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Talibe

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Talibe
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na ɗalibi
Yara maza biyu na talibés a Vélingara, Senegal.

A talibé (kuma an rubuta talib, jam'i talibes ; Larabci: طالب‎, romanized: ṭālib, lit. 'seeker', 'dalibi'; pl. طلاب ṭullāb, Hausa; Ɗalibi ko Almajiri) yara ne, yawanci daga Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Chadi, Mali ko Mauritania, wanda ke karatun kur'ani a daara (daidai da madrasa na yammacin Afirka). Wannan ilimi malami ne wanda aka sani da marabout ke jagoranta . A mafi yawan lokuta talibé suna barin iyayensu su zauna a cikin daara kamar dai Almajiri a ƙasar Hausa. [1]

A cikin Senegal, ana iya amfani da kalmar Talib a cikin wani mahallin da ya fi girma, "alal misali don nuna mai bin jam'iyyar siyasa mai fafutuka".[2]

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangantakar talibé da marabout dinsa tana daya daga cikin "bauta da biyayya mai tsauri". Marabout yana ba da "jagora, kariya, da ceto" ga talibé. Ana nuna amincin talibé ga marabout dinsa ta hanyar tallafin tattalin arziki ko zakka.[3]

Ra'ayoyi game da talibés a cikin al'ummar Senegal sun bambanta.[4] Wasu mutane, kabilun da addinai suna inganta tayar da talibés yayin da wasu suka ƙi aikin. Daga cikin wadanda ke goyon bayansa akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da hanya mafi kyau don gudanar da daara.[5]

Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa don bayyana dalilin da ya sa iyaye su aika da yaransu zuwa daara. Wadannan sun hada da; ingantawa ta zahiri saboda matsalolin kudi; tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga yaro ta hanyar gina dangantaka da 'yan uwan musulmi wanda marabout yake ciki, da kuma; shirya yaron don aiki a matsayin marabout.[6][7] Donna L. Perry ba ta yarda da waɗanda ke nuna iyayen talibés a matsayin "masu bin al'adun gargajiya marasa ilimi ko wadanda ke fama da tattalin arziki," da kuma marabouts a matsayin "sun lalace ta hanyar matsalolin zamani". Bisa ga ganawa da manoman Wolof, ta yi jayayya cewa shahararren tayar da talibés ya kasance yana da alaƙa da dabi'un Afirka ta Yammacin kula da yara, maimakon amsawa ga "kar yawan jama'a, karuwar talauci, da manufofin ne na al'adun da ganganci.[8][9][10]

Tarihi

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Daras sun wanzu daruruwan shekaru. Sun girma cikin mahimmanci a Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Yawan daaras na ƙauyuka ya ragu a ƙarshen rabin karni na 20 don goyon bayan medersas (madrasa) na Larabawa. Medersas sun karu da shahara yayin da suke ba da damar manoma su ci gaba da aiki a waje da lokutan makaranta, sun ba da ilimi na duniya da Quaranic, kuma sun fallasa yara ga ƙananan wahala. A wannan lokacin da daaras da yawa suka koma birane.

A shekara ta 1992, UNICEF ta kaddamar da aiki na shekaru biyar don wayar da kan jama'a game da talibés, kuma ta nemi yin aiki tare da marabouts don inganta yanayin rayuwar talibes. A shekara ta 1997, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun karɓi wannan aikin a kan wani lokaci. Wadannan hukumomin sun nemi kauce wa gazawar tsarin UNICEF wanda ya samar da marabouts da albarkatun da ba a saba amfani da su ba don amfanin talibés. Maimakon haka, waɗannan kungiyoyin jin kai tsaye sun yi aiki tare da talibés.[11] Talibés ya ci gaba da kasancewa batun magana a cikin al'ummar Senegal.[12]

Yin amfani da Talib

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yanayin cin zarafin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Talibé mai bara

Yin addu'a ana nuna shi ta hanyar talibé neman abinci don kara kayan daara lokacin da ba zai iya biyan bukatun kansa daga girbi da gonakin marabout suka bayar ba.[13] Ƙarin yawan Daharas a cikin saitunan birane ya haifar da nau'ikan tallafi na gargajiya waɗanda suka ci gaba da daaras. Yaduwar bayar da sadaka a cikin al'ummar Senegal ya sa yin bara da yara ya zama mai fa'ida a birane.[14] A cikin shekarun 1970s, wasu daaras na birane sun gudu a yanayi, suna ba da damar marabouts su koma ƙauyukansu don girbi. Koyaya, ya zama mafi dacewa a tattalin arziki ga daaras na birane su kasance a buɗe duk shekara:

Over time, the marabouts started to stay in the cities…Why return to the village, where they had to work the land for long hours, when [in the city] a child comes daily with money, sugar, and rice?[15]

Perry ya yi gargadin cewa ra'ayi da ke sama na iya nuna cewa kawai daaras na birane ne ke amfani da talibés. Ta yi jayayya cewa Daharas na birane da na karkara "suna da iri ɗaya. Akwai bambanci guda ɗaya: 'farm' na birni shine titin birni, kuma 'amfanin gona' da yake girbi shine tsabar kudi, ba peanuts ba.[the][16]

Ayyukan marabouts da ke shan talibés ba sa bin ka'idojin jihar, suna sauƙaƙa cin zarafin wannan dangantakar.[17] Gwamnatin Senegal kwanan nan ta kirkiro daaras na jihar don rage cin zarafi. Koyaya, daaras na birane tare da mazauna talibés sun zama mafi yawan nau'ikan makarantun Kur'ani.[18]

Wasu marabouts, maimakon koyar da talibés game da Alkur'ani, suna amfani da su don aiki, yawanci ta hanyar tilasta bara a kan tituna. Yanayin wannan cin zarafin yana fallasa irin waɗannan talibés ga cututtuka, rauni, mutuwa, cin zarafin jiki da cin zarafin jima'i.

Binciken UNICEF na 2007 game da baracin yara a Dakar, babban birnin Senegal, ya gano cewa "mafi yawan masu baracin yara (90%) talibés ne".[19] UNICEF ta kiyasta cewa akwai tsakanin 50,000 da 100,000 masu bara a Senegal. [20] Wani rahoto na 2010 ya nuna cewa yawan talibés yana ƙaruwa.[21] Sauran masu bincike, duk da haka, sun yi gargadi cewa "ƙididdigar yawan yaran tituna sun dogara ne akan ma'anoni masu yawa da ba su da ma'ana. " Lalle ne, babu kididdigar hukuma don tabbatar da waɗannan da'awar.[22] Sauran sun amsa cewa hauhawar maderas na Larabci yana haifar da yawan talibés ya ragu.[23]

HRW ta yi gargadin cewa matsayin zamantakewa da marabouts ke morewa ya ƙarfafa "waɗanda ke da alhakin yaduwar tilasta wa yara bara da sauran cin zarafin da marabout suka yi wa yara talibé. " [24] Perry da hankali ya yarda cewa "bauta marabouts da girmamawa ga ma'aikatar talibé na iya zama babban akidar, amma ba a yanzu ba, kuma ba, ba a taɓa ba, ba ko ba a kalubalance shi ba". [25]

Dandalin don Ingantawa da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (PPDH) tare da Human Rights Watch, sun ba da rahoton a watan Disamba na 2019 game da cin zarafin da aka yi watsi da shi, cin zarafi da kuma watsi da dubban yara na talibé a makarantun Kur'ani na gargajiya. An zargi gwamnatin Senegal da yin watsi da kuma rashin yin isasshen don magance yaduwar cin zarafin da yara ke fuskanta a makarantun addini.[26]

CRC ta kirkiro hakkoki ga isasshen yanayin rayuwa ga yara, dangane da hanyoyin masu kula da farko, da kuma hanyoyin jihar don tallafawa masu kula da su.[27] HRW ta yi jayayya cewa jihohi, iyaye da marabouts suna karya CRC ta hanyar kasa kula da isasshen gidaje, kulawa da abinci mai gina jiki na talibés.

HRW kuma ya ambaci wadannan a matsayin wasu cin zarafin talibés wanda ya karya CRC.

  • Rashin rokon tilasta; [28] HRW ya yi jayayya cewa wannan yana fallasa talibés ga haɗari mai yawa. HRW ta rubuta shari'o'in talibés da ke mutuwa a hatsarin mota yayin ƙoƙarin yin addu'a a kan tituna. Bayyanawa ga aiki mai haɗari, HRW ta yi jayayya, ba kawai yana barazana ga tsaron jiki da na tunani na talibés ba, amma rayuwarsu.[29]
  • Hukuncin jiki; azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu an bayyana ta kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara, a matsayin wani nau'in tashin hankali wanda CRC ke neman dakatar da shi.[30]
  • Ilimi; HRW ta yi jayayya cewa, inda kusan an yi watsi da ilimin yaro gaba ɗaya saboda yawan lokutan bara, wannan na iya zama keta CRC.[31]
  • Cin zarafin jima'i; CRC yana buƙatar jihohi su dauki matakai don kare yara daga cin zarafin jimaʼi.[32]
  • Nishaɗi; inda marabout ya musanta lokacin hutu na talibés, wannan na iya karya haƙƙin yaron "na hutawa da hutawa".[33]

Aikin tilasta aiki da bautar

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Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa talibés matsakaicin kasa da awanni 8 a kowace rana, kowace rana, bara.[34] Cikakken adadin da talibé dole ne ya samar kowace rana ya bambanta tsakanin daaras. Binciken da aka yi na 175 talibes ya nuna cewa matsakaicin adadin da marabout ke nema shine CFA 373 (US $ 0.79), yana ƙaruwa zuwa CFA 445 (US $0.94) a ranakun tsarki lokacin da bayar da sadaka mafi girma ya zama al'ada.[35] Kididdigar Bankin Duniya ta nuna cewa kasa da kashi 30 cikin dari na yawan mutanen Senegal suna rayuwa a kasa da 593 CFA (US $ 1.25) a kowace rana, kuma sama da kashi 55 cikin dari suna rayuwa a ƙasa da 949 CFA (US $ 2.00). [36] Wannan yana nuna wahalar da talibés ke da ita wajen biyan adadin da marabouts suka nema. Baya ga ƙididdigar kuɗi, wasu marabouts sun kafa ƙididdigas don kayan abinci na asali kamar sukari da shinkafa.[37]

Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta yi imanin cewa aikin cin zarafin talibés don aiki ya fada cikin yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar kan Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Yara.[38] Wannan shi ne saboda, ra'ayinta, tilasta bara yana kama da bautar, kuma saboda aiki yana fallasa yara ga haɗari da yawa ga lafiyarsu.

Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna jayayya cewa, inda marabout ya sami kulawa a kan talibé don tilasta wa yaro ya roƙi, wannan ya sadu da ma'anar aikin 'kamar Bautar', kamar yadda aka bayyana ta Yarjejeniyar Ƙarin kan kawar da bautar.[39] Wannan taron ya bayyana cewa karɓar yaro "tare da la'akari da cin zarafin yaro ko saurayi ko aikinsa," wani aiki ne mai kama da bautar da ke ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar.[40]

Cin zarafin jiki da azabtarwa

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Talibés wani lokaci ana buƙatar su ta hanyar marabouts don biyan kuɗin kuɗi ko abinci na asali. Rashin biyan wannan adadin na iya haifar da cin zarafin jiki. Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta rubuta yara maza da ke nuna alamomi da wando, yawanci sakamakon aikace-aikacen igiyoyin lantarki, clubs da sanduna.[41]

A wasu daaras, dattijo, babban talibé, ko mataimakin marabout zai kasance da alhakin azabtar da matasa talibés waɗanda suka kasa dawo da adadin su na yau da kullun, ko kuma sun dawo da wuri. A wasu lokuta, marabout bazai kula da yara da ke zaune a cikin daara ba, yana barin manyan talibés su sata daga ƙarami, da kuma cin zarafin su a jiki da jima'i.[42]

Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da azabtarwa ta shafi ne kawai inda jami'in jihar ke aiwatar da ayyukan. Koyaya, kwamitin da ke kula da wannan yarjejeniyar ya ba da ra'ayi wanda ya bayyana cewa:

[Where] State authorities…know or have reasonable grounds to believe that acts of torture or ill-treatment are being committed by…private actors and they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish such…private actors consistently with the Convention, the State bears responsibility and its officials should be considered as authors, complicit or otherwise responsible under the Convention for consenting to or acquiescing in such impermissible acts.[43]

Idan aka ba da hukuncin da aka yi amfani da shi a kan talibés, kamar matsayi na damuwa da sarƙoƙi, HRW ta yi jayayya cewa wannan tsarin Yarjejeniyar ya nuna cewa lokuta na azabtarwa yana faruwa a kan talebés.[44]

Kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba ta Senegal XALAAT ta ruwaito, [45] wata babbar cibiyar da ke aiki don fuskantar batun a wannan ƙasar, cewa yayin da batun ke da rikici sosai, a wasu al'ummomi akwai shaidu masu mahimmanci cewa rashin kulawa koyaushe ya kasance al'ada sosai a yawancin makarantun Koranic da ake kira Daara. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ngo yana jayayya cewa ya kawo masu aiki a wannan fagen don haɗa tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda har yanzu ba a yi watsi da su ba yayin la'akari da matsalar.[46]

Cin zarafin jima'i

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An yi bincike kadan game da yawan cin zarafin jima'i na talibés. HRW, duk da haka, ya lura da lokuta da yawa na fyade a cikin daaras ta hanyar tsofaffin talibés, ko mataimakan marabouts. An bayar da rahoton wasu lokuta na fyade a waje da da daara a kan yara da ke zaune a kan titi waɗanda suka tsere daga tashin hankali a daara. Wadannan shari'o'in an rubuta su ne a cikin tambayoyin da aka yi da talibés wadanda suka ga cin zarafin, ko kuma tare da ma'aikatan zamantakewa da ke taimakawa wadanda abin ya shafa.[47]

Cinikin mutane

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Idan aka ba da ra'ayoyin ILO game da tilasta bara, HRW ta yi jayayya cewa marabouts, yayin jigilar talibés tare da ainihin niyyar samun aiki daga gare su, suna shiga fataucin yara.[48] Mataki na 3 (c) na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki a cikin Mutane ya haɗa da ma'anar 'ciniki a cikin mutane,' "karɓar ma'aikata, sufuri, canja wuri, ɗaukar kaya ko karɓar yaro don manufar cin zarafi".[49]

Rashin kulawa

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Talibe masu bara a Senegal suna neman sadaka

Talibés ba a ba da su da buƙatu kamar mafaka da abinci.[50] Ana hukunta wasu saboda rashin cika iyakokinsu ta hanyar hana su shiga cikin daara. Wannan yana tilasta wa yaron ya ci gaba da yin addu'a, ko barci a kan tituna.[51] An kiyasta daruruwan talibés suna tserewa daga marabouts masu cin zarafi a kowace shekara, suna kara batun yara a kan titi a cikin birane.[52] Tsoron azabtarwa saboda rashin saduwa da marabouts yana ƙara yawan fashi ta ta talibés.[53]

Yanayin rayuwa a cikin birane daaras galibi ana nuna su ta hanyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin tufafi da takalma, fuskantar cututtuka, da rashin kulawa. A lokuta da yawa, har yanzu ana buƙatar talibés su roƙe yayin da suke rashin lafiya da kuma biyan kuɗin kansu. Harkokin birane sau da yawa wuraren da ke cike da mutane da rashin tsabtace muhalli, kuma da yawa ba su da ruwa mai gudana. Tsarin matalauta waɗanda wani lokacin ake canzawa zuwa daaras suna barin mazauna mazauna a fallasa ga abubuwa.[54]

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ Human Rights Watch, Off the Backs of the Children: Forced Begging and Other Abuses against Talibés in Senegal (2010), https://www.hrw.org, p 4, 17, 21; Donna L. Perry “Muslim Child Disciples, Global Civil Society, and Children's Rights in Senegal: The Discourses of Strategic Structuralism” (2004) 77:1 Anthropological Quarterly 47 at 49.
  2. ↑ Ed van Hoven “The Nation Turbaned? The Construction of Nationalist Muslim Identities in Senegal” (2000) 3 Journal of Religion in Africa 225 at 245 (footnote 26).
  3. ↑ Codou Bop “Roles and the Position of Women in Sufi Brotherhoods in Senegal” (2005) 73:4 Journal of the American Academy of Religion 1099 at 1104.
  4. ↑ Donna L. Perry “Muslim Child Disciples, Global Civil Society, and Children's Rights in Senegal: The Discourses of Strategic Structuralism” (2004) 77:1 Anthropological Quarterly 47 at 65.
  5. ↑ Perry at 55.
  6. ↑ Perry at 58-59.
  7. ↑ Anti-Slavery International Begging for Change: Research findings and recommendations on forced child begging in Albania/Greece, India and Senegal (2009) http://www.antislavery.org/, p 14.
  8. ↑ Perry at 72-73.
  9. ↑ Perry at 74.
  10. ↑ Perry at 71.
  11. ↑ Perry at 66-71.
  12. ↑ Perry at 74-75.
  13. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 18, 21.
  14. ↑ Anti-Slavery International, p 14.
  15. ↑ Mamadou Ndiaye L’Enseignement arabo-islamique au Sénégal (Centre de Recherches sur L’histoire d’art et la Culture Islamiques, Istanbul, 1985), 270.
  16. ↑ Parry at 63.
  17. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 4.
  18. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 24.
  19. ↑ UNICEF Enfants Mendiants dans la Région de Dakar (2007) at 7, accessed 5 May 2014 at http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/2008_Senegal_Enfants_Mendiants_Dakar.pdf Archived 2020-10-28 at the Wayback Machine (Translation from the original French: « La grande majorité des enfants mendiants (90 %) sont des talibés »).
  20. ↑ UNICEF at 35.
  21. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 26-27.
  22. ↑ Perry at 62.
  23. ↑ Perry at 72.
  24. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 17.
  25. ↑ Perry at 56.
  26. ↑ "Senegal: Failure to End Abuses in Quranic Schools". Human Rights Watch. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  27. ↑ United Nations “Convention on the Rights of the Child,” 1577 United Nations Treaty Series 3; 28 International Legal Materials 1456 (1989), adopted 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990, ratified by Senegal July 31, 1990, arts 24, 27.
  28. ↑ “Convention on the Rights of the Child,” arts 6, 18, 19.
  29. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 32-33.
  30. ↑ United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, “General Comment No. 8: The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading Forms of Punishment (arts. 19; 28, para. 2; and 37, inter alia),” UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/8 (2007), accessed 5 May 2014 at http://www.refworld.org/docid/460bc7772.html.
  31. ↑ “Convention on the Rights of the Child,” art 28.
  32. ↑ “Convention on the Rights of the Child,” arts 19, 34.
  33. ↑ “Convention on the Rights of the Child,” art 31.
  34. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 3, 31.
  35. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 31; Exchange rate: $1 USD= $473 CFA on 5 May 2014.
  36. ↑ The World Bank “Poverty headcount ratio” http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.2DAY/countries/SN?display=graph accessed 24/04/2014 Exchange rate: $1 USD = $473 CFA on 5 May 2014.
  37. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 32.
  38. ↑ Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (ILO No. 182), 2133 United Nations Treaty Series 161, entered into force 19 November 2000, arts 1(a), (d); International Labour Organization Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, International Labour Conference 102/III(1A) (No. 182), “Senegal,” 2013, p 390, accessed 5 May 2014 at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_205472.pdf.
  39. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 94; Anti-Slavery International, p 3.
  40. ↑ United Nations “Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery,” adopted September 7, 1956, 226 United Nations Treaty Series 3, entered into force April 30, 1957, acceded to by Senegal July 19, 1979, art. 1(d).
  41. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 3, 38.
  42. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 40-41.
  43. ↑ United Nations Committee against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, “General Comment No. 2, Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties,” UN Doc. CAT/C/GC/2 (2008), para. 18, accessed 5 May 2014 at http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47ac78ce2.pdf
  44. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 42.
  45. ↑ "xalaat". 2016-02-25. Archived from the original on 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  46. ↑ "Real Development Policies in West Africa". XALAAT. Institute XALAAT. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  47. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 53-54.
  48. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 97.
  49. ↑ United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol), adopted November 15,entered into force December 25, 2003, art 3(c).
  50. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 3, 47-49.
  51. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 41.
  52. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 4.
  53. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 41.
  54. ↑ Human Rights Watch, p 42-44.
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