Kula da hayaki na motoci

Kula da hayaki na motoci shine nazarin rage hayaki da motoci ke samarwa, musamman Injinan konewa na ciki. Abubuwan fitarwa na farko da akayi nazari sun haɗa da hydrocarbons, mahadi masu saurin canzawa, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, kwayoyin halitta, da sulfur oxides. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, an kafa hukumomin sarrafawa daban-daban tare da mai da hankali kan nazarin hayakin motar da tasirin su akan lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Yayin da fahimtar uduniya game da hayakin motoci ya inganta, haka kuma na'urorin da aka yi amfani dasu don rage tasirin su. Bukatun ka'idoji na Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa, wanda aka yi gyare-gyare sau da yawa, sun ƙuntata fitar da motoci mai karɓa sosai. Tare da ƙuntatawa, an fara tsara motoci yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da fitarwa da na'urori daban-daban waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin motoci a tsawon lokaci.

Nau'o'in hayaki

An nuna fitar da abubuwa Masu gurɓata iska da yawa suna da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a da yanayin halitta. Rashin fitarwa wanda shine manyan gurɓataccen damuwa sun haɗa da:

Hydrocarbons (HC) - Wani nau'i na man fetur da aka ƙone ko kuma wani ɓangare na man fetus, hydrocarbons guba ne. Hydrocarbons babban mai bada gudummawa ga smog, wanda zai iya zama babban matsala a cikin birane. Tsawon bayyanar hydrocarbons yana taimakawa ga asma, Cutar hanta, Cutar huhu, da ciwon daji. Dokokin dake kula da hydrocarbons sun bambanta bisa ga nau'in injin da iko; a wasu lokuta, ana tsara "hydrocarbons marasa methane", yayin da a wasu lokuta ana tsara "total hydrocarbons". Fasahar don aikace-aikace ɗaya (don saduwa da ma'aunin hydrocarbon wanda bana methane ba) bazai dace da amfani a cikin aikace-aikacen da dole ne ya sadu da ma'anar hydrocarbon ba. Methane ba mai guba ba ne kai tsaye, amma yafi wuya a rushe a cikin layin iska na man fetur kuma ana nufin kwandon gawayi don tattara da ƙunsar tururin man fetur da kuma tura su ko dai zuwa tankin man fetur ko, bayan an fara injin kuma ya warma, cikin iska don ƙonewa a cikin injin.
Magungunan kwayoyin halitta (VOCs) - Magungunan Organic waɗanda yawanci suna da tafasa ƙasa ko daidai da 250 ° C; misali chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da formaldehyde.
Carbon monoxide (CO) ) - Samfurin konewa mara cikakke, carbon monoxide da aka sha yana rage ikon jini na ɗaukar iskar oxygen; wuce gona da iri (guba na carbon monoxide) na iya zama mai kisa. (Carbon monoxide yana ci gaba da ɗaurewa da haemoglobin, sinadarin da ke ɗauke da iskar oxygen a cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, inda iskar oxygen (O₂) zata ɗaure na ɗan lokaci. Haɗin CO ya cire O₂ kuma yana rage ikon haemoglobin don saki iskar oxygen da aka riga aka ɗaure, a duka biyun suna sa jajayen ƙwayoyin jini ba su da tasiri. Warkewa ta hanyar jinkirin sakin CO da aka ɗaure da kuma samar da sabon haemoglobin na jiki tsarin warkarwa don haka cikakkiyar warkewa daga matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani [amma ba mai kisa ba] guba na CO yana ɗaukar sa'o'i ko kwanaki. – – Cire mutum daga yanayin CO-poisoned zuwa iska mai sanyi yana dakatar da rauni amma baya bada warkewa cikin sauri, ba kamar yanayin da aka cire mutum daga yanayin asphyxiating [watau wanda ke da karancin iskar oxygen ba]. Sakamakon guba da aka jinkirta ta kwanaki ma ya zama ruwan dare. )
nitrogen oxides (NO<sub id="mwLg">x</sub>) - An samar da shi lokacin da nitrogen a cikin iska ya amsa tare da iskar oxygen a babban zafin jiki da matsin lamba a cikin injin. NO_x shine farkon smog da Ruwan sama mai zafi. NO_x ya hada da NO da NO₂.^[1] NO₂ yana da matukar damuwa. Ana ƙara samar da NO_x lokacin da injin ke gudana a mafi inganci (watau mafi zafi) wurin aiki, don haka ana samun cinikayya ta halitta tsakanin inganci da sarrafa hayaki na NO_x. Ana sa ran za a rage shi sosai ta hanyar amfani da man fetur.^[2]
Abubuwan ƙwayoyin cuta - Soot ko hayaki wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin a cikin girman micrometer: Abubuwan ƙarancin cuta suna haifar da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya, gami da amma ba a iyakance su ga Cututtukan numfashi da ciwon daji ba. Kyakkyawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta an haɗa su da cututtukan zuciya.
x-link" data-linkid="70" href="./sulfur_oxide" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sulfur oxide">Sulfur oxide (SOx) - Lokaci na gaba ɗaya don oxides na sulfur, waɗanda ke fitowa daga motocin da ke ƙone man fetur da ke dauke da sulfur. Rage matakin sulfur mai yana rage matakin sulfur oxides da aka fitar daga bututun ruwa.

Tarihi

A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, gwamnatoci daban-daban na tarayya, jihohi da kananan hukumomi a Amurka sun gudanar da bincike a cikin hanyoyin gurɓata iska da yawa. Wadannan binciken sun danganta wani bangare mai mahimmanci na gurɓataccen iska ga mota, kuma sun kammala cewa gurɓatawar iska ba ta da iyaka da iyakokin siyasa na gida. A wannan lokacin, irin waɗannan ƙananan ƙa'idodin kula da fitarwa kamar yadda suke a Amurka an gabatar dasu a cikin birni ko, a wasu lokuta, matakin jiha. Ka'idojin cikin gida marasa tasiri an maye gurbinsu da ka'idojin jihohi da tarayya. A shekara ta 1967 Jihar California ta kirkiro Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California, kuma a shekarar 1970, an kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Tarayyar Amurka (EPA). Dukkanin hukumomin, da sauran hukumomin jihohi, yanzu suna ƙirƙirar da aiwatar da ka'idojin fitarwa don motoci a Amurka. An haɓaka irin waɗannan hukumomi da ka'idoji a lokaci guda kuma an aiwatar da su a Kanada, Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da Japan.

Kokarin farko na sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi daga motoci shine tsarin PCV (positive crankcase ventilation). Wannan yana jawo hayaki mai nauyi a cikin hydrocarbons marasa ƙonewa - mai gabatar da hayaki na photochemical - a cikin hanyar shigar da injin don haka ana ƙone su maimakon a sake su batare da ƙonewa ba daga crankcase zuwa cikin yanayi. An fara shigar da iska mai kyau ta hanyar doka a kan dukkan sabbin motocin samfurin 1961 da aka fara siyarwa a California. A shekara mai zuwa, New York ta buƙace shi. A shekara ta 1964, yawancin sabbin motocin da aka siyar a Amurka sun kasance sanye take, kuma PCV da sauri ya zama kayan aiki a duk motocin duniya.

Jihar California ce ta gabatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na farko (tailpipe) don shekarar samfurin 1966 don motocin da aka sayar a wannan jihar, sannan Amurka gaba ɗaya ta biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1968. Har ila yau, a cikin 1966, an kafa gwajin gwajin fitarwa na farko a Jihar California don auna fitarwa a cikin PPM (kashi na miliyan). An cigaba da karfafa ka'idojin shekara-shekara, kamar yadda EPA ta ba da umarni.

A shekara ta 1974, Ka'idodin fitarwa na Amurka sun karfafa ta yadda dabarun de-tuning da aka yi amfani da su don saduwa dasu suna rage ingancin injiniya sosai kuma ta haka ne kara yawan amfani da man fetur. Sabbin ka'idojin fitarwa na shekara ta 1975, da kuma karuwar amfani da man fetur, sun tilasta kirkirar mai canzawa don bayan magani na iskar gas. Wannan bazai yiwu batare da man fetur dake akwai, saboda ragowar gubar ta gurɓata platinum catalyst. A cikin 1972, Janar Motar ya ba da shawarar ga Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka da kawar da man fetur na shekara ta 1975 da kuma daga baya. ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}[ana buƙatar ambaton] Samar da rarraba man fetur ba tare da gubar ba babban ƙalubale ne, amma an kammala shi cikin nasara a cikin lokaci don motocin shekara ta 1975. Dukkanin motocin zamani yanzu an sanye su da masu canzawa don kara rage hayakin motoci.

Ya kai ga shekara ta 1981 a Amurka, masana'antun motocin fasinja sun fuskanci ƙalubalen a cikin tarihin suna saduwa da sabbin ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki, yadda za a cika buƙatun ƙuntatawa na Dokar Tsabtace Air (Amurka) ta hanyar gyare-gyaren 1977. Misali: don fuskantar wannan ƙalubalen, Janar Motors ya kirkiro sabon "Cibiyar Tsarin Kula da Ruwa" (ECS) da farko a Ginin Injiniya na AC Spark Plug a Flint, Michigan. Manufarta ita ce "Suna da alhakin gaba ɗaya don ƙira da cigaban tsarin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira da ƙirar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta ƙuƙwasawa ta ƙuɓɓugar ƙuƙuta ta ƙuƙa ta ƙuƙe-ƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar ƙuƙwararru ta ƙuƙi ta ƙuɗe-ƙwallo ta ƙuchuwar ƙuƙa ƙuƙwar ƙuɓɓuka ta ƙuura ta ƙuɗwalwa ta ƙyuwa ta ƙyuƙwalwar ƙaura ta ƙyuwar ƙuƙi"

A cikin 1990, anyi wa Dokar Tsabtace Iska (CAA) gyare-gyare don taimakawa wajen kara daidaita hayakin mota. A cikin gyare-gyaren, ka'idojin man fetur na mota sun zama masu tsauri ta hanyar iyakance yawan sulfur da aka bada izini a cikin man fetur. Har ila yau, gyare-gyaren sun buƙaci canjin tsari don ƙirƙirar man fetur don tabbatar da cewa akwai ƙananan hayaki na hydrocarbons (HC), carbon mono_X (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), kwayoyin halitta (PM), da kuma kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa (VOCs). Canje-canjen da akayi wa CAA sun kuma buƙaci amfani da man fetur mai guba don rage hayakin CO.^[3]

A cikin shekaru, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta cigaba da aiwatar da sabbin ka'idoji don rage hayaki mai cutarwa ga motoci. Wasu daga cikin mahimman ka'idojin sabuntawa sune kamar haka.

1983: Ga yankunan dake da manyan matsalolin gurɓataccen yanayi, an kirkiro shirye-shiryen Bincike da Kulawa, ma'ana motoci zasu buƙaci a gwada su don hayaki.
1985: Ya canza adadin gasoline zuwa 0.1 grams a kowace galan.
1991: An ba da izinin fitar da hayaki na HC da NOx don bututun motar
1993: Ya fara haɓaka sabuwar fasahar abin hawa don taimakawa sau uku tattalin arzikin man fetur a cikin motocin iyali, don haka rage hayaki mai cutarwa.
1996: An haramta gubar a cikin man fetur a hukumance. Sabbin ka'idojin da aka kirkira tare da niyyar kirkirar ƙirar abin hawa don zama mai tsabta ga muhalli da inganta aikin injiniya.
1998: Ka'idodin injin Diesel sun kara karuwa a kokarin rage hayakin ozone da PM ga motoci daban-daban ciki har da kayan aikin masana'antu.
1999: An kammala ka'idojin fitar da bututu, an rage abubuwan dake cikin man fetur, kuma jiragen ruwa daban-daban / wasu motocin ruwa da ke amfani da dizal sun rage iyakokin fitarwa ga NOx da PM.^[3]

Tarihin gubar a cikin man fetur

A shekara ta 1922, an kara gubar zuwa man fetur a matsayin wakili na antiknock. Ba har zuwa 1969, kusan shekaru hamsin bayan haka ba, binciken yafara nuna mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya dake da alaƙa da gubar a matsayin gurɓataccen abu. Duk da yawan tasirin kiwon lafiya da aka gano, ba'a aiwatar da bukatun ka'idoji don rage matakan gubar a cikin man fetur ba har zuwa 1983. A hankali, kasashe sun fara haramta amfani da gubar a cikin man fetur gaba ɗaya daga shekarun 1986 zuwa 2021. Japan ce ta farko data haramta gubar a cikin man fetur a shekarar 1986, tare da Arewa da Kudancin Amurka da ke biyowa tare da kusan kowace ƙasa a cikin nahiyoyi biyu da ke haramta gubba a shekarar 1998. Afirka ita ce sabuwar data haramta gubar a cikin man fetur tare da yawancin ƙasashe da aka haramta a 2004 da 2005 kuma ta ƙarshe, Aljeriya, wacce bata haramta shi ba har zuwa 2021.^[4]

Hukumomin sarrafawa

Hukumomin da ake tuhuma da aiwatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki sun bambanta daga iko zuwa iko, harma a cikin ƙasa ɗaya. Misali, a Amurka, alhakin gaba ɗaya na EPA ne, amma saboda buƙatu na musamman na Jihar California, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ce ke sarrafa hayaki a California. A Texas, Hukumar Jirgin Kasa ta Texas tana da alhakin daidaita hayaki daga injunan konewa masu arziki na LPG (amma ba injunan konewar masu arziki na man fetur ba).

Arewacin Amurka

California Air Resources Board - California, Amurka (mafi yawan tushe)
Muhalli Kanada - Kanada (mafi yawan tushe)
Hukumar Kare Muhalli - Amurka (mafi yawan tushe)
Hukumar Jirgin Ruwa ta Texas - Texas, Amurka (injin dake amfani da man fetur na LPG kawai)
Sufuri Kanada - Kanada (jirgi da jiragen ruwa)

Japan

Ma'aikatar Kasa, Infrastructure, Sufuri da Yawon Bude Ido / Ofishin Sufuri na Hanyar / Sashen Manufofin Muhalli ^[5]

Turai

Tarayyar Turai tana da iko kan ka'idojin hayaki a cikin kasashe membobin EU; duk da haka, kasashe membobinsu dayawa suna da nasu hukumomin gwamnati don aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji a cikin kasashensu. A takaice dai, Tarayyar Turai ta samar da manufofin (ta hanyar saita iyakoki kamar ma'aunin fitarwa na Turai) kuma kasashe membobin suna yanke shawarar yadda zasu fi dacewa da aiwatar dashi a cikin ƙasarsu.

Ƙasar Ingila

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin muhalli sune "ƙasudin da aka bada iko" don wasu daga cikin ƙasashe masu kafa su suyi hulɗa dashi daban ta hanyar hukumomin gwamnati da aka kafa don magance batutuwan muhalli:

Hukumar Kula da Muhalli - Ingila da Wales
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland (SEPA) - Scotland
Ma'aikatar Muhalli - Arewacin Ireland

Koyaya, yawancin manufofi na Burtaniya suna ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA) kuma har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin EU.

Ba a gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na fitarwa a kan motocin diesel ba a lokacin MOTs a Arewacin Ireland har tsawon shekaru 12, duk da cewa ana buƙatar doka.

China

Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Muhalli - Babban ikon sarrafawa dake da alhakin kare muhalli, yana tsara manufofi, ka'idoji, da ka'idojin da suka hada da hayakin motoci, da kuma kimanta tasirin muhalli.^[6]
Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Fasahar Bayanai - Samar da kuma kafa manufofi ga sabbin motocin makamashi (NEV), da motocin kasuwanci. Har ila yau, yana taka rawa wajen kirkirar ka'idojin fitar da iska na kasa don motoci.^[7]
Gudanar da Kasuwanci na Jiha - Yana da alhakin kula da kasuwa da daidaitawa a kasar Sin. Gwamnatin Jiha don Dokar Kasuwanci tana kula da aiwatar da ka'idojin hayaki na motoci kuma tana tabbatar da bin ta hanyar gudanar da dubawa, gwaji, da matakan kula da inganci.^[8]
Hukumar Ci Gaban Kasa da Gyara - Mai alhakin tsara tsarin tattalin arziki da tsara manufofi masu alaƙa da makamashi a kasar Sin. Hukumar Ci Gaban Kasa da Gyara tana taka rawa a kan ka'idodin ingancin man fetur, inganta madadin man fetur. ^[9]
Cibiyar Fasahar Motoci da Bincike ta China - Cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta da Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Fasahar Bayanai ta bada izini, don bincike, haɓaka da tsara ƙa'idodi don iyakokin amfani da man fetur na motoci.^[10]
Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin - Duk da yake ba a san ko wannan ma'aikata tana da ikon doka kan ko zasu iya aiwatar da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba, Ma'aikatu na Sufuri ba za ta bada lasisin kasuwanci ga duk wani motoci mai nauyi wanda bai cika bukatun amfani da man fetur da suka kafa ba.^[10]
Ofisoshin Kare Muhalli na Lardin da na Municipal - A matakin lardin da na birni waɗannan Ofisoshin suna da alhakin aiwatar da ka'idoji kamar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hayakin motoci. Wadannan ofisoshin suna sa ido kan bin doka, suna gudanar da bincike, kuma suna sanya hukunci ga rashin bin doka.

Tsarin tsarin kula da fitarwa

Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga masu zanen tsarin su hadu da bukatun fitarwa ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin kayan haɓaka (platinum da / ko palladium) saboda farashin da batutuwan samarwa.Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Gudanar da Shirin Janar Motors "ta kasance "don bin shirye-shiryen aiki da Cibiyoyin Shirin (GM) suka kafa. Abubuwa na musamman ga Cibiyar Nazaren Shirin Shirin Sharar" (sun kasance):

Babu Masu zanen kaya - duk aikin zane da za'ayi a bangarorin gida.
Ayyukan tsarawa wanda zai samar da sigogi na lokaci na hukuma, farashin kayan aiki, rabon, da dai sauransu.

Cibiyar ("Emissions Control Systems Project Center") (tana da) ayyuka bakwai da za a yi, irin wannan tsarin fitarwa, wanda ke wuce duk dokokin Tarayyar Tarayya da Tattalin Arziki da aka sanya shi cikin samarwa.

Wadannan sune don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin mota zuwa:

Bayyana kayan aiki da bukatun tsarin.
Cigaba da ƙayyadaddun ƙira don duk kayan aikin da ake buƙata.
Bincika wasu kayayyaki da tsarin.
Shirya don gwadawa da tabbatar da tsarin, wanda yafi dacewa da bukatun duk abin da ya shafi.
Kula da ƙirar sassan da saki.
Bi cigaban aikin takaddun shaida na yanki.
Cigaba da gudanarwa da rarrabuwa game da matsayin cigaba.

Za a aiwatar da tsarin (ya kamata) a aiwatar dashi a cikin shekaru uku. A cikin shekara ta 1979. Motocin California tare da injuna 2.5, 2.8 da 3.5 lita zasu sami tsarin CLCC. A cikin shekara ta 1980, motocin da aka siyar a California da injunan lita 3.8 da 4.3 da aka siƙa a cikin tarayya zasu sami CLCC, kuma a ƙarshe a cikin shekara ta 1981 duk motocin fasinja za su sami tsarin. Motocin aiki masu sauƙi da matsakaici na California na iya amfani da tsarin c-4. Duk da yake tsarin 1979 da 1980 suna da kama da juna, tsarin 1981 (tsara ta biyu) zai bambanta da cewa yana iya haɗawa da ƙarin tsarin sarrafa injiniya (watau, lokacin hasken lantarki, kula da saurin aiki, da dai sauransu)

An sanya tsarin kula da fitarwa a karkashin ci gaba C-4.Wannan yana tsaye ne don Kwamfuta mai sarrafawa mai sarrafawa. Tsarin C-4 ya ƙunshi tsarin Closed Loop Carburetor Control (CLCC) da Throttle Body Injection (TBI).""

Kula da fitarwa

An inganta ingancin injiniya a hankali tare da ingantaccen ƙirar injiniya, ingantaccen lokacin kunnawa da ƙonewar lantarki, ingantaccen ma'aunin man fetur, da kuma sarrafa injiniyar kwamfuta.

Cigaban injiniya da fasahar abin hawa suna ci gaba da rage guba na hayaki da ke barin injin, amma waɗannan kawai an tabbatar dasu basu isa ba don cimma burin hayaki. Sabili da haka, fasahar cire guba wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na kula da hayaki.

Injin iska

Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin kula da fitarwa na farko da aka haɓaka shine allurar iska ta biyu. Asalin, anyi amfani da wannan tsarin don yin amfani da iska a cikin tashar fitarwa ta injin don samar da iskar oxygen don haka hydrocarbons da ba a ƙone su ba kuma an ƙone su a cikin fitarwa zasu gama ƙonewa. Ana amfani da allurar iska yanzu don tallafawa aikin oxidation na mai sauyawa, da kuma rage hayaki lokacin da aka fara injiniya daga sanyi.Bayan farawa mai sanyi, injin yana buƙatar cakuda iska-mai mai wadata fiye da abin da yake buƙata a zafin jiki na aiki, kuma mai canzawa ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata har sai ya kai ga zafin jiki. Iska da akayi amfani da ita a sama na mai sauyawa yana tallafawa konewa a cikin bututun fitarwa, wanda ke hanzarta dumi mai saurin zafi kuma yana rage adadin hydrocarbon daba a ƙone shi ba wanda aka fitar daga bututun.

Rashin iskar gas

A Amurka da Kanada, injuna da yawa a cikin 1973 da sabbin motoci (1972 da sabbin a California) suna da tsarin dake bada hanya mai ma'auni na fitarwa a cikin hanyar shiga a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayin aiki. Ka fitar da ƙonewa ko tallafawa konewa, don haka yana narkar da cajin iska / man fetur don rage yawan yanayin zafi na ɗakin konewa. Wannan, bi da bi, yana rage samar da NO<sub id="mw8w">x</sub>.

Mai canzawa

Mai canzawa shine na'urar da aka sanya a cikin bututun fitarwa, wanda ke canza hydrocarbons, carbon mono_x, da NOx zuwa iskar gas mai rauni ta amfani da haɗuwa da platinum, palladium da rhodium a matsayin masu haɓaka.^[11]

Akwai nau'ikan mai sauyawa guda biyu, mai sauyawa biyu da mai sauyawa uku. Masu canzawa biyu sun kasance sananne har zuwa shekarun 1980, lokacin da masu canzawa uku suka maye gurbin su a kan mafi yawan injunan mota. Dubi labarin mai canzawa don ƙarin bayani.

Kula da hayaki mai narkewa

Rashin hayaki shine sakamakon tururin man fetur da ke tserewa daga tsarin man fetur na abin hawa. Tun daga shekara ta 1971, duk motocin Amurka suna da tsarin man fetur da aka rufe wanda baya fitowa kai tsaye zuwa yanayi; umarni don tsarin irin wannan ya bayyana a lokaci guda a wasu hukunce-hukunce. A cikin tsarin al'ada, tururi daga tankin mai da kwano na carburetor (a kan motocin carbureted) ana tura su zuwa kwano dake dauke da carbon mai kunnawa. Ana narkar da tururi a cikin kwandon, kuma a lokacin wasu hanyoyin aiki na injiniya ana jawo iska mai kyauta cikin kwandon.

Gwajin fitarwa na nesa

Wasu jihohin Amurka suna amfani da fasahar dake amfani da infrared da ultraviolet haske don gano hayaki yayin da motoci ke wucewa a kan hanyoyin jama'a, don haka kawar da buƙatar masu su je cibiyar gwaji. Ana amfani da gano hasken haske marar ganuwa na iskar gas a cikin manyan birane, ^[12] kuma ya zama sananne a Turai. ^[13]

Amfani da bayanan gwajin fitarwa

Sakamakon gwajin fitarwa daga motoci daban-daban a lokuta da yawa ana tattara su don kimanta aikin fitarwa na nau'ikan motoci daban'daban, ingancin shirin gwaji da sauran ka'idojin da suka shafi fitarwa (kamar canje-canje ga tsarin man fetur) da kuma tsara tasirin fitarwa na mota akan lafiyar jama'a da muhalli.

Sauran motocin mai

Exhaust emissions can be reduced by making use of clean vehicle propulsion. The most popular modes include hybrid and electric vehicles. As of Disamba 2020^[update], China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars with 4.5 million units, representing 42% of the world's stock of plug-in cars.^[14]^[15]

Dubi kuma

AP 42 Tarin abubuwan gurɓata iska
Rashin tattalin arzikin carbon
Binciken jirgin #OBD-I
Jirgin Ontario mai tsabta
Tsarin Ma'auni na fitarwa mai ɗaukar hoto
Tsarin watsa iska na hanya
Binciken motoci
Mataki na motocin man fetur

Manazarta

↑ "EPA note on NO₂ and health". Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
↑ Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyamlal (2021). "Feasibility assessment of a newly prepared cow-urine emulsified diesel fuel for CI engine application". Fuel. 288: 119713. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119713. S2CID 229400709.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). "Timeline of Major Accomplishments in Transportation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-10.
↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2024-03-01). "How the world eliminated lead from gasoline". Our World in Data.
↑ Hiroshi Morimoto (November 2019). "Overview of MLIT's Vehicle Environmental Policy" (PDF). International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
↑ "中华人民共和国生态环境部". www.mee.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
↑ 严茂强. "Stricter emission standard to kick in". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
↑ "国家市场监督管理总局". www.samr.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
↑ "National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) People's Republic of China". en.ndrc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 "China: Heavy-duty: Fuel Consumption | Transport Policy". www.transportpolicy.net. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
↑ Lathia, Rutvik; Dadhaniya, Sujal (2019-01-20). "Policy norms and proposed ways to achieve goals of Indian vehicle emission program". Journal of Cleaner Production (in Turanci). 208: 1339–1346. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.202. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 158500168. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
↑ "Infrared Remote Sensing Of On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions In Washington State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2009-03-23. (239 KB)
↑ "Abgasmessungen RSD (Measuring pollutants by Remote Sensing in Zurich/Switzerland) by the Kanton's Office for Environmental Protection "awel" by means of equipment provided by Opus Inspection / etest". www.awel.zh.ch. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
↑ International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). "Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?". IEA Publications. Retrieved 2021-01-10.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12).
↑ China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2021-01-14). "Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020". CAAM. Retrieved 2021-02-08. NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles.

Haɗin waje

Masu sana'a na Ƙungiyar Kula da Ruwa (MECA)
Cibiyar Bayanai ta Diesel
Ƙungiyar Kula da fitarwa ta hanyar Catalyst (AECC)
Tsarin Kula da fitarwa akan FamilyCar.com
Laboratory na Kasa na Kayan Kayan Kariya na Muhalli na AmurkaHukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka
Gishiri da gwajin motoci Archived 2021-05-10 at the Wayback Machine

Samfuri:Automotive engine

[1] "EPA note on NO₂ and health". Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2015-09-21.

[2] Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyamlal (2021). "Feasibility assessment of a newly prepared cow-urine emulsified diesel fuel for CI engine application". Fuel. 288: 119713. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119713. S2CID 229400709.

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). "Timeline of Major Accomplishments in Transportation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-10.

[4] Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2024-03-01). "How the world eliminated lead from gasoline". Our World in Data.

[5] Hiroshi Morimoto (November 2019). "Overview of MLIT's Vehicle Environmental Policy" (PDF). International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved 4 December 2021.

[6] "中华人民共和国生态环境部". www.mee.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.

[7] 严茂强. "Stricter emission standard to kick in". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.

[8] "国家市场监督管理总局". www.samr.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.

[9] "National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) People's Republic of China". en.ndrc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-06-02.

[:0-10] 10.0 ^10.1 "China: Heavy-duty: Fuel Consumption | Transport Policy". www.transportpolicy.net. Retrieved 2023-06-02.

[11] Lathia, Rutvik; Dadhaniya, Sujal (2019-01-20). "Policy norms and proposed ways to achieve goals of Indian vehicle emission program". Journal of Cleaner Production (in Turanci). 208: 1339–1346. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.202. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 158500168. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2020-05-06.

[12] "Infrared Remote Sensing Of On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions In Washington State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2009-03-23. (239 KB)

[13] "Abgasmessungen RSD (Measuring pollutants by Remote Sensing in Zurich/Switzerland) by the Kanton's Office for Environmental Protection "awel" by means of equipment provided by Opus Inspection / etest". www.awel.zh.ch. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-23.

[EVOutlook2020-14] International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). "Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?". IEA Publications. Retrieved 2021-01-10.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12).

[ChinaNEV2020-15] China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2021-01-14). "Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020". CAAM. Retrieved 2021-02-08. NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles.

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