Tafkunan dake daidaita shara

Tafkunan dake daidaita shara
Bayanai
Described at URL (en)	wasser-wissen.de…

Tafkunan da ke daidaita sharar gida ( WSPs ko tafkuna masu daidaitawa ko lagoons na sharar sharar gida ) tafkunan da aka tsara da kuma gina su don maganin ruwan sha don rage abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin cuta da kuma kawar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa . Bacin rai ne da ɗan adam ya yi wanda aka killace su da tsarin ƙasa. Kuma Ruwan sharar gida ko "tasiri" yana shiga a gefe ɗaya na kandami na daidaitawar sharar gida kuma yana fita a gefe guda a matsayin "mai tsabta", bayan ya shafe kwanaki da yawa a cikin tafkin, lokacin da tsarin kulawa ya faru.

Ana amfani da tafkunan kwantar da shara a duk duniya don maganin sharar gida kuma sun dace musamman ga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da yanayin zafi. ^[1] Ana amfani da su akai-akai don magance najasa da gurɓataccen masana'antu, sannan Kuma amma kuma ana iya amfani da su don maganin gushewar ruwa na birni ko kuma ruwan sama . Tsarin zai iya ƙunshi tafki guda ɗaya ko tafkuna da yawa a cikin jeri, kowane tafki yana taka rawa daban-daban wajen kawar da gurɓataccen abu . Bayan jiyya, za'a iya mayar da magudanar zuwa ruwan saman ko kuma a sake amfani da shi azaman ruwan ban ruwa (ko ruwan da aka dawo da shi) idan magudanar ta cika ka'idojin da ake buƙata (misali ƙananan matakan ƙwayoyin cuta ).

Tafkunan kwantar da sharar gida sun haɗa da hanyoyin jiyya na halitta waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci saboda ƙimar cirewa suna jinkirin. Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar manyan wurare fiye da sauran hanyoyin magani tare da abubuwan shigar da makamashi na waje. Tafkunan kwantar da sharar da aka kwatanta a nan ba sa amfani da iska. Da Kuma Fasahar lagoon mai girma da ke amfani da iska tana da alaƙa da yawa tare da aikin sludge mai kunnawa . Irin wannan tafki mai iskar ruwa ba sa amfani da ƙasa fiye da yadda ake buƙata don tafkunan kwantar da tarzoma na gargajiya kuma suna da yawa a cikin ƙananan garuruwa.

Tushen

Manufar tabbatarwa

Najasa da yawancin nau'ikan ruwan sharar masana'antu sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta. Kuma Idan aka fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da kula da shi ba cikin ruwa na saman (misali, koguna da tafkuna), kwayoyin halittarsu suna zama abinci ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin ruwan saman. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da kwayoyin halitta don samar da makamashi don girma da haifuwa. Sannan Ana yin wannan ta hanyar numfashin su, inda suke canza kwayoyin halitta zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa. Duk Wadannan tsayayyen sassan ba sa haifar da matsalolin gurbatar ruwa. Don haka ana kiran wannan akai-akai "kwantar da hankali" na kwayoyin halitta.

Duk da haka, waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin numfashi, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Wannan yana daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin gurɓataccen ruwa, Kuma wanda zai iya shafar yanayin ruwa na ruwa, ciki har da kifi.

Tafkunan sharar gida suna haifar da waɗannan abubuwan al'amuran halitta kafin su faru a cikin ruwan sama mai karɓar kuma suna haifar da matsalolin ƙazanta saboda yawan iskar oxygen. Tafkunan suna karɓar ruwan sharar gida, kuma, ta hanyar hanyoyin dabi'a irin waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, suna aiwatar da daidaita yanayin kwayoyin halitta a cikin su, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jiyya. Kuma Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa suka karbi sunan tafkunan kwantar da hankali.

Microorganisms

Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna faruwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin tafki. To Amman Ana auna kwayoyin halitta azaman buƙatar oxygen na biochemical (BOD). Ƙimar BOD a cikin ruwan kandami sun fi ƙasa da tasiri, suna nuna kawar da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan tafki biome yana amfani da kwayoyin halitta daga ruwan datti a matsayin abinci.

Ana canza abubuwan gina jiki zuwa kayan tantanin halitta da makamashi don tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ciki har da haifuwa da haɓakar sel masu rai. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sel masu rai za a cinye su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta a matakan trophic mafi girma a cikin tafki. To A cikin tafkunan, rukuni mafi mahimmanci na ƙwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke amfani da yawancin kwayoyin halitta daga ruwan sha, amma kuma suna cinye oxygen.

Algae wani muhimmin rukuni ne na ƙwayoyin cuta. Ba su dogara da kwayoyin halitta daga masu tasiri ba. Maimakon haka, suna ɗaukar photosynthesis, wanda suke samar da kwayoyin halitta don amfanin kansu kuma, mafi mahimmanci a nan, suna sakin oxygen. Kuma Yawan iskar oxygen da aka fitar yana tallafawa numfashin da kwayoyin halitta ke yi a cikin tafki. Hakanan ana narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye shimfidar iska a saman saman tafki.

Matakan oxygen

Matsakaicin iskar oxygen ya bambanta a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa: Kusa da ƙasa, haɓakawa yana da yawa kuma yana tallafawa haɓakar ƙwayoyin iska. Kusa da ƙasan kandami, shigar hasken rana ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, don haka aikin photosynthesis yana raguwa. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen ya zama ƙasa a can. A ƙarshe, a cikin sediments a cikin ƙasan Layer, babu iskar oxygen kwata-kwata. Anan, kwayoyin halitta ana cire su ta hanyar narkewa da kwayoyin anaerobic suka yi.

Cire ƙwayoyin cuta

Ana iya cire ƙwayoyin cuta da kyau a cikin tafkunan kwantar da sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Tsarin ya dogara da yawa akan tafkunan balagagge don kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, kodayake wasu cirewar kuma yana faruwa a cikin sauran tafkunan tsarin. Mafi girman adadin tafkunan a cikin jerin, mafi inganci da kawar da pathogen.

Cire ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta yana faruwa musamman ta rashin kunnawa. Ana kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a sakamakon hadaddun hulɗar hanyoyin da suka haɗa da pH (ƙimar pH a cikin tafkuna yana da girma saboda algal photosynthesis), zafin jiki, hasken ultraviolet da ke cikin hasken rana wanda ya isa saman kandami da halayen photooxidative suna cin gajiyar babban narkar da su. yawan iskar oxygen. ^[2]

Protozoan pathogens suna nan a cikin ruwan datti a cikin nau'i na cysts ko oocysts. Helminths (tsutsotsi) suna samuwa a cikin nau'i na ƙwai. Kuma Za a iya cire ƙwayoyin cuta na protozoan da helminth ta hanyar tsarin lalata. ^[2] Za'a iya samun ingancin cirewa sosai, musamman idan tafkunan maturation suna cikin tsarin jiyya. A wannan yanayin, ƙaƙƙarfan tafki na ƙarshe na iya kasancewa cikin bin ka'idodin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don ban ruwa tare da sharar da aka gyara (ko " ruwan da aka kwato"). ^[3] Duk da haka, a sludge (launi) daga tafkunan na iya zama gurbataccen ruwa tare da ƙwai helminth, wanda zai iya rayuwa ko da bayan shekaru da yawa na adana sludge a cikin kandami. ^[4]

Nau'ukan

Tafkunan kwantar da sharar sun ƙunshi kwandunan da mutum ya yi wanda ya ƙunshi tafkunan anaerobic guda ɗaya (1) ko da yawa, na ƙwarewa ko maturation. Kasancewa ko rashin iskar oxygen ya bambanta da nau'ikan tafkunan guda uku, ana amfani da su a jere. Tafkunan sharar anaerobic suna da ƙarancin narkar da iskar oxygen, to don haka yanayin anaerobic ya mamaye. Nau'in tafki na biyu, tafkuna masu daidaitawa, suna ɗorewa wurin zama na sararin samaniya sama da mazaunin benthic na anaerobic. Maturation tafkunan suna ba da yanayin motsa jiki a ko'ina, daga saman zuwa ƙasa.

Babban tsarin tsarin tafki shine: ^[5]

Facultative tafki kawai;
Anaerobic tafki yana biye da tafki mai facultative;
Facultative kandami bi da maturation tafkunan a jeri;
Tafkin anaerobic yana biye da tafki mai ƙwarewa sannan kuma tafkunan maturation a jere.

Idan tafkin anaerobic ya kasance, wani ɓangare na daskararrun da aka dakatar daga ruwa mai datti ya daidaita, don haka cire kwayoyin halitta ( BOD ) da waɗannan daskararrun ke bayarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana cire wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka narkar da su ta hanyar narkewar anaerobic . To A lokacin mataki na biyu a cikin tafki mai facultative , yawancin sauran BOD ana cire su ne ta hanyar kwayoyin heterotrophic waɗanda ke karɓar iskar oxygen daga photosynthesis da algae ke yi. Babban aikin mataki na uku a cikin tafkunan balagagge shine kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ko da yake yana iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan abinci (watau nitrogen ). Koyaya, kuma ƙayyadaddun nitrogen ta hanyar algae da ke zaune a cikin tsarin tafki mai daidaitawa na iya haɓaka matakan nitrogen a cikin ƙazamin kandami.

Tafkunan anaerobic

Tafkunan anaerobic suna samun danyen ruwan sharar gida . Suna da ƙaramin yanki idan aka kwatanta da tafkuna masu ƙwarewa kuma suna da zurfi (yawanci 3.0 zuwa 5.0 m). Zurfin yana rage tasirin samar da iskar oxygen ta hanyar photosynthesis, yana haifar da yanayin anaerobic. Dangane da yanayin lodi da yanayin yanayi, waɗannan tafkunan suna iya cire tsakanin rabin zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na tasirin BOD. Wannan yana rage girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke zuwa tafkunan masu fa'ida, don haka yana rage girman da ake buƙata. Tafkunan anaerobic stabilization suna da lahani na yuwuwar sakin iskar gas mai haɗari. Wannan musamman ya hada da hydrogen sulfide tare da warin ruɓaɓɓen qwai,Kuma idan tsarin yana da matsalolin aiki.

Biome na farko na kandami a cikin jerin tafkunan kwantar da hankali yana narkar da daskararrun daskararrun da aka rataye a cikin ruwan datti da ake jiyya. Tafkunan anaerobic suna ba da damar daskararru su zauna a ƙasa a matsayin sludge. Kuma Wannan madaidaicin yana cire wani yanki na kayan ɓarkewar kwayoyin halitta. Babban juzu'in daskararrun daskararrun za su taru kusa da wurin da ruwan datti ya shiga cikin tafki. Don haka, dole ne a tsara tafkunan anaerobic don su yi zurfin zurfi fiye da tafkunan motsa jiki ko na fasaha. Zurfin yana rage matakan iskar oxygen don haka kwayoyin anaerobic zasu iya narkar da sharar yadda yakamata. ^[6] Tafkunan anaerobic sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar anaerobic waɗanda ke iya wargaza hadaddun datti zuwa abubuwan da ba su da illa ga muhalli. ^[7] Saboda kwayoyin halittar anaerobic suna iya bunƙasa a cikin yanayin zafi kawai, tafkunan anaerobic ba su dace da yanayi mai zafi ko sanyi ba sosai.

Sludge yana taruwa a kasan tafkunan anaerobic kuma yana buƙatar cirewa kowane ƴan shekaru.

Facultative tafkunan

Facultative stabilization tafkunan da ke karɓar danyen ruwan sha ana kiran tafkuna na farko. Idan suna karbar ruwan sharar da aka riga aka yi magani a cikin tafkunan anaerobic, ana kiran su tafkunan facultative na sakandare. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tafkunan kwantar da hankali don jiyya biyo bayan wasu nau'ikan hanyoyin jiyya kamar su ma'aunin anaerobic sludge bargo (UASB) reactors, ramukan iskar oxygen ko lagoons mai iska. Idan aka kwatanta da tafkunan anaerobic, tafkuna masu fa'ida ba su da zurfi (zurfin 1.5 zuwa 2.5 m) kuma suna da filaye da yawa. Yankin saman yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ba da damar iskar oxygen ta narke da hasken rana don shiga cikin ruwa. Duk Wannan yana ba da damar aikin photosynthesis ya faru wanda ke samar da ƙarin oxygen.

A mafi yawan tafkunan ana buƙatar ƙwayoyin cuta da algae don haɓaka lalata kwayoyin halitta da kuma kawar da wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. ^[7] Algae suna samar da iskar oxygen (photosynthesis) kuma suna cinye iskar oxygen (numfasawa), to amma suna barin iskar oxygen da yawa waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya amfani da su don numfashi da kuma hanyoyin iskar oxygen (ko daidaitawa) na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan sharar gida.

Yawancin nau'ikan invertebrates suna nan a cikin tafkunan inda suke sarrafa yawan algae, wanda sannan ya zauna a ƙasa. ^[7] Girman algashi mai nauyi na iya toshe hasken rana shiga cikin tafki. Wannan yana rage yuwuwar photosynthesis don ba da gudummawar iskar oxygen zuwa kandami.

A cikin kula da najasa, tsarin da ya ƙunshi tafkunan anaerobic da ke biye da tafkuna masu fa'ida yawanci suna da ingantaccen cirewar BOD tsakanin kashi 75 da 85%. Mafi girman inganci yana da wuyar cimmawa saboda dattin yana ƙunshe da babban adadin kwayoyin halitta, a cikin nau'in algae, da aka samar ta halitta yayin jiyya.

Lalacewar da ke kunshe da laka a cikin tafki yana shan narkewar anaerobic, kuma yana iya tarawa tsawon shekaru da yawa ba tare da buƙatar cirewa ba.

Maturation tafkunan

Ana iya samun ƙarin kawar da kwayoyin halitta da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin tafkunan maturation. Duka Waɗannan tafkunan ana haɗa su ne kawai a cikin layin jiyya lokacin da ake buƙatar babban inganci na kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, ko dai don zubar da magudanar da aka yi da su a cikin ruwan saman, ko ace don amfani da ban ruwa ko kiwo. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da su bayan tafkuna masu fa'ida, amma kuma suna iya bin wasu hanyoyin jiyya, kamar su na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi anaerobic sludge bargo (UASB). Hakanan ana iya sanya su bayan aikin sludge da aka kunna.

Maturation tafkunan dole ne su kasance m (kusan zurfin 1.0 m ko ƙasa da haka) tare da babban yanki mai girma don ƙarin oxygen zai iya narke cikin ruwa yana ba kwayoyin isassun iskar oxygen suyi aiki yadda ya kamata. Tafkuna masu zurfi suna fa'ida daga manyan ayyukan photosythetic da ke tasowa daga shigar hasken rana. Ma'auni na pH suna da girma saboda a tsananin photosynthesis, kuma shigar da hasken ultraviolet yana faruwa a cikin manyan yadudduka. Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu suna haɓaka kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Idan aka yi la'akari da babban yanki na tafkunan maturation, ana cire cysts na protozoan da ƙwai helminth, tare da lalata a matsayin babban injin. ^[2]

Tarin sludge yayi ƙasa sosai a cikin tafkunan maturation.

Za a iya samun nasarar kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta sosai, dangane da dalilai da yawa: zafin jiki, lokacin riƙewar ruwa (yawan lokacin da ruwa ya kasance a cikin tsarin - daga ƙofar zuwa fita), yawan tafkuna a cikin jerin, gaban baffles da zurfin tafkunan. ^[2]

Ana iya amfani da tafkunan balagagge a haɗe tare da tafki na ruwan sama don samar da tafki na ban ruwa mai tsarkake muhalli.

Aikace-aikace da dacewa

Tafkunan kwantar da sharar gida suna da inganci sosai a cikin ainihin manufarsu ta kawar da kwayoyin halitta kuma, a wasu yanayi, ƙwayoyin cuta. Ma'aunin ƙirar su ya canza kadan a cikin shekaru. ^[7] Tafkuna suna da sauƙi don tsarawa, ginawa, sannan sarrafawa da kulawa, wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci a yankuna masu nisa da kuma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda kayan aiki na yau da kullun da ƙwararrun ma'aikata ba su da sauƙi. Kuma ’Yan kwangila na gida na iya yin gine-gine a cikin ƙananan garuruwa.

Tafkunan kwantar da shara suna aiki da kyau a kusan dukkan mahalli kuma suna iya magance yawancin nau'ikan ruwan datti . Sun dace musamman ga ƙasashe masu zafi da na ƙasa saboda tsananin hasken rana da zafin jiki sune mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ingantaccen tsarin cirewa. ^[8] Ana amfani da tafkuna a duk faɗin duniyat. To A cikin ƙasashe da yankuna da yawa tafkuna sune tsarin jiyya da aka fi amfani da su. Don haka, suna daya daga cikin hanyoyin da WHO ta ba da shawarar yin maganin datti don sake amfani da su a aikin gona da kiwo, musamman saboda tasirinsu wajen cire nematodes (tsutsotsi) da ƙwai helminth . ^[3]

Tafkunan ba za su iya cimma babban inganci wajen kawar da kwayoyin halitta ba, kuma yawanci suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi don cire nitrogen da phosphorus . Ruwan ruwa yawanci yana da babban adadin da aka dakatar da shi, sakamakon samar da algal a cikin tafkunan. To Don haka, tafkuna ba fasaha ce da ta dace ba a wuraren da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitarwa ke wanzu, sai dai idan an haɗa ƙarin matakan jiyya bayan.

Tunda tafkunan suna buƙatar manyan wurare, ƙila ba za su yi aiki ba a kusa da garuruwan da ƙasa ke da tsada. Ana kuma son yanayin yanayin da ya dace da tsarin ƙasa mai dacewa, don rage farashin gini.

Aiki da kulawa

Game da aiki da kulawa, ayyukan da ma'aikatan aiki ke yi suna da sauƙi kuma ba sa buƙatar ƙwarewa na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, Kuma babu amfani da makamashi don iska, babu buƙatar kulawa da kayan aiki mai nauyi kuma babu yawan cire sludge, jiyya da zubar da ruwa.

Tafkunan suna buƙatar kulawa kaɗan, tunda babu kayan wuta mai nauyi ko na inji da ke buƙatar kulawa. Iyakar kulawa ta yau da kullun da ake buƙata shine akan jiyya na farko (tsaftace fuska da cire yashi), bincikar bututu na yau da kullun, magudanar ruwa da sauran tsarin injin ruwa, sannan da kawar da ci gaban ciyayi maras so a cikin tarkace.

Cire sludge

Sludge yana tarawa a cikin tafkunan. Yana buƙatar cire shi kawai a cikin tazarar shekaru da yawa. Wannan muhimmin amfani ne na tsarin. Koyaya, lokacin cirewa ya zama dole, yawanci aiki ne mai tsada da wahala. Kuma Cire ya fi sau da yawa a cikin tafkunan anaerobic (kowace ƴan shekaru), saboda ƙaramar ƙararsu da ƙananan ƙarfin ajiyar sludge, idan aka kwatanta da tafkunan masu ƙwarewa. A cikin tafkuna masu fa'ida, cire sludge na iya zama dole kawai a cikin tazara tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 25. A cikin tafkunan maturation, tarin sludge yana da ƙasa sosai.

Cire sludge, wanda kuma ake kira desludging, ana iya yin shi ta hanyoyi biyu na asali: (i) katse aikin kandami don lalata ko (ii) kiyaye tafki yana aiki yayin lalata. A cikin shari'ar farko, sannan an rufe ruwan datti mai tasiri zuwa kandami da za a kwashe. Bayan haka, ana zubar da kandami kuma an bar sludge na kasa don bude bushewa na makonni da yawa. A wannan lokacin, ruwan dattin da za a yi amfani da shi yana buƙatar karkatar da shi zuwa wasu tafkunan da ke cikin tsarin. Bayan sludge ya bushe, ana iya cire shi da hannu (mai wahala sosai a cikin manyan tafkuna) ko kuma ta hanyar injina ta amfani da tarakta ko scrapers. A madadin na biyu, lokacin da aka bar kandami yana aiki a lokacin rarrabuwa, sludge da aka cire zai zama rigar kuma zai buƙaci ƙarin bushewa. Ana yin wannan a wajen tafkin. Cire sludge na iya zama ta hanyar tsotsawa da yin famfo ta amfani da manyan manyan motoci (don ƙananan tafkuna kawai), jujjuyawa, Kuma yin famfo daga jirgin ruwa ko haɗa wasu kayan aikin injiniya. A kowane hali, adadin sludge da za a cire yana da yawa sosai, idan aka yi la'akari da yadda ya taru tsawon shekaru. Wannan tsari yana da wahala sosai, tsada kuma yana buƙatar yin shiri sosai. ^[8]

Farashin

A cikin zaɓin tsarin kula da ruwan sha, ban da abubuwan fasaha waɗanda suka dace da kowane madadin, abubuwan tsada kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ana iya raba na ƙarshe zuwa (i) farashin gini da (ii) farashin aiki da kulawa. Ana ɗaukar tafkunan kwantar da shara a matsayin madadin arha dangane da farashin gini. Koyaya, sannan Kuma farashin ƙarshe zai dogara da gaske akan girman tafkunan, kasancewar tafkunan maturation a cikin tsarin tsari, yanayin yanayin ƙasa, yanayin ƙasa, matakin ruwan ƙasa da farashin ƙasa.

Saboda duk waɗannan abubuwan sun keɓanta da wurin, yana da wahala a ƙididdige yawan kuɗin gini gabaɗaya. A mafi yawan lokuta waɗannan za su yi ƙasa kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin magance ruwan sharar gida. ^[9] Dangane da ƙayyadaddun yanayin yankin, Kuma farashin gini na iya ƙaruwa da haɓaka tare da sauran fasahohin.

Tafkunan kwantar da shara suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi arha hanyoyin magance ruwan sha ta fuskar aiki da kulawa.

Kwatanta da sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa

Nau'o'in ruwa da abubuwan more rayuwa na sharar gida na iya kama da tafkunan sharar gida, amma ba iri ɗaya bane:

Lagos masu iska sun dogara da injina don samar da iskar oxygen don daidaita kwayoyin halitta. Za a iya amfani da lagos masu iska a matsayin mataki na farko a layin jiyya maimakon tafkunan anaerobic don iyakance sakin iskar gas, amma tare da makamashi da bukatun kiyayewa yana haifar da tsadar aiki.
An tsara wuraren dausayi da aka gina don haɓaka ingancin ruwa ta hanyar tallafawa ciyayi masu tushe da aka shirya don cire daskararru da abubuwan da ke cikin jiki yayin cire abubuwan gina jiki masu narkewa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar shigar da ƙwayar shuka da samar da iskar oxygen zuwa ruwa don rage BOD.
Ana amfani da basin da ake ajiyewa don sarrafa kwararar guguwa don hana ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa, da kuma inganta ingancin ruwa a cikin kogi, rafi, tabki ko bay . Kuma Kwanakin da ake tsare da su iri daya ne amma “busassun tafkuna” ne da aka ƙera don ɗaukar kwararar ruwa na ɗan lokaci a matsayin ma’aunin sarrafa ambaliya.
Tafkunan da ake shigar da su tafkuna ne da aka ƙera don cusa abubuwan da ke cikin su zuwa cikin ƙasa mai raɗaɗi.
An ƙera kwandon shara don ware daskararru daga ruwan sha ba tare da tanadin maganin duk waɗannan daskararrun ba.

Duba wasu abubuwan

Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu
Lagoon
Jerin fasahar maganin sharar ruwa
Tafkin iyo na halitta
Kwayoyin da ake amfani da su wajen tsarkake ruwa

Manazarta

↑ Peña Varón, M., Mara, D. (2004). Stabilisation ponds Archived 2018-06-19 at the Wayback Machine. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. Delft, The Netherlands.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Verbyla, M., von Sperling, M., Ynoussa, M. (2017). Waste Stabilization Ponds. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Global Water Pathogens Project. (C. Haas, J. Mihelcic and M. Verbyla) (eds). Part 4. Management of Risk from Excreta and Wastewater). Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 WHO (2006). WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater - Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
↑ Stewart M. Oakley, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University:The Need for Wastewater Treatment in Latin America: A Case Study of the Use of Wastewater Stabilization Ponds in Honduras Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, Small Flows Quarterly Juried Article, Spring 2005, Volume 6, Number 2
↑ USEPA (2011) Principles of Design and Operations of Wastewater Treatment Pond Systems for Plant Operators, Engineers, and Managers. EPA/600/R-10/088. United States Environmental Protection Agency
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Cincinnati, O. (2010, June 29). NEPIS document display.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
↑ Arthur, J.P. (1983). Notes on the design and operation of waste stabilization ponds in warm climates of developing countries. Technical paper No 7. Washington D.C

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Littattafai akan tafkuna a ɗakin karatu na Ƙungiyar Tsabtace Mai Dorewa
Hotunan kwantar da hankali: Shigar da "tafda" cikin filin bincike na SuSanA bayanan hoto akan Flicker

[1] Peña Varón, M., Mara, D. (2004). Stabilisation ponds Archived 2018-06-19 at the Wayback Machine. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. Delft, The Netherlands.

[:5-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Verbyla, M., von Sperling, M., Ynoussa, M. (2017). Waste Stabilization Ponds. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Global Water Pathogens Project. (C. Haas, J. Mihelcic and M. Verbyla) (eds). Part 4. Management of Risk from Excreta and Wastewater). Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO.

[WHO2006-3] 3.0 ^3.1 WHO (2006). WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater - Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland

[4] Stewart M. Oakley, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University:The Need for Wastewater Treatment in Latin America: A Case Study of the Use of Wastewater Stabilization Ponds in Honduras Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, Small Flows Quarterly Juried Article, Spring 2005, Volume 6, Number 2

[5] USEPA (2011) Principles of Design and Operations of Wastewater Treatment Pond Systems for Plant Operators, Engineers, and Managers. EPA/600/R-10/088. United States Environmental Protection Agency

[:1-6] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1

[:0-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Cincinnati, O. (2010, June 29). NEPIS document display.

[:2-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2

[9] Arthur, J.P. (1983). Notes on the design and operation of waste stabilization ponds in warm climates of developing countries. Technical paper No 7. Washington D.C

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