108324. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108324. ISSN 0272-7714.
  2. ↑ "Plant parts=Roots". University of Illinois Extension.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Backyard Gardener: Understanding Plant Roots". University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "arizona" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Malamy JE (2005). "Intrinsic and environmental response pathways that regulate root system architecture". Plant, Cell & Environment. 28 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01306.x. PMID 16021787.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Caldwell MM, Dawson TE, Richards JH (January 1998). "Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants". Oecologia. 113 (2): 151–161. Bibcode:1998Oecol.113..151C. doi:10.1007/s004420050363. PMID 28308192. S2CID 24181646.
  6. ↑ Malamy JE, Ryan KS (November 2001). "Environmental regulation of lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 127 (3): 899–909. doi:10.1104/pp.010406. PMC 129261. PMID 11706172.
  7. ↑ "Suberin – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
  8. ↑ "Suberin Form & Function – Mark Bernards – Western University". www.uwo.ca. Retrieved 2021-08-31.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Watanabe, Kohtaro; Nishiuchi, Shunsaku; Kulichikhin, Konstantin; Nakazono, Mikio (2013). "Does suberin accumulation in plant roots contribute to waterlogging tolerance?". Frontiers in Plant Science (in English). 4: 178. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00178. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 3683634. PMID 23785371.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ↑ van den Driessche, R. (1974-07-01). "Prediction of mineral nutrient status of trees by foliar analysis". The Botanical Review (in Turanci). 40 (3): 347–394. Bibcode:1974BotRv..40..347V. doi:10.1007/BF02860066. ISSN 1874-9372. S2CID 29919924 – via Springer.
  11. ↑ Nakagawa Y, Katagiri T, Shinozaki K, Qi Z, Tatsumi H, Furuichi T, et al. (February 2007). "Arabidopsis plasma membrane protein crucial for Ca2+ influx and touch sensing in roots". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (9): 3639–44. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.3639N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607703104. PMC 1802001. PMID 17360695.
  12. ↑ Marchant A, Kargul J, May ST, Muller P, Delbarre A, Perrot-Rechenmann C, Bennett MJ (April 1999). "AUX1 regulates root gravitropism in Arabidopsis by facilitating auxin uptake within root apical tissues". The EMBO Journal. 18 (8): 2066–73. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.8.2066. PMC 1171291. PMID 10205161.
  13. ↑ Hodge A (June 2009). "Root decisions". Plant, Cell & Environment. 32 (6): 628–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01891.x. PMID 18811732.
  14. ↑ Carminati A, Vetterlein D, Weller U, Vogel H, Oswald SE (2009). "When roots lose contact". Vadose Zone Journal. 8 (3): 805–809. Bibcode:2009VZJ.....8..805C. doi:10.2136/vzj2008.0147. S2CID 128600212.
  15. ↑ Chen R, Rosen E, Masson PH (June 1999). "Gravitropism in higher plants". Plant Physiology. 120 (2): 343–50. doi:10.1104/pp.120.2.343. PMC 1539215. PMID 11541950.
  16. ↑ Fusi, Riccardo; Rosignoli, Serena; Lou, Haoyu; Sangiorgi, Giuseppe; Bovina, Riccardo; Pattem, Jacob K.; Borkar, Aditi N.; Lombardi, Marco; Forestan, Cristian; Milner, Sara G.; Davis, Jayne L.; Lale, Aneesh; Kirschner, Gwendolyn K.; Swarup, Ranjan; Tassinari, Alberto (2 August 2022). "Root angle is controlled by EGT1 in cereal crops employing an antigravitropic mechanism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (31): e2201350119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11901350F. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201350119. PMC 9351459 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35881796 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 251104211 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Pandey, Bipin K.; Huang, Guoqiang; Bhosale, Rahul; Hartman, Sjon; Sturrock, Craig J.; Jose, Lottie; Martin, Olivier C.; Karady, Michal; Voesenek, Laurentius A. C. J.; Ljung, Karin; Lynch, Jonathan P. (2021-01-15). "Plant roots sense soil compaction through restricted ethylene diffusion". Science (in Turanci). 371 (6526): 276–280. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..276P. doi:10.1126/science.abf3013. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33446554. S2CID 231606782 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Salisbury FJ, Hall A, Grierson CS, Halliday KJ (May 2007). "Phytochrome coordinates Arabidopsis shoot and root development". The Plant Journal. 50 (3): 429–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03059.x. PMID 17419844. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 van Gelderen K, Kang C, Paalman R, Keuskamp D, Hayes S, Pierik R (January 2018). "Far-Red Light Detection in the Shoot Regulates Lateral Root Development through the HY5 Transcription Factor". The Plant Cell. 30 (1): 101–116. doi:10.1105/tpc.17.00771. PMC 5810572. PMID 29321188. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ Ayi, Qiaoli; Zeng, Bo; Liu, Jianhui; Li, Siqi; van Bodegom, Peter M.; Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. (October 2016). "Oxygen absorption by adventitious roots promotes the survival of completely submerged terrestrial plants". Annals of Botany. 118 (4): 675–683. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw051. PMC 5055620. PMID 27063366.
  21. ↑ Lin, Chen; Ogorek, Lucas León Peralta; Liu, Dan; Pedersen, Ole; Sauter, Margret (11 January 2023). "A quantitative trait locus conferring flood tolerance to deepwater rice regulates the formation of two distinct types of aquatic adventitious roots". New Phytologist. 238 (4): 1403–1419. doi:10.1111/nph.18678. PMID 36519256 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 254769152 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Maric, Aida; Hartman, Sjon (11 March 2023). "The leaf sheath promotes prolonged flooding protection by giving rise to specialized adventitious roots". New Phytologist. 238 (4): 1337–1339. doi:10.1111/nph.18824. PMID 36905344 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 257438007 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Nowak EJ, Martin CE (1997). "Physiological and anatomical responses to water deficits in the CAM epiphyte Tillandsia ionantha (Bromeliaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 158 (6): 818–826. doi:10.1086/297495. JSTOR 2475361. S2CID 85888916. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  24. ↑ Nadkarni NM (November 1981). "Canopy roots: convergent evolution in rainforest nutrient cycles". Science. 214 (4524): 1023–4. Bibcode:1981Sci...214.1023N. doi:10.1126/science.214.4524.1023. PMID 17808667. S2CID 778003.
  25. ↑ vanc. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ Canadell J, Jackson RB, Ehleringer JB, Mooney HA, Sala OE, Schulze ED (December 1996). "Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale". Oecologia. 108 (4): 583–595. Bibcode:1996Oecol.108..583C. doi:10.1007/BF00329030. PMID 28307789. S2CID 2092130.
  27. ↑ Stonea EL, Kaliszb PJ (1 December 1991). "On the maximum extent of tree roots". Forest Ecology and Management. 46 (1–2): 59–102. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(91)90245-Q.
  28. ↑ Hillier R, Edwards D, Morrissey LB (2008). "Sedimentological evidence for rooting structures in the Early Devonian Anglo–Welsh Basin (UK), with speculation on their producers". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 270 (3–4): 366–380. Bibcode:2008PPP...270..366H. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.038.
  29. ↑ Kurata, Tetsuya (1997). "Light-stimulated root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana". Journal of Plant Physiology. 151 (3): 345–351. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(97)80263-5. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  30. ↑ Falik O, Mordoch Y, Ben-Natan D, Vanunu M, Goldstein O, Novoplansky A (July 2012). "Plant responsiveness to root-root communication of stress cues". Annals of Botany. 110 (2): 271–80. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs045. PMC 3394639. PMID 22408186.
  31. ↑ Bowen GD, Rovira AD (1976). "Microbial Colonization of Plant Roots". Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 14: 121–144. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.14.090176.001005.

Ƙarin karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tushen&oldid=459553"