Kudancin Ostiraliya

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Kudancin Ostiraliya
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 31°24′23″S 142°23′38″E / 31.406508°S 142.393814°E / -31.406508; 142.393814
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaAsturaliya

Kudancin Ostiraliya tana nufin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya na New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Babban Birnin Australiya da Kudancin Ostiraliya. Bangaren Yammacin Ostiraliya kudu da latitude 26° kudu — ma'anar da ake amfani da ita sosai a cikin doka da manufofin gwamnatin jiha— kuma galibi ana haɗa su.

Kodayake ya ƙunshi kusan rabin jimlar yanki na Ostiraliya, Kudancin Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar Australiya, manyan wuraren noma da manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu. Yankin kuma sananne ne saboda yanayin yanayinsa na farko, na Mediterranean, mai tsayi ko bushewar muhalli da yanayin yanayi wanda ya bambanta da galibin yanayin wurare masu zafi na Arewacin Ostiraliya.

Kudancin Ostiraliya ya daɗe yana fama da matsanancin yanayi saboda yanayin ƙazanta, duk da haka a cikin, 'yan lokutan waɗannan yanayi sun tsananta saboda sauyin yanayi.[1]

Yankin yana da manyan masana'antu da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga babban samfuri da babban darajar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare. Kudancin Yammacin Ostiraliya ya fi mayar da hankali kan hakar ma'adinai a matsayin mabuɗin fitarwa, yayin da jihohin Victoria da New South Wales suka fi mayar da hankali kan sassa na gargajiya kamar masana'antu, yawon shakatawa, da kuɗi.

Tasmania da Kudancin Ostiraliya tattalin arzikin yanki ne, wanda aka fi maida hankali kan masana'antu.[2]

Tattalin Arziki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kudancin Ostiraliya ita ce yanki mafi arziki a Ostiraliya, gida ga tattalin arziki iri-iri tare da ɗimbin fitarwa iri-iri ciki har da ma'adanai, giya, kiwo, dabbobi, ilimi, da yawon shakatawa.[3] A duk faɗin yankin, akwai ayyuka masu ɗorewa, tare da duk adadin rashin aikin yi na jihar bai kai kashi 8 cikin ɗari ba.[4]

Masana tattalin arziki sun ba da shawarar cewa Ostiraliya tana motsawa cikin sauri daban-daban guda biyu, tare da wasu jihohi suna mai da hankali kan sassan gargajiya kamar masana'antu, kuɗi da yawon shakatawa, wasu kuma suna ba da fifiko ga masana'antar hakar ma'adinai.[3] Ana ganin NSW da Victoria a matsayin tattalin arziƙin gargajiya, da farko suna mai da hankali kan masana'antu na "gargajiya", yayin da Kudancin Yammacin Ostiraliya ke jaddada hakar ma'adinai.[3] Tattalin arzikin yanki kamar Tasmania da Kudancin Ostiraliya sun ba da fifikon masana'antu, suna rufe su don haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri.[3]

Kasuwancin Fitar da Maɓalli na NSW- an daidaita su daga bayanan DPI NSW 2019.

Dangane da ƙasa mai albarkar ma'adinai na yankin, jihohi irin su Kudancin Yammacin Ostiraliya da Kudancin Ostiraliya sun jaddada fitar da kayayyaki kamar man fetur, taman ƙarfe da sauran ma'adanai. Irin waɗannan kayayyaki suna da kashi 36% na babban kayan jihar Western Australia, suna ɗaukar kusan mutane 124,000 a duk faɗin jihar.[5] Kudancin Ostiraliya kuma gida ne ga ƙasar noma mai arziƙi wanda ke haifar da bunƙasa ciniki na sabbin kayan masarufi, abincin teku, da ruwan inabi . Masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Kudancin Ostiraliya tana da kashi 17.2% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa zuwa ketare, wanda kuma ke ba da kuzari ga yawon shakatawa.[6]

Irin wannan ƙasa mai albarka tana gudana a duk faɗin yankin, ta yadda Victoria ke fitar da kashi 80% na kiwo na Ostiraliya. [7] Jihar ta ƙunshi kashi 3% na ƙasar Ostiraliya duk da haka tana samar da kashi 22% na GDP na ƙasar.[7]

Yayin da Yammacin Ostiraliya da Queensland sun sami babban ci gaba saboda karuwar albarkatun ma'adinai, NSW ta rubuta raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki, yana auna ƙananan samfuran Jiha (GSP) fiye da GDP na ƙasa tun 2001.[8] Duk da haka, manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki na NSW sun haɗa da fitar da ma'adanai kamar kwal, tagulla da abubuwan tattarawa, dabbobi, noma da noma.[9] Kasuwancin fitarwa na farko na NSW shine Asiya tana samun $3,068m kowace shekara, sai Amurka da Turai.[9]

Sabanin haka, ACT ta sami babban ci gaba na kusan 13% a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata.[10] Wannan na faruwa ne saboda fitaccen bangaren ilimi na manyan makarantu da kuma karuwar farin jini a tsakanin dalibai.[10]

Gida ga kyawu mai ban sha'awa, masana'antar Tasmania mafi ƙarfi ita ce yawon shakatawa mai ban mamaki. Keɓe daga babban yankin Ostiraliya, gwamnati na saka hannun jari a ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da yawa don ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin Tasmania.[11]

Yanayi da labarin kasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwatanta da yanayin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Ostiraliya, Kudancin Ostiraliya gida ne ga yanayi iri-iri da suka haɗa da tsaunuka, yanayin zafi, Rum, da kuma bushe.[12] Gabaɗaya magana, kudancin Ostiraliya na fama da zafi, bushewar lokacin rani yana biye da lokacin sanyi. Saboda yanayin bushewar ƙasar da zafi mai tsanani, yankin yana fuskantar tashin gobarar daji akai-akai a cikin watannin bazara.[13] Bugu da kari, wadannan gobara sun ta'azzara saboda fari na shekaru 13 na kudu maso gabas daga 1997 zuwa 2009. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi sun tsananta sosai saboda sauyin yanayi.[14]

Yankin bakin tekun kudu yana fuskantar canjin yanayi mai ban mamaki a cikin watannin bazara inda yanayin zafi ya kai 45°C akai-akai. Sabanin haka, ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa, ƙasar ta canza zuwa yanayin hamada da ƙasa mai albarka ta katse, gida ga sanannun yankuna na ruwan inabi kamar kwarin Barossa da Kogin Margaret.

Babban Rarraba Range yana gudana arewa zuwa kudu tare da gabar gabashin Ostiraliya wanda ke kawo yanayin yanayin sanyi, yayin da bangaren gabas ke samun ruwan sama mafi yawa kuma filayen yamma suna fama da zafi. Duk da yanayin zafi mai zafi na kudancin Ostiraliya, yankunan NSW, Victoria, da Tasmania sun fuskanci dusar ƙanƙara ta hunturu, suna ƙirƙirar wuraren shakatawa da yawa.

Yawancin kudancin Ostiraliya ba su da zama saboda yanayin ƙazanta, tare da yawan jama'a suna mai da hankali a cikin biranen Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, Adelaide, da Perth. Daga cikin manyan biranen Australiya guda 9 a Ostiraliya, kudancin Ostireliya na da 7 daga cikinsu, wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a a Ostiraliya.

Canjin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kudancin Ostiraliya yana fuskantar saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a da yawa, kuma idan aka haɗa su tare da haɓaka matsanancin yanayi yana nuna damuwa mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa da dukiyoyi.[13] Haɓakar yanayin zafi ya haifar da ƙara haɗarin al'amurran kiwon lafiya kamar mutuwar zuciya, cututtukan cututtuka, da rashin lafiyar pollen.[13]

Ruwan sama na Australiya ya ragu. (2019). Ofishin Kula da Yanayi. [15]

Illan manyan abubuwan da suka faru na matsananciyar yanayi irin su tsawaitan zafi ba kawai sun illata ayyukan ɗan adam ba amma sun jawo adadin mace-mace; wannan yana gabatar da dalilai masu mahimmanci don magance sauyin yanayi.

Duk da cewa ruwan sama na Australiya ya kasance yana canzawa kuma yanayin yanayi kamar La Ninã da El Niño ke tasiri, akwai abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗumamar yanayi a matsayin sanadin bushewar lokutan hunturu a faɗin kudu maso gabas da kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya. Tun daga shekarar 1970, yankin ya samu karancin ruwan sama da kashi 20% idan aka kwatanta da lokacin 1900-1969, kuma a yanzu tun daga shekarar 1999 ya karu zuwa kashi 26%.[14] Ko da yake kudancin Ostiraliya ya fuskanci raguwar ruwan sama a cikin watanni masu sanyi na Afrilu zuwa Oktoba, takwarorinsu na arewacin kasar na samun karuwar ruwan sama tun a shekarun 1970.[14] An saita yawaitar ambaliya za ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wanda ya haifar da karuwar 7% a cikin matsanancin yanayin ruwan sama na ɗan gajeren lokaci.[14]

Tasirin yanayi na 2000 zuwa 2019 akan matsakaicin ribar kasuwancin gona. ABARES farmpredict 2019. [16]

Haɓaka faruwar abubuwa guda biyu ko fiye da matsananci lokaci guda, da aka sani da matsananciyar al'amura, ya shafi masana'antar noma ta Kudancin Ostiraliya. A cikin kowace shekara na yanayin bushewa da zafin rana, gonakin noma na yau da kullun zai fuskanci asarar kusan $125,000 yayin da ribar shekara ta yau da kullun ta wuce $230,000.[17] A lokaci guda, shekarun fari suna haifar da raguwar girman garken dabbobi yayin da muke ganin raguwar adadin haihuwa tare da asarar shanun kiwo na hankali ga cinikin naman sa.[17]

Canjin yanayi da gobarar daji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kudancin Ostiraliya ya sami ƙaruwa a lokacin rani, haɗe tare da ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ke haifar da tsayi kuma mafi muni da lokacin gobarar daji.[14] Masana kimiyya sun bayyana cewa ƙara yawan yau da kullun da ƙarfin waɗannan yanayi shine dalilin canjin yanayi kai tsaye, gami da haɓaka yanayin zafi.[14] Yankin yana fuskantar karuwa a cikin kwanakin wuta na shekara, raguwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, yana ƙaruwa a matsakaicin matakin teku, da guguwa mai zafi.[14]

Gobarar daji ta rani a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da cewa sauyin yanayi ba shine kaɗai ke ba da gudummawa ga mummunar gobarar Ostiraliya ba, tun daga shekarun 1950, ya haifar da haɓakar faruwarsu da ƙarfi.[18] An ga irin wannan tasirin a cikin gobarar daji ta 2019-2020 wacce ta mamaye NSW da Victoria amma kuma Kudancin Ostiraliya da Kudancin Yammacin Ostiraliya. Shekarar 2019 ita ce shekarar da ta fi bushewa kuma mafi zafi da aka yi rikodin, tare da karuwar yawan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a 1.52°C.[18]

C-130 Tankar Jirgin Ruwa Ya Rasu. 2020 NSW- Gobarar Bushewar Australiya. Labaran SBS. [19]

Ostiraliya ta rufe hekta miliyan 134 kuma kamar yadda a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2020, an kona fiye da kadada miliyan 19 na fili.[20] Mutane 33 ne suka mutu, ciki har da mutuwar ma'aikatan kashe gobara 3 na Amurka da tankar jirginsu ta yi hadari a lokacin da suke fafatawa da wata gobarar daji a NSW.[21] Kimanin kashi 48 na tsibirin Kangaroo na Kudancin Ostireliya an kone su.[22]

Masana kimiyya na WWF sun kiyasta cewa kusan dabbobi biliyan uku ne aka kashe ko muhallansu sakamakon gobarar 2019-2020, ba tare da kwari ba.[23] A duk fadin NSW, an kona har zuwa kashi 81 na kasar Koala, kuma wani bincike na majalisar ya gano cewa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati da kariya cikin gaggawa ba, koala za ta mutu a NSW nan da 2050.[24]

Yengo National Park, NSW- 2019-2020 gobarar daji ta bazara

Ba wai kawai gobarar daji ke lalata tsirrai da dabbobi na Australiya ba, Hukumar NSW mai zaman kanta a cikin gobarar daji ta 2019-2020 "bakar rani" ta gano cewa sama da 'yan Australiya 400 sun mutu da wuri sakamakon shakar hayaki.[25] Shaidu sun nuna cewa rashin ingancin iska mai dorewa yana ƙara haɗarin cututtukan numfashi, wasu cututtukan daji, da cututtukan zuciya.[26] 'Yan asalin Ostireliya sun fi saurin kamuwa da lahani ga lafiya na hayakin gobarar daji saboda yaɗuwar yanayin rashin lafiya.[27] Rahoton ya nuna rawar da sauyin yanayi ke takawa tare da bayyana wajabcin magance sauyin yanayi a matsayin masu bayar da gudummawar karuwar hadarin gobarar daji.

" Kasashen da a fili suke da abubuwa da yawa da za su yi asara daga gobarar daji da sauran lalacewar sauyin yanayi da kuma samun riba mai yawa daga saurin sauye-sauye zuwa tattalin arzikin makamashi mai sabuntawa - dole ne su kara yin hakan. Kasashe kamar Ostiraliya, kuma a cikin su manyan jihohi kamar NSW ”- Gwen da David Jagger.[25]

Ana sa ran agajin gobarar daji na ɗan lokaci a lokacin bazara na 2020-2021 yayin da yankin ya shiga cikin yanayin yanayi na La Ninã.[28]

Sauran manyan gobarar daji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran manyan gobarar daji a yankin kudanci sun hada da Bakar Asabar ta Victorian ta shekarar 2009 inda sama da gidaje 2,000 suka lalace, kuma mutane 173 suka mutu.[22] Bugu da kari, gobarar daji ta Victoria da Canberran ta shekarar 2003 ta yi ajalin rayukan dabbobin dabbobi 10,000 da kuma kadada miliyan 1.2 na fili.[22]

Gwajin nukiliyar Burtaniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1950s da 60s Biritaniya ta tura gwaje-gwajen nukiliya da yawa a Ostiraliya, wato Kudancin Australiya Maralinga da gwaje-gwajen filin Emu.[29] An zaɓi rukunin yanar gizon Maralinga saboda “ƙasassun wuraren da ba su da amfani” duk da yankin kasancewar ƙasar Anangu Pitjantjatjara ta Australiya ce.[30] Haƙƙoƙin ɗan ƙasa kaɗan, haɗe tare da tsattsauran wariyar launin fata sun haifar da tsawan lokaci na ɓacin rai, ta jiki, da tunani na ƴan asalin bayan samun ƙarancin damar samun albarkatu sama da shekaru 30. Gwamnatin Biritaniya ta ba wa jami'i guda daya aikin rufe daruruwan dubban murabba'in kilomita, wanda ya haifar da fallasa hasken rana ga mazauna 'yan asalin da ba su sani ba.[31] Duk da yake ba a gama ba, kusan kashi 30% na masu hidima na Burtaniya da Ostiraliya da suka yi aiki a yankin sun mutu da cutar kansa.[32]

Wurin Gwajin Atomic a Maralinga, SA.

Sakamakon tace bayanan Biritaniya ga gwamnatin Ostiraliya, jahilci game da amincin gwajin ya haifar da matsalolin muhalli da lafiya ga mutanen Yanykunytjatjara na yankin Emu Field.[30] Wani lamari da aka fi sani da "Black Mist" ya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da dama da kuma mutuwar wasu 'yan asalin yankin.[30] Baturen Ingila sun musanta hakan na tsawon shekaru 29, kuma sun bi Hukumar Sarauta ne kawai, sun yarda da sanin illar da ta haifar.[30]

Shirin tsaftace Maralinga, Operation Brumby, zai yi watsi da duk wani alhaki na Birtaniyya da zarar yankin ya kasance lafiya.[30] Birtaniya ta ba da rahoton yankin lafiya, har sai bayan shekaru 8, gwamnatin Liberal-National ta nuna shakku kan sahihancin rahoton.[30] Sanarwar da Biritaniya ta yi na cewa duk wani gurɓataccen radiyon “ba za a iya dawo da shi ba” an same shi da karya kuma an umurci Biritaniya da ta maido da rabin kilogram na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu.[30] Bayan wadannan kage-kage, gwamnatin Ostireliya ta yi watsi da rahotannin Birtaniyya, inda suka kafa nasu ra'ayi da bincike, wanda ya kai ga kara fahimtar barnar da 'yan asalin yankin da muhalli suka yi.[30]

Tafiya gaba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan Hukumar Sarauta ta 1985 cikin abubuwan da suka faru, an zayyana bincike da yawa, wanda ke nuna cewa Biritaniya ta kasa samar da isassun yunƙurin murmurewa tare da ƙaramin yarda na Ostiraliya. A cikin watan Disamba na 1993, bayan ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta yi na dawo da biyan kuɗi, Biritaniya ta biya Yuro miliyan 20, duk da tsaftacewa da diyya da aka kashe fiye da dala miliyan 110 AUD.[31] An mayar da wurin Maralinga zuwa ga masu shi na gargajiya kawai a cikin Nuwamba 2009.[29]

Jami'in Australiya a cikin kayan kariya a Maralinga, SA.

Yayin da aka ayyana Maralinga a matsayin lafiya yanzu, zai ta zama ga garin fatalwa, tare da mutane 4 kacal da ke zama na dindindin a yankin.[33] Ɗaya daga cikin gurɓataccen radioactive, Plutonium-239 yana da rabin rayuwar rediyo mai aiki na shekaru 24,000, ma'ana cewa yayin da ƙoƙarin farfadowa ya tabbatar da tasiri, na dogon lokaci mai zuwa, yankin zai ci gaba da fama da rashin tausayi da kuma taka tsantsan game da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa.[31] Duk da haka a filin Emu, gwajin gwajin ya ƙunshi kayan aiki kawai tare da gajeren rabin rayuwa, yana barin yankin ba tare da lalacewa na dogon lokaci ba.[29]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "Bushfire & Natural Hazards CRC". bnhcrc.com.au. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
  2. ↑ Perlich, Harry (2014). "Australia's 'Two-Speed Economy'". The Journal of Australian Political Economy. 72: 106–126.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Perlich, H. (2014). Australia's 'Two-Speed Economy’. The Journal of Australian Political Economy, 72, 106-126. ISSN 1839-3675
  4. ↑ "Home | Labour Market Insights". labourmarketinsights.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  5. ↑ "Western Australian Economy". jtsi.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  6. ↑ Department of Treasury and Finance, SA. (2019). SA Overseas Goods Exports. Retrieved from https://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/137898/OS-Goods-exports_-December-2019.pdf Archived 2020-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Why buy from Victoria?". Global Victoria (in Turanci). 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  8. ↑ "Main Features - Economic Activity". www.abs.gov.au (in Turanci). 2011-01-31. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Key Export Markets". www.dpi.nsw.gov.au (in Turanci). 2019. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Economic outlook". www.treasury.act.gov.au (in Turanci). 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  11. ↑ "2019-20 Budget Paper 1 - Chapter 2 - Tasmanian Economy". www.treasury.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  12. ↑ "30 Mar 2009 - BOM - Climate of Australia - Archived Website". Trove (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2023-10-11.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Pezza, A, B., Rensch, P., Cai, W. (2012). Severe heat waves in Southern Australia: synoptic climatology and large scale connections. Climate Dynamics, 38, 209-224. doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1016-2
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 CSIRO. (2018). State of the Climate. Retrieved from https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/OandA/Areas/Assessing-our-climate/State-of-the-Climate-2018/Australias-changing-climate
  15. ↑ Australian Rainfall Deciles. (2019). Bureau of Meteorology.
  16. ↑ ABARES farmpredict. (2019). Effect of 2000 to 2019 climate conditions on average farm business profit.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Australian Government Department of Agriculture. (2019). The effects of drought and climate variability on Australian farms. Retrieved from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/EffectsOfDroughtAndClimateVariabilityOnAustralianFarms_v1.0.0.pdf
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 CSIRO. (2020). The 2019-20 bushfires: a CSIRO explainer. Retrieved from https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Environment/Extreme-Events/Bushfire/preparing-for-climate-change/2019-20-bushfires-explainer
  19. ↑ SBS News. (2020). C-130 Air Tanker Wreckage Remains.
  20. ↑ Flikov et al. (2020). Impact of Australia’s catastrophic 2019/20 bushfire season on communities and environment. Retrospective analysis and current trends. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience. 44-56. doi:10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.06.009
  21. ↑ Nguyen, K., Doran, M. (2020, January 23). Three firefighters dead after Large Air Tanker crashes while fighting bushfires in southern NSW. ABC News. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-23/nsw-rfs-air-tanker-crashes-near-numeralla-bushfire/11893554
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Parliament of Australia. (2020). 2019–20 Australian bushfires—frequently asked questions: a quick guide. Retrieved from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1920/Quick_Guides/AustralianBushfires#:~:text=173%20people%20died%20(including%20two,hectares%20of%20land%20were%20burned
  23. ↑ WWF. (2020). Australia’s 2019-2020 Bushfires: The Wildlife Toll. Retrieved from Animals%20Impacted%20Interim%20Report%2024072020%20final.pdf
  24. ↑ NSW Parliament. (2020). Koala Populations and Habitat in New South Wales. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/inquiries/2536/Koala%20populations%20and%20habitat%20in%20New%20South%20Wales%20-%20Report%203.pdf
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Department of Premier and Cabinet NSW. (2020). Final report of the NSW Bushfire Inquiry. Retrieved from https://www.dpc.nsw.gov.au/assets/dpc-nsw-gov-au/publications/NSW-Bushfire-Inquiry-1630/Final-Report-of-the-NSW-Bushfire-Inquiry.pdf
  26. ↑ Australian Medical Association (AMA) (NSW). (2020). Inquiry into Health Impacts of Exposure to Poor Levels of Air Quality Resulting from Bushfires and Drought. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/submissions/67373/0031%20Australian%20Medical%20Association%20(NSW)%20Ltd.pdf
  27. ↑ Australian Medical Association (AMA) (NSW). (2020). Inquiry into health impacts of exposure to poor levels of air quality resulting from bushfires and drought. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/submissions/67373/0031%20Australian%20Medical%20Association%20(NSW)%20Ltd.pdf
  28. ↑ Bolton, M. (2020, September 30). How the La Niña weather event could affect Australia for the rest of 2020. ABC News. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2020-09-30/how-la-nina-will-impact-australia/12716500
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. British nuclear weapons testing in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.arpansa.gov.au/understanding-radiation/sources-radiation/more-radiation-sources/british-nuclear-weapons-testing
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 Dieter, M. (2009). Villains, victims and heroes: Contested memory and the British nuclear tests in Australia. Journal of Australian Studies, 221-228. doi:10.1080/14443050309387928
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 National Museum of Australia. (2020). 1956: First nuclear weapons test by British at Maralinga. Defining Moments. Retrieved from https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/maralinga
  32. ↑ Ladd, M. (2020, March 24). The lesser known history of the Maralinga nuclear tests — and what it's like to stand at ground zero. ABC News. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-24/maralinga-nuclear-tests-ground-zero-lesser-known-history/11882608
  33. ↑ (2018, April 17). Australia’s least likely tourist spot: a test site for atom bombs. SBS News. Retrieved from https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-s-least-likely-tourist-spot-a-test-site-for-atom-bombs
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