'yankin na motsi, haƙƙin motsi, ko haƙƙin tafiya ra'ayi ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya haɗa da haƙƙin mutane su yi tafiya daga wuri zuwa wuri a cikin ƙasar, [1] da kuma barin ƙasar kuma su koma gare ta. Hakkin ya haɗa da ba kawai ziyartar wurare ba, amma canza wurin da mutum yake zaune ko aiki.[1][2]
Ana ba da irin wannan haƙƙin a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohin da yawa, da kuma a cikin takardu da ke nuna ka'idojin dokar kasa da kasa. Misali, Mataki na 13 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya tabbatar da cewa:
"Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin motsi da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha. "
"Kowane mutum yana da damar barin kowace ƙasa, gami da nasa, da kuma komawa ƙasarsa. "[3]
n b Wasu mutane da kungiyoyi suna ba da shawarar fadada 'yancin motsi don haɗawa da' yancin motsi - ko ƙaura - tsakanin ƙasashe da kuma cikin ƙasashe.[4][5] An ƙuntata 'yancin motsi ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta gwamnatoci daban-daban kuma yana iya bambanta a cikin yankin ƙasa ɗaya.[1] Irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa galibi sun dogara ne akan lafiyar jama'a, tsari, ko hujjojin aminci kuma suna nuna cewa haƙƙin waɗannan sharuɗɗa ya fi ƙarfin ra'ayin 'yancin motsi.[6]
A wasu yankuna, tambayoyi sun taso game da yadda mai mallakar ƙasa mai zaman kansa zai iya ware wasu mutane daga ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don dalilai na jama'a, kamar kantin sayar da kayayyaki ko wurin shakatawa. Har ila yau, akwai dokar doka cewa mai mallakar da dukiyarsa ba ta da damar jama'a za a iya ba da izini don ƙetare ƙasar masu zaman kansu idan ya cancanta don isa ga dukiyarsa. Sabanin haka, dokokin damuwa na jama'a sun hana amfani da titunan jama'a da aka tsara don zirga-zirgar jama'a daga amfani da su don jam'iyyun toshewa da kuma buga wasan kwando.
Iyaye ko wasu masu kula da shari'a yawanci suna iya ƙuntata ƙungiyoyin ƙananan yara a ƙarƙashin kulawarsu, da kuma wasu manya waɗanda aka ɗauka ba su da ikon sarrafa ƙungiyarsu. Ma'aikata na iya saita wasu ƙuntatawa bisa doka akan motsi na ma'aikata, da kuma dakatar da aiki idan an karya waɗannan ƙuntatawa.
Gwamnatoci na iya ƙuntata 'yancin motsi na mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifuka, mafi mahimmanci a cikin yanayin ɗaurin kurkuku. Hakanan ana iya sanya ƙuntatawa ga masu aikata laifuka da aka yanke musu hukunci waɗanda ke kan gwaji ko kuma an sake su a kan parole. Mutanen da aka tuhume su da laifuka kuma an sake su a kan beli na iya hana su tafiya. Hakanan ana iya hana mai shaida damar yin tafiya.
Kodayake ana ba da izinin tafiya zuwa da dawowa daga ƙasashe gabaɗaya (tare da wasu ƙuntatawa), yawancin gwamnatoci suna ƙuntata tsawon lokacin da baƙi na wucin gadi zasu iya zama a cikin ƙasar. Wannan na iya dogara da ƙasar zama ɗan ƙasa da ƙasar da aka yi tafiya zuwa tsakanin sauran dalilai. A wasu lokuta (kamar na 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin rauni na jiki nan da nan yayin da suka dawo ƙasarsu ko waɗanda ke neman mafaka), ana iya ba da izinin zama mara iyaka a kan dalilai na jin kai, amma a mafi yawan lokuta, zama gabaɗaya yana da iyaka. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun banbanci ga wannan shine motsi na 'yanci na mutane a cikin Tarayyar Turai, inda' yan ƙasa na kowace ƙasa a cikin Tarayya da EFTA gabaɗaya suna jin daɗin zama mara iyaka a wasu ƙasashen EU / EFTA.
Bugu da ƙari, an sanya ƙuntatawa kan haƙƙin sake komawa ko zama a wasu yankuna na ƙasa a ƙasashe da yawa, mafi mahimmanci China.[7]
A cikin jayayya game da Kula da yara, kotun na iya sanya ƙuntatawa kan motsi na ƙaramin yaro, don haka ta ƙuntata ikon iyayen wannan yaro suyi tafiya tare da ɗansu.
Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta nemi matafiya da suka isa Filin jirgin saman London Stansted kada su lalata takardun tafiyarsu, don su iya yanke hukunci game da cancantar su shiga kasar
The Visa Restrictions Index ranks countries based on the number of other countries its citizens are free to enter without visa. Most countries in the world require visas or some other form of entrance permit for non-citizens to enter their territory.[8] Those who enter countries in defiance of regulations requiring such documentation are often subject to imprisonment or deportation.[5]
Yawancin ƙasashe suna buƙatar 'yan ƙasarsu su bar ƙasar a kan fasfo mai inganci, takardar tafiye-tafiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta bayar ko, a wasu lokuta, takardar shaida. Yanayin bayarwa da ikon gwamnatoci na hana bayar da fasfo sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.
A wasu yanayi, kasashe na iya bayar da takardun tafiye-tafiye (kamar laissez-passer) ga baƙi, wato, ga mutane ban da 'yan ƙasarsu.
Samun fasfo da aka bayar ba ya tabbatar da haƙƙin fita daga ƙasar. Ana iya hana mutum fita daga ƙasa a kan dalilai da yawa, kamar kasancewa a karkashin bincike a matsayin wanda ake zargi, yin hukunci mai laifi, kasancewa mai bashi a cikin kuskure, ko kuma haifar da barazana ga tsaron ƙasa.[9] Wannan ya shafi baƙi.
A wasu ƙasashe haramta barin na iya ɗaukar nau'in soke fasfo da aka bayar a baya. Misali, Amurka na iya soke fasfo a son rai.[10]
Wasu ƙasashe, kamar tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, sun ci gaba da buƙatar cewa 'yan ƙasarsu, kuma wani lokacin matafiya na ƙasashen waje, su sami biza ta fita don a ba su izinin barin ƙasar.
A halin yanzu, wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar 'yan kasashen waje su sami takardar izini mai inganci idan sun bar ƙasar idan suna buƙatar ɗaya don shiga. Misali, mutumin da ya wuce biza a Jamhuriyar Czech na iya buƙatar samun biza ta fita. A Rasha, rashin jin daɗi ya ci gaba kamar yadda dokar da ke wurin ba ta amince da izinin zama a matsayin takaddun shaida; don haka, 'yan kasashen waje da ke zaune a Rasha suna buƙatar samun takaddun "fitarwa" don yin tafiya zuwa kasashen waje. Wannan, musamman, yana shafar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje, waɗanda biza ta shigarwa ta asali ta ƙare lokacin da suka dawo gida.
Ana buƙatar 'yan ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin waɗanda ke zaune a yankin su nemi izinin fita da shigarwa don shiga yankuna na musamman na Hong Kong da Macau (kuma mazaunan SAR suna buƙatar izinin dawowa gida don ziyartar yankin). Tun daga shekara ta 2016, an bukaci mazauna yankin Xinjiang Uyghur da ke da ikon mallakar su ajiye fasfo tare da 'yan sanda. Kowane tafiya zuwa kasashen waje dole ne gwamnati ta amince da shi, wanda ya fi wuya ga membobin kabilun Uighur.
Saudi Arabia da Qatar suna buƙatar duk mazauna baƙi, amma ba 'yan ƙasa ba, don samun biza ta fita kafin su bar ƙasar.
Lokacin da Augustus ya kafa Daular Romawa a cikin 27 BC, ya ɗauki ikon mulkin mallaka a kan sabon lardin Roma na Masar kuma ya sami damar hana sanatoci tafiya a can ba tare da izininsa ba. Koyaya, Augustus zai kuma ba da ƙarin 'yanci don tafiya a wasu lokuta. A lokacin yunwa a cikin 6 AD, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sauƙaƙa damuwa kan wadatar abinci ta hanyar ba sanatoci 'yancin barin Roma da tafiya zuwa duk inda suke so.[11]
A Ingila, a cikin 1215, an ba da haƙƙin tafiya a cikin Mataki na 42 na Magna Carta:
Zai zama doka ga kowane mutum, don nan gaba, ya fita daga mulkinmu, kuma ya dawo, lafiya da aminci, ta ƙasa ko ta ruwa, ya ceci amincinsa a gare mu, sai dai idan a lokacin yaƙi, don ɗan gajeren sarari, don amfanin masarautar: ban da fursunoni da masu laifi, bisa ga dokokin ƙasar, da na mutanen ƙasar da ke yaƙi da mu, da 'yan kasuwa waɗanda za a bi da su kamar yadda aka fada a sama.
A cikin Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki, wani ma'auni da Joseph II ya kafa a cikin 1781 ya ba da izinin 'yancin motsi ga bayi.
Ba a ba wa bayi na Daular Rasha 'yancin kansu ba har sai Alexander II ya ba da Edict of Emancipation na 1861. A wannan lokacin, yawancin mazaunan Rasha, ba kawai bayi ba har ma da mazauna gari da 'yan kasuwa, ba su da' yancin motsi kuma an tsare su a wuraren zama.[12]
Bayan karshen tashin hankali a yakin duniya na biyu, an kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1945. Sabuwar kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta amince da muhimmancin 'yancin motsi ta hanyar takardu kamar Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) da kuma Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1966). Mataki na 13 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi, ya karanta,
Rubutun sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya. (1) Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin motsi da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha.
(2) Kowane mutum yana da damar barin kowace ƙasa, gami da nasa, da kuma komawa ƙasarsa.
Mataki na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa ya haɗa wannan haƙƙin cikin dokar yarjejeniya:
(1) Kowane mutum a cikin yankin Jiha zai kasance, a cikin wannan yankin, yana da 'yancin motsi da' yancin zabar wurin zama.
(2) Kowane mutum zai sami 'yanci ya bar kowace ƙasa, gami da nasa.
(3) Hakkin da aka ambata a sama ba za su kasance ƙarƙashin wani ƙuntatawa ba sai dai waɗanda doka ta bayar, sun zama dole don kare tsaron ƙasa, tsarin jama'a, lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a ko haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na wasu, kuma sun dace da sauran haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a cikin Alkawarin yanzu.
(4) Babu wanda za a hana shi damar shiga ƙasarsa.
ICCPR ta fara aiki ga jihohin da suka tabbatar da su a ranar 23 ga Maris 1976, da kuma ƙarin jihohi bayan tabbatar da su. A cikin 1999, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ake tuhuma da fassarar yarjejeniyar, ya ba da jagororin sa ga Mataki na 12 na ICCPR a cikin "Janar Magana No. 27: 'Yanci na Motsi".
While the treaty sets out the freedom of movement in broad and absolute terms, part four of Article 12 of the ICCPR admits that these freedoms may be restricted for a variety of reasons in the public interest. This clause is often cited to justify a wide variety of movement restrictions by almost every country that is party to it.
A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an tabbatar da mazauna haƙƙin motsawa cikin iyakokin cikin EU ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar kan Ayyukan Tarayyar Tarayyar Yuropa da Dokar Majalisar Turai 2004/38/EC na 29 ga Afrilu 2004. [13] Ana ba mazauna ƙungiyar damar shiga kowace ƙasa memba har zuwa watanni uku tare da fasfo mai inganci ko katin shaidar ƙasa, kuma sama da watanni uku tare le shaidar "asshen albarkatu... kada su zama nauyi a kan tsarin taimakon jama'a". Idan ɗan ƙasa ba shi da takardar tafiye-tafiye, dole ne memba ya ba su kowane kayan aiki don samun takardun. A kowane yanayi ba za a iya buƙatar biza ta shiga ko fita ba. Akwai wasu iyakokin tsaro da kuma iyakokin manufofin jama'a kan tsawo zama daga mazaunan EU.[14] Misali, wata jiha memba na iya buƙatar mutane su yi rajistar kasancewarsu a cikin ƙasar "a cikin lokaci mai ma'ana da rashin nuna bambanci". Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, nauyin sanarwar da tabbatarwa yana tare da jihar. Har ila yau, 'yan EU suna samun damar zama na dindindin a cikin kasashe membobin da suka ci gaba da zama na shekaru biyar ba tare da katsewa ba. Wannan zama ba zai iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin kowane yanayi ba, kuma ya ɓace ne kawai ta hanyar shekaru biyu a jere ba tare da ƙasa mai karɓar bakuncin ba. Mambobin iyali na mazaunan EU, gabaɗaya, suma suna samun 'yancin tafiye-tafiye iri ɗaya kamar mazaunin da suke biye da su, kodayake suna iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin buƙatar biza ta ɗan gajeren lokaci.[13] Bugu da ƙari, babu wani ɗan ƙasar EU da za a iya ayyana shi har abada a cikin Tarayyar Turai, ko kuma an cire shi har abada daga shigarwa ta kowace ƙasa memba.
'Yanci na motsi ga ma'aikata wani babi ne na manufofi na ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai. Yana daga cikin 'yancin motsi na mutane kuma daya daga cikin' yancin tattalin arziki guda huɗu: 'yancin tafiye-tafiye na kayayyaki, ayyuka, aiki da kuma babban birnin. Mataki na 45 TFEU (tsohon 39 da 48) ya bayyana cewa:
Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community.
Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment.
It shall entail the right, subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health:
(a) to accept offers of employment actually made;
(b) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose;
(c) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law, regulation or administrative action;
(d) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State, subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission.
The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service.
Wani tsari daban tsakanin kasashe 29 na Turai, ya rufe wasu amma ba duk Kasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai ba tare da wasu kasashe wadanda ba membobin ba. Shirin yana ba da izinin tafiye-tafiye ba tare da biza ba tsakanin ƙasashe a wannan yanki, gabaɗaya ba tare da kula da iyaka ba. Baƙo wanda ke da biza da kowace ƙasa ta bayar na iya tafiya kyauta a cikin yankin.
Kungiyar Fasfo ta Arewa tana bawa 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashen Arewa - Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, da Finland - damar tafiya da zama a wata ƙasa ta Arewa ba tare da takardun tafiye-tafiye ba (misali fasfo ko katin shaidar ƙasa) ko izinin zama. Tun daga 25 ga Maris 2001, duk jihohi biyar suna cikin yankin Schengen.[15]
↑ 1.01.11.2Jérémiee Gilbert, Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights (2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence".
↑Kees Groenendijk, Elspeth Guild, and Sergio Carrera, Illiberal Liberal States: Immigration, Citizenship and Integration in the EU (2013), p. 206: "[F]reedom of movement did not only amount to the right to travel freely, to take up residence and to work, but also involved the enjoyment of a legal status characterised by security of residence, the right to family reunification and the right to be treated equally with nationals".
freedom of movement
