Masallaci-Madrassa ta Sultan Barquq

Masallaci-Madrassa ta Sultan Barquq
Musulunci Alkahira
More pictures
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Misra
Governorate of Egypt (en)	Cairo Governorate (en)
Coordinates	30°03′01″N 31°15′41″E
History and use
Opening	1386
Karatun Gine-gine
Style (en)	Mamluk architecture (en)
Heritage

Masallaci-Madrasa na Sultan Barquq ko Masallaci -Madrasa-Khanqah na Az-Zaher Barquq (Arabic) wani addini ne a Alkahira, gundumar tarihi ta Alkahira. Sultan al-Zahir Barquq ne ya ba da izini a matsayin makarantar ilimi na addini a makarantun Musulunci guda huɗu, wanda ya ƙunshi Masallaci, madrasa, mausoleum da Khanqah. An gina hadaddun ne a cikin 1384-1386 AZ (786 zuwa 788 AH), tare da dome da aka kara na ƙarshe. Ita ce gine-ginen gine-gine na farko da aka gina a lokacin mulkin Daular Circassian (Burji) na Mamluk Sultanate .

Gidan yana cikin yankin gargajiya na titin Muizz . Tare da Complex na Sultan Qalawun da Madrasa na al-Nasir Muhammad, wanda yake tare da shi, yana daya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen gine-ginen Mamluk a Alkahira, a sashin titin al-Mu'izz da aka sani da Bayn al-Qasrayn .

Patron da tarihin tarihi

Cikin yankin addu'a a 1867

Al-Zahir Barquq sananne ne a matsayin "Burji" Mamluk sultan na farko na Alkahira. Shi bawa ne na Circassian wanda Yalbugha al-Umari, masarautar Mamluk wanda ya mallaki Alkahira a madadin Sultan Sha'ban ya saya. Kamar sauran mamluks da yawa na lokacin, an horar da shi a cikin barikin soja na Circassian da ke cikin birni. A karkashin Yalbugha, Barquq ya sami tasiri sosai a cikin jihar, kuma daga baya ya zama babban dan wasa a lokacin rikici da rikice-rikicen cikin gida bayan mutuwar Yalbugha na farko sannan Sultan Sha'ban. A ƙarshe, Barquq ya sami isasshen goyon baya don kawar da Sultan Hajj, ɗan Sha'ban wanda har yanzu yaro ne, kuma ya karɓi kursiyin kansa a cikin shekara ta 1382.: Bayan hawansa, yafi tattara Mamluks na asalin Circassian zuwa mulkinsa, kuma wannan rukuni ne ya mamaye Sultanate har zuwa faduwar Ottomans. Tun da yake sun zauna kuma sun horar da su galibi a cikin Citadel na Alkahira, ana kiransu "Burji" Mamluk, ma'ana Mamluks "na hasumiya".

Duk da canjin mulkin, ginin Barquq ya nuna ci gaba da gine-gine da fasaha tare da gine-ginen Mamluk da suka gabata. Matsayinsa yana nuna muhimman kamanceceniya a cikin tsari da layout tare da farkon kuma mafi girma na addini na Sultan Hassan, kodayake an canza abubuwan da aka gyara don dacewa da yanayin daban-daban.: Barquq ya gina hadaddensa a daya daga cikin manyan wuraren Alkahira, Bayn al-Qasrayn, mai suna bayan fadar sarauta ta Fatimid da ta gabata wacce ta mamaye shafin (kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginen addini da mausoleums na Ayyubid da Mamluk sultans). Gininsa yana kusa da Madrasa na Al-Nasir Muhammad da kuma jana'izar Sultan Qalawun (duka manyan sarakunan Mamluk na baya), suna samar da dogon layi na ci gaba na ɗakunan addini tare da wannan titin a tsakiyar Alkahira.

Ra'ayi game da hadaddun Barquq a cikin yanayin titin al-Mu'izz.

Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa wani ɓangare na Bayn al-Qasrayn (a kan titin al-Mu'izz), masallacin yana cikin masana'antar al'ummar Masar da rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan ƙasar Masar. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan sanannun dalilai shine a matsayin mafaka ga iyalai da aka fitar a cikin shekarun 1970s. Hanyar da masallacin yake a ciki ta yi wahayi zuwa ga ayyukan fasaha da wallafe-wallafen da suka fi shahara da littafin "Bayn al-Qasrayn" ko tafiya a fadar Naguib Mahfouz. Fim din wanda littafin ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, ya hada da hotuna da yawa na masallacin a bayan fage.

Gine-gine

Ginin madrasa da jana'izar Barquq ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1384 (Rajab 786 a cikin kalandar Islama) kuma ya gama, bisa ga rubutun da ke gabanta, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta1386 (Rabi' I 788). Tun da shafin yana cikin tsakiyar Alkahira, wasu gine-ginen da ke akwai, gami da Khan ko caravanserai, dole ne a rushe su kafin a gina su.: Ko da yake ana gina wuraren tunawa na Mamluk sau da yawa tare da taimakon aikin tilas (tare da fursunonin yaƙi ko ta hanyar aiki), an ruwaito ginin Barquq ya yi amfani da ma'aikatan da aka biya kawai.

Barquq ya nada sarkin Jarkas al-Khalili a matsayin mai kula da ayyukan, yayin da masanin gine-gine ko masanin gini (mai taken Mu'allim a Larabci) shine Ahmad al-Tuluni . ::225 Ahmad al-Tuluni, daga dangin masassaƙa da masu yankan dutse, sananne ne a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan majalisa masu ginin wannan lokacin don samun babban nasara da karbuwa, tare da Barquq ya auri danginsa mata biyu. Yana da isasshen hanyar da zai iya gina mausoleum don kansa a Kabari na Kudancin Alkahira.: 44 Jarkas al-Khalili, masanin sultan na shaguna, ya kuma shahara da gina asalin Khan al-Khelili, wanda ya ba da sunansa ga sanannen kasuwar har yanzu a Alkahira.

Bayyanawa

Ƙofar shiga.

Hasken wuta da ɗakunan ajiya a kan farfajiyar.

Gidan (sahn) da sabil.

Kamar yawancin tushe na Mamluk, tsarin addini na Barquq ya yi aiki da yawa a lokaci guda. Takardar tushe ta bayyana cewa hadaddun ya haɗa da Masallacin Jumma'a, madrasa wanda ya koyar da madhhabs na Sunni guda huɗu ga ɗalibai 125, da kuma Khanqah (wani ma'aikatar masallaci ga Sufis) ga Sufis 60. Tsarin gaba ɗaya da kayan ado suna kama da na Masallacin-Madrasa na Sultan Hassan mafi girma da kuma baya. Ginin ya hada da mausoleum wanda ke bayyane daga titi. Barquq ya motsa gawar mahaifinsa kuma ya binne shi a cikin mausoleum na hadaddensa lokacin da aka kammala shi. Barquq da kansa, duk da haka, daga baya ya so a binne shi a cikin sabon mausoleum a Kabari na Arewacin Alkahira, aikin da dansa Farawa ya kammala.

Akwai wani babban gida mai suna Zakat Khan a wannan wuri, wanda Emir Jarkas Al Khalili, yarima na Akhor ya kula da gininsa.

Na waje

Gidan waje na hadaddun ya bayyana an tsara shi da kyau don kara girmansa tare da titin da ya riga ya ƙunshi wasu manyan abubuwan tunawa: minaret yana a kusurwar arewacin arewa kuma an ɗora shi da gani tare da dome (shirye-shiryen gama gari), yayin da a kusurwoyin kudancin ƙofar ƙofar tana aiki a kwance da tsaye daga bangarorin da ke kewaye da su (wani fasalin da aka sani da pishtaq). Rubutun tushe yana gudana tare da bangon sama, a ƙasa da jere na zane-zane na muqarnas, yayin da za'a iya samun wani rubutun Kur'ani a matakin ƙasa a kusa da ƙofar. Rubutun Kur'ani yana nuna salon Kalligraphic mai ban sha'awa wanda manyan layin haruffa suka haɗu a cikin maɓallin furanni. Gilashin zagaye guda biyu da ake gani tare da bangon waje sun dace da Mihrabs na madrasa da mausoleum.

Ƙofar ƙofar ta tashi har zuwa wani dutse mai ban sha'awa tare da zane-zane na muqarnas. Da ke ƙasa akwai babban bangare na marmara, mai kama da misalin da aka samu a cikin gidan Sultan Hassan madrasa kuma mai yiwuwa an kawo shi daga Siriya. Ƙofofin tagulla na ƙofar an yi musu ado sosai tare da alamu na lissafi wanda ya dogara da taurari masu ma'ana 18, kuma yana da wani rubutun.

Cikin gida

Ganuwar Qibla tare da mihrab a tsakiya.

Rufin katako na musamman na zinariya na iwan mai tsarki.

Gidan ƙofar, kamar wanda ke cikin madrasa na Sultan Hassan, an rufe shi da tsarin fitila a sama da kuma ƙarin ɗakunan muqarnas. Daga nan, wani sashi yana kaiwa ga tsakiya na tsakiya na rectangular (a sahn) flanked da hudu Iwans (vaulted rooms bude a gefe daya), wanda ya kasance halayyar monumental madrasas na lokacin. Ana ƙarfafa ganuwar ta hanyar canza launi na dutse (wanda aka sani da ablaq). sabil (maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko ɗakin ruwa) a tsakiyar farfajiyar wani ƙari ne na baya-bayan nan daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 "Comité" wanda ke kula da sabuntawa, kodayake wasu nau'ikan maɓuɓɓugan har yanzu suna nan da farko. iwan a gefen gabas (zuwa ga shugabancin Addu'a) an rufe shi da rufin katako mafi girma a cikin gine-ginen Mamluk kuma yana kare babban wuri mai tsarki ko ɗakin addu'a na hadaddun, yayin da sauran iwans guda uku an rufe su da dutse. Babban zauren addu'a yana da tsarin salon basilica mai kama da wanda aka samu a cikin madrasa na Qalawun, tare da ginshiƙai da ke riƙe da rufin. Koyaya, rufin katako da aka zana da kyau yana da sababbin abubuwa kuma ana ɗaukarsa kuma yana da alama mai ban sha'awa na wannan abin tunawa, tare da alamu da suka yi kama da waɗanda ke cikin Haske Alkur'ani na zamani. Dukkanin bene da bango na qibla (bango da ke nuna hanyar addu'a) an yi musu ado da mosaics na marmara da paneling. Wani bayani mai ban mamaki kuma mai ban mamaki shine mosaics na marmara mai siffar mihrab da ke shimfiɗa ƙasa a ƙarƙashin bango na qibla. Babban mihrab da kansa an rufe shi da mosaics na marmara masu launi da yawa kuma an rufe shi ta da ginshiƙai huɗu masu ado (kuma, kama da mihrab na Sultan Hassan madrasa).

Gilashin da ke kewaye da hadaddun suna da siffofi na yau da kullun tare da gilashin launi, kodayake ƙuƙwalwar da ke sama da mihrabs suna da siffofin katako. A bayan ginin (a gefen yamma) akwai mafi yawan sel da ɗakuna ga ɗaliban mazauna da Sufis, amma a yau wannan ɓangaren ya lalace.

Mausoleum

Cikin mausoleum.

Kusa da zauren addu'a a gefen arewa, amma an raba shi da bango, shine ɗakin mausoleum a ƙarƙashin dome. Ginin da kansa an yi shi ne da itace amma Kwamitin ya sake gina shi da tubali a cikin 1893. Canjin tsakanin zagaye dome da ke sama da ɗakin murabba'i da ke ƙasa an cimma shi ta hanyar asali (ko da yake an dawo da shi) katako na katako tare da siffofin muqarnas kuma tare da kayan ado na zinariya na irin wannan ingancin da ke kan rufin ɗakin addu'a. Ganuwar mihrab da qibla a nan suma suna da kayan ado na marmara, kamar bango na qibla da ke cikin zauren addu'a, sai dai cewa mihrab a nan ya fi ƙanƙanta. Wataƙila an tsara mihrab ta wannan hanyar don ba da damar windows ɗin da ke gefen su kasance da faɗi sosai ga masu karatun Alkur'ani su zauna a cikinsu, daga inda waɗanda ke wucewa a kan titin a waje za su iya jin su. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ba a binne Barquq da kansa a nan a ƙarshe ba, amma ɗakin yana dauke da kabarin ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata, Fatima .

Karewa da sata

An gina asalin dome daga itace wanda aka rufe shi da gubar. Dole ne a sake gina dome a cikin 1893 ta amfani da tubali. Daga Mayu 2013 har zuwa Fabrairu 2014, akwai yunkurin da Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts a Boston ya yi don kiyaye ƙofar minbar. Sun kuma yi niyyar nazarin aikin katako mai rikitarwa wanda ke da alamar salon Mamluk. An gano cewa an yi bangon ƙofar da itacen Aleppo pine kuma an rufe shi da ebony da hauren giwa. Bugu da ƙari, an gano allunan hauren suna da kore da ja. An cika ja da haɗuwa da ƙudan zuma da hematite kuma an cika kore da gishiri na jan ƙarfe. Sun kuma yi amfani da kwanan wata na Carbon-14, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa duk abubuwan itace sun samo asali ne tun daga ƙarni na 14 da 15. An yi amfani da hoton X-ray don ƙayyade hanyar daidaitawa da ta dace. An sace minbar na asali na masallacin kuma an maye gurbinsa da minbar na yanzu a karni na goma sha biyar. Masallacin ya kuma kasance makasudin sata na baya-bayan nan a watan Disamba na 2012 da 2013, inda aka sace yawancin kayan ado a kan minbar da ƙofar masallaci.