Magudanar ruwa
Rashin ruwa yanki ne na ƙasa inda duk ruwan da ke gudana ya haɗu zuwa wuri ɗaya, kamar tafkin kogi, ko kuma ya gudana cikin wani ruwa, kamar tafki ko teku. An raba magudanar daga kwandon da ke kusa da shi ta hanyar kewayon, Rarrabawar ruwa, [1] wanda ya ƙunshi jerin siffofi masu tsawo, kamar tuddai da tuddai. Wani kwandon na iya kunshe da ƙananan kwandon da ke haɗuwa a haɗuwar kogi, suna samar da tsari na matsayi.[2]
Sauran kalmomi don kwandon ruwa sune 'tafkin ruwa', kwandon ruwa, yankin ruwa, kogin kogin, kwandon magudanar ruwa, [3] da impluvium. [4] [5][6] A Arewacin Amurka, ana kiransu ruwa, kodayake a wasu wuraren da ake magana da Ingilishi, ana amfani da " ruwa" ne kawai a ainihin ma'anarsa, na layin rarraba ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<n>]
An ƙayyade iyakokin kwandon ruwa ta hanyar rarraba ruwa, aikin gama gari a cikin injiniyan muhalli da kimiyya.
A cikin wani tafki mai rufewa, ko tafkin endorheic, maimakon kwarara zuwa teku, ruwa yana haɗuwa zuwa cikin tafkin, wanda aka sani da sink, wanda zai iya zama tafki na dindindin, tafki mai bushe, ko kuma wani batu inda ruwan sama ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin ƙasa.[7]
Rashin ruwa yana da kama amma ba daidai ba ne da raka'a na ruwa, waɗanda ke da wuraren ruwa da aka tsara don su shiga cikin tsarin ruwa mai yawa. An bayyana raka'a na ruwa don ba da izinin shigarwa da yawa, hanyoyin fita, ko nutsewa. A cikin ma'anar da ta dace, duk wuraren zubar da ruwa sune raka'a na ruwa, amma ba duk wuraren hydrologic ba ne wuraren zubar.[7]
Manyan wuraren zubar da ruwa a duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin teku
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]About 48.71% of the world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span>] In North America, surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes, and most of Newfoundland and Labrador. Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and the greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco.
Mafi girman kogin kogin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kogin koguna biyar mafi girma (bisa ga yanki), daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, sune na Amazon (kilomita miliyan 72), 2 (kilomitara miliyan 4), Nilu (kilomira miliyan 3.42), 2 (kilomta miliyan 3.2), da Río de la Plata (kilomuta miliyan 3.17). Koguna uku da suka fi zubar da ruwa, daga mafi yawa zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, sune kogin Amazon, Ganges, da Congo.
Rashin ruwa na Endorheic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Endorheic basin ne na cikin gida wanda ba ya shiga cikin teku. Endorheic basins sun rufe kusan kashi 18% na ƙasar Duniya. Wasu tafkunan endorheic suna gudana zuwa Tafkin Endorheic ko teku ta ciki. Yawancin waɗannan tabkuna na ɗan lokaci ne ko kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin da shigowa. Idan ruwa ya bushe ko ya shiga cikin ƙasa a ƙarshen sa, yankin na iya zuwa sunaye da yawa, irin su playa, gishiri, tafkin bushe, ko sink alkali.
Mafi girman tafkunan endorheic suna cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya, gami da Tekun Caspian, Tekun Aral, da ƙananan tabkuna da yawa. Sauran yankuna masu amincewa sun haɗa da Great Basin a Amurka, yawancin hamadar Sahara, kwandon ruwa na Kogin Okavango (Kalahari Basin), tsaunuka kusa da manyan tabkuna na Afirka, ciki na Ostiraliya da Yankin Larabawa, da sassa a Mexico da Andes. Wasu daga cikin wadannan, kamar Great Basin, ba kwandon ruwa guda ɗaya ba ne amma tarin rabuwa, kwandon rufewa da ke kusa la
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "drainage basin". The Physical Environment. University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point. Archived from the original on March 21, 2004.
- ↑ "What is a watershed and why should I care?". University of Delaware. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ↑ Uereyen, Soner; Kuenzer, Claudia (9 December 2019). "A Review of Earth Observation-Based Analyses for Major River Basins". Remote Sensing. 11 (24): 2951. Bibcode:2019RemS...11.2951U. doi:10.3390/rs11242951.
- ↑ Huneau, F.; Jaunat, J.; Kavouri, K.; Plagnes, V.; Rey, F.; Dörfliger, N. (2013-07-18). "Intrinsic vulnerability mapping for small mountainous karst aquifers, implementation of the new PaPRIKa method to Western Pyrenees (France)". Engineering Geology. Elsevier. 161: 81–93. Bibcode:2013EngGe.161...81H. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.03.028.
Efficient management is strongly correlated to the proper protection perimeter definition around springs and proactive regulation of land uses over the spring's catchment area ("impluvium").
- ↑ Lachassagne, Patrick (2019-02-07). "Natural mineral waters". Encyclopédie de l'environnement. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
In order to preserve the long-term stability and purity of natural mineral water, bottlers have put in place "protection policies" for the impluviums (or catchment areas) of their sources. The catchment area is the territory on which the part of precipitated rainwater and/or snowmelt that infiltrates the subsoil feeds the mineral aquifer and thus contributes to the renewal of the resource. In other words, a precipitated drop on the impluvium territory may join the mineral aquifer; ...
- ↑ Labat, D.; Ababou, R.; Manginb, A. (2000-12-05). "Rainfall–runoff relations for karstic springs. Part I: convolution and spectral analyses". Journal of Hydrology. 238 (3–4): 123–148. Bibcode:2000JHyd..238..123L. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00321-8.
The non-karstic impluvium comprises all elements of the ground surface and soils that are poorly permeable, on a part of which water is running while also infiltrating on another minor part. This superficial impluvium, if it exists, constitutes the first level of organization of the drainage system of the karstic basin.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Hydrologic Unit Geography". Virginia Department of Conservation & Recreation. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2010. Cite error: Invalid
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