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'Yancin Dan Adam a Saudi Arabia

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'Yancin Dan Adam a Saudi Arabia
human rights by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Saudi Arebiya
Ensaf Haidar, matar Raif Badawi. A shekara ta 2014, an ci Badawi tarar 1,000,000 Riyals kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku da bulala 1000 saboda "tsoro ga Islama" da "tsoro".

'Yancin Dan Adam a Saudi Arabia, batu ne na damuwa da jayayya. An san shi da kashe masu zanga-zangar siyasa da abokan adawar, a na zargi gwamnatin Masarautar Saudi Arabia da kuma zargi da kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci daban-daban na kasa da kasa saboda keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar. Cikakken mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin Gidan Saud, gwamnati tana cikin "mafi munin " a cikin binciken shekara da shekaru na Freedom House na 'yancin siyasa da na' yanci kuma a cikin 2023 an sanya ta a matsayin mulkin mallaka mafi girma a duniya. [1]

Gwamnatin tana aiki don farfado da rikodin ta na cin zarafin bil'adama. Misali, ya yi amfani da kungiyar hulɗa da jama'a Qorvis MSLGroup sama da shekaru goma, reshen Amurka na Publicis Groupe . [2]

Tarihi

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Saudi Arabia cikakkiyar mulkin mallaka ce inda duk ikon majalisa, zartarwa, da shari'a ya kasance a hannun sarki, wanda shine shugaban kasa da shugaban gwamnati. Dokar asali ta 1992 ta tsara tsarin mulki, haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa, da iko da ayyukan gwamnati, kuma ta ba da Alkur'ani da Sunnah (al'adun Muhammadu) su zama kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.[3]

'Yanci na siyasa

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A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2018, Yarima Mohammad bin Salman ya sadu da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo don tattauna kisan Jamal Khashoggi, wanda ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Saudiyya.

Shekaru na 1990 sun nuna jinkirin 'yanci na siyasa a masarautar yayin da gwamnati ta kirkiro kundin tsarin mulki da aka rubuta, da kuma Majalisar Ba da Shawara, wanda aka nada shi ne wakilin malaman Saudiyya da masu sana'a waɗanda aka ba su damar ba da shawara ga sarki. An saki wasu masu adawa da siyasa daga kurkuku, bayan sun amince da rushe jam'iyyun siyasa. A shekara ta 2005, an ba da izinin 'yan ƙasa maza masu girma su jefa kuri'a ga wasu kujerun birni, kodayake an dakatar da shirye-shiryen zaɓen nan gaba, wanda zai iya haɗawa da mata masu girma har abada.

An haramta jam'iyyun siyasa, amma an saki wasu masu adawa da siyasa a cikin shekarun 1990s a kan yanayin cewa sun rushe jam'iyyinsu na siyasa. A yau, Green Party na Saudi Arabia ne kawai ya rage, kodayake kungiya ce ba bisa ka'ida ba. An kuma haramta kungiyoyin kwadago, amma gwamnati ta ba da izini ga 'yan ƙasar Saudiyya don kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin wasu ayyukan jin kai a cikin masarautar.

An haramta zanga-zangar jama'a ko duk wani aikin jama'a na rashin amincewa. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, a lokacin zanga-zangar Saudiyya ta 2011-2012, masarautar ta sanya shi laifi a buga duk wani zargi da ke cutar da sunan gwamnati ko shugabannin addini, ko wanda ke cutar da bukatun jihar.

A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch na 2016, Saudi Arabia ta ci gaba da gurfanar da masu fafutukar sake fasalin da masu adawa. Kotun ta'addanci ta Saudi Arabia ta yanke wa Waleed Abu al-Khair, fitaccen mai fafutuka, hukuncin shekaru 15. An same shi da tuhume-tuhume game da sukar zaman lafiya game da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasarsa. A watan Yulin, hukumomi sun kama Zuhair Kutbi, mai fafutuka, saboda tattaunawarsa game da sake fasalin zaman lafiya a kafofin watsa labarai. A watan Satumbar 2015, an daure duk wadanda aka haramta - Saudi Civil Rights Association (ACPRA).

Fursunoni na siyasa

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An tsare masu adawa a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a Saudi Arabia a cikin shekarun 1990, 2000s da 2010. zanga-zangar da zama da ke kira ga a saki fursunonin siyasa sun faru ne a lokacin zanga-zambe na Saudi Arabiya na 2011-2012 a birane da yawa a duk faɗin Saudi Arabia, tare da jami'an tsaro suna harbe harsasai a cikin iska a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2012 a zanga-zaye a gidan yarin al-Ha'ir. As of 2012, ƙididdigar kwanan nan game da yawan fursunonin siyasa a cikin kurkuku na Mabahith ya kasance daga ƙididdigat na sifili ta Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida zuwa 30,000 ta Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Islama ta Burtaniya [1] da BBC.

An yi zargin cewa Khashoggi ba shine kadai mai adawa a cikin jerin Saudiyya da za a sace ba. Wani yarima na Saudiyya, Khaled bin Farhan al-Saud, wanda ke zaune a gudun hijira a Jamus, ya gaya wa The Independent cewa hukumomin Saudiyya sun shirya irin wannan satar mutane a kansa kwanaki 10 da suka gabata. "Fiye da sau 30 hukumomin Saudiyya sun gaya mini in sadu da su a ofishin jakadancin Saudiyya amma na ki a kowane lokaci. Na san abin da zai iya faruwa idan na shiga ofishin jakadun. Kimanin kwanaki 10 kafin Jamal ya ɓace sun nemi iyalina su kawo ni Alkahira don su ba ni takardar shaidar. Na ki, "in ji Saud. An tsare wasu sarakuna biyar, jikokin Sarki Abdul-Aziz, lokacin da suka ɗaga muryarsu game da bacewar Khashoggi.

A watan Agustan 2018, wani fitaccen malamin Saudiyya, Ahmed al-Amari, hukumomin Saudiyya sun tsare shi kan zargin da ake yi na kasancewa da alaƙa da masanin kimiyya da kuma mai sukar gidan sarauta na Saudiyya Safar al-Hawali. An tsare Amari a cikin kurkuku tun daga wannan lokacin. A watan Janairun 2019, Amari ya mutu yana fama da zubar da jini a kwakwalwa.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa an tsare kimanin 'yan ƙasa takwas na Saudi Arabia a cikin makonni biyu saboda yin tsokaci mai mahimmanci game da masarautar. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi Allah wadai da aikin ta hanyar kiran shi karuwar ci gaba da tsanantawa kan masu adawa.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba 2020, dangin Saad al-Jabri sun bayyana cewa Saudi Arabia ta kama Salem Almuzaini, surukin Saad al'Jabri, wanda ya zargi Yarima Mohammed bin Salman da aika da tawagar kisa zuwa Kanada don kashe shi.

A ranar 28 ga watan Disamba 2020, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka a Riyadh ta yanke wa wata fitacciyar mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta Saudiyya hukuncin kusan shekaru biyu a kurkuku, inda ta jawo hankalin mutane ga cin zarafin masarautar.

A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2021 kotun Saudiyya ta yanke wa wani dan jarida da dan jarida na Sudan, Ahmad Ali Abdelkader, mai shekaru 31, hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku. Wannan hukuncin da aka yanke masa ya fito ne tun lokacin da tweets da tambayoyin kafofin watsa labarai suka tattauna a bayyane kuma suka nuna goyon baya ga juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018-19, kuma suka soki ayyukan Saudiyya a Sudan da Yemen.[4]

A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2021, hukumomin Saudiyya sun tabbatar da cewa sun tsare Yarima Salman (Ghazalan) Al Saud, da mahaifinsa, Yarima Abdulaziz bin Salman bin Muhammed, a wani wurin tsare-tsare ba tare da tuhuma ba. An kama maza biyu a watan Janairun 2018 ta hanyar jami'an tsaro na Saudiyya na musamman, al-Saif al-Ajrab Brigade, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarkakewa na fitattun dangin sarauta, jami'an gwamnati, da manyan 'yan kasuwa, waɗanda Yarima Mohammed bin Salman ya kafa. Mahaifin da ɗansa sun ɓace a watan Nuwamba 2020, kuma an tsare su ba tare da sadarwa ba har zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba 2021. An yi rubuce-rubuce game da cin zarafin mutanen biyu, tare da yanayin tsare su.[5]

Hukuncin kisa

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  An ba da izinin hukuncin kisa a Saudi Arabia don irin waɗannan laifuka kamar fyade, kisan kai, ridda, tayar da kayar baya, maita, fashi da makami, zina da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Duk da yake wasu daga cikin wadannan laifuka, kamar kisan kai, suna ɗauke da takamaiman hukunci a ƙarƙashin dokar Shari'a, wasu laifuka kamar laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ana ɗaukar su tazir, ba tare da laifin ko hukuncin da aka bayyana a cikin Islama ba.[6] A shekara ta 2005, an kashe mutane 191; a shekara ta 2006, 38; a shekara ta 2007, 153; kuma a shekara ta 2008, 102.[7] Ana aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar yanke kansa, kodayake ana amfani da 'yan bindiga a wasu lokuta; Saudi Arabia ita ce kadai ƙasa a duniya inda ake ci gaba da yin amfani da yanke kansa a matsayin hanyar kisa.

Wani mai magana da yawun National Society for Human Rights, kungiyar da Masarautar Saudiyya ke tallafawa, ya ce yawan kisa yana ƙaruwa saboda yawan aikata laifuka yana ƙaruwa, cewa ana bi da fursunoni da mutuntaka, kuma cewa yanke kawuna ya hana aikata laifukan, yana cewa, "Allah, mahaliccinmu, ya san mafi kyawun abin da ke da kyau ga mutanensa...Ya kamata mu yi tunani kuma mu adana haƙƙin mai kisan kai kuma kada muyi tunanin haƙƙin wasu?"

''Yan sanda na Saudi Arabia da hukumomin shige da fice suna cin zarafin mutanen da aka dakatar ko aka tsare su, musamman ma ma'aikata daga kasashe masu tasowa. Tun da farko a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, hukumomi sun sami zargi saboda yadda suka shirya da kuma magance zalunci ga ma'aikatan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Hukumomin Saudiyya - a wasu lokuta tare da taimakon 'yan ƙasa - sun tara ma'aikata da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma sun yi musu fyade.

A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2019, Saudi Arabia ta aiwatar da kisan gilla na fararen hula 37 da aka daure wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci galibi bisa ga ikirarin da aka samu a karkashin azabtarwa ko kuma wanda masu azabtar da wanda ake tuhuma suka rubuta. Yawancin wadanda aka kashe sun kasance daga cikin 'yan tsirarun Shia na kasar.[8]

A watan Afrilu na 2020, Kotun Koli ta Saudiyya ta sanar a karkashin dokar sarauta ta Sarki Salman cewa kananan yara da suka aikata laifuka ba za su sake fuskantar hukuncin kisa ba, amma za a yanke musu hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku a gidan yarinya.

A watan Nuwamba na 2021, 'yan majalisa goma sha shida da takwarorinsu sun bukaci sakataren harkokin waje Liz Truss da ta shiga tsakani kuma ta dakatar da Saudi Arabia daga yanke wa masanin Saudiyya Hassan al-Maliki hukuncin kisa. Al-Maliki ya kasance a bayan sanduna tun daga shekara ta 2017 a kan cajin da yawa, gami da " gudanar da tambayoyi tare da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma" da "mallakin littattafai" waɗanda gwamnatin Saudiyya ba ta ba da izini ba. An tsare shi ba tare da sadarwa ba kuma a tsare shi kaɗai na tsawon watanni uku. Dan majalisa na Labour Andy Slaughter ya ce yadda aka bi da sanannen masanin kimiyya "ba daidai ba ne da sauye-sauyen da yarima Mohammed bin Salman ya gabatar".[9]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ce Saudi Arabia ta ci gaba da kashe-kashen sirri saboda laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi. A cikin 2018, Yarima Mohammed bin Salman ya yi rantsuwa da "ƙananan" hukuncin kisa. Gwamnatin ta ce kawai wadanda aka samu da laifin kisan kai ko kisan kai za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, rahotanni na Nuwamba 2022 sun nuna cewa hukumomi sun kashe mutane 17 a cikin kwanaki 10 kan zargin miyagun ƙwayoyi marasa ƙarfi. Ya hada da 'yan Saudiyya bakwai, 'yan Siriya hudu, 'yan Pakistan uku da' yan Jordan uku. Kashe-kashen da suka hada da yanke kai da takobi, wanda ya kawo jimlar kashe-kashen 2022 zuwa akalla 137. Ya wuce jimillar adadin kisa na 2020 da 2021.[10][11] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta da tabbacin yawan mutane da ke kan layi.[11] Koyaya, Ƙungiyar Saudiyya ta Turai don 'Yancin Dan Adam (ESOHR) ta ce kusan mutane 54, ciki har da yara takwas, suna kan layin mutuwa.[12]

Hukuncin jiki

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sata daga cikin kusan ƙasashe 30 a duniya tare da hukuncin shari'a na jiki, Saudi Arabia ta ba da izinin yankewa hannu da ƙafa don fashi, kuma an ba da izini har zuwa 2020 don ƙananan laifuka kamar "karkatar da jima'i" da maye. Adadin bulala ba a bayyana shi a sarari ta hanyar doka ba kuma ya bambanta bisa ga ra'ayi na alƙalai, kuma ya kasance daga bulala da yawa zuwa ɗaruruwan, yawanci ana amfani da shi a cikin makonni ko watanni. Akalla an yanke wa wadanda ake tuhuma biyar hukuncin bulala 1,000 zuwa 2,500.[13] A cikin 2000s, an ba da rahoton cewa an yanke mata hukuncin bulala saboda zina; matan sun kasance wadanda aka yi wa fyade, amma saboda ba za su iya tabbatar da ko wanene masu aikata laifin ba, an dauke su da laifin yin zina.[14] A shekara ta 2004, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa ya soki Saudi Arabia saboda irin wannan yankewa da bulala; tawagar Saudiyya ta yi tir da wannan "saki" a cikin tsarin shari'arta kuma ta kare "al'adun shari'a" masu shekaru 1,400 da aka gudanar tun lokacin da aka fara Islama. A shekara ta 2009, an yanke wa Mazen Abdul-Jawad hukuncin kisa 1,000 da shekaru biyar a kurkuku saboda yin alfahari a wani shirin talabijin na Saudiyya game da ayyukan jima'i.[15][16]

A cikin shekara ta 2014, an kara hukuncin mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na Saudiyya Raif Badawi zuwa bulala 1,000 da kuma shekaru goma a kurkuku bayan an zarge shi da ridda a shekarar 2012. An yi amfani da bulala a cikin makonni 20. An gudanar da zagaye na farko (50) a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2015, amma an jinkirta zagaye na biyu saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya. An yi Allah wadai da shari'ar a duniya kuma ta sanya matsin lamba a kan tsarin shari'ar Saudiyya.  

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, mai ritaya na Burtaniya kuma wanda ke fama da cutar kansa Karl Andree, mai shekaru 74, ya fuskanci bulala 360 don yin barasa a gida. Iyalinsa sun ji tsoron cewa hukuncin zai iya kashe shi. Koyaya, an sake shi kuma ya koma gida a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.

A shekara ta 2016, an yanke wa wani mutumin Saudiyya hukuncin bulala 2,000, shekaru goma a kurkuku da tarar 20,000 Riyals (US $ 5,300) saboda yin tweets masu sukar Islama, da kuma musanta wanzuwar Allah.[17][18]

A watan Satumbar 2018, asusun Twitter na hukuma na masu gabatar da kara na Saudi Arabia ya yi gargadin cewa mutanen da ke raba wani abu mai ban dariya a kafofin sada zumunta wanda "ya shafi tsarin jama'a, dabi'un addini da ɗabi'ar jama'a" za su sami shekaru biyar a kurkuku da tarar rials miliyan 3 (US $ 800,000). An kama 'yan ilimi da yawa,' yan kasuwa da masu fafutuka a kan irin waɗannan zarge-zargen.

A watan Afrilu na 2020, Kotun Koli ta Saudiyya ta soke hukuncin bulala daga tsarin ta kuma ta maye gurbin ta da lokacin kurkuku da tarar.[19]

Tortura

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Duk da yake Dokar Shari'a ta Saudi Arabia ta haramta " azabtarwa" da "magani mara daraja" (mataki na 2), a aikace, azabtarwa da amfani da azabtarwa don cire ikirarin laifi ya kasance sananne.[20][21][22][23][24]

A cewar Amnesty International, jami'an tsaro sun ci gaba da azabtarwa da kuma wulakanta fursunoni don fitar da ikirari don amfani da su a matsayin shaida a kansu a shari'a. A cewar kungiyar, an azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma 32 da ake zargi da yin leken asiri ga Iran kuma an tilasta musu su furta. An tsare fursunoni ba tare da sadarwa ba kuma an hana su shiga iyalansu.[25]

A cikin 2018, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya ziyarci Saudi Arabia a kan gayyatar masarautar don gudanar da bincike, ya bayyana cewa kasar tana amfani da dokokin yaki da ta'addanci don tabbatar da azabtarwa. Rahoton ya gano cewa 'yan Saudiyya, wadanda ke amfani da' yancin su na' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki cikin salama da kwanciyar hankali a masarautar, hukumomi sun tsananta musu.[26]

Walid Fitaihi, likita ne da aka haifa a Jedda a shekara ta 1964, ya koma Saudi Arabia a shekara ta 2006 bayan ya yi karatu da aiki a Amurka na tsawon shekaru ashirin. An kama shi a otal din Ritz-Carlton a watan Nuwamba 2017 kuma ya koma Kurkukun Al-Ha'ir a kudancin babban birnin. An yi amfani da Ritz-Carlton don riƙe yawancin fitattun fursunoni na gwamnatin Saudiyya a cikin 2017, a cewar masu gwagwarmayar Saudiyya. Al Jazeera ya ruwaito, Fitaihi ya gaya wa wani aboki cewa an "rufe shi da ido, an cire tufafinsa na ciki kuma an ɗaure shi a kujera". Rahoton yau da kullun ya kuma ce gwamnatin Saudiyya ta azabtar da shi da girgizar lantarki, "abin da ya bayyana ya kasance zaman azabtarwa guda daya wanda ya dauki kimanin awa daya". Rahotanni sun kuma ce an yi masa bulala sosai har ya kasa yin barci a bayansa na kwanaki.

A watan Agustan 2019, wani labarin labarai da aka fitar a cikin The Independent ya ba da rahoton cewa fiye da mata 100 da suka yi ƙaura daga zuriyar Bangladesh da wasu maza 45 sun tsere daga Saudi Arabia biyo bayan cin zarafin tunani da jima'i daga masu aiki.

A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2020, The Independent ta ba da rahoton cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam da masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata da fursunonin siyasa suka jimre a cikin kurkuku na Saudi Arabiya, bisa ga rahoton da kungiyar Grant Liberty ta bayar. An ruwaito cewa, an yi wa masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata da fursunonin siyasa fyade, an azabtar da su, kuma an kashe su a cikin ɗakunan tsare-tsare na Saudi Arabia. A cewar binciken, an kama fursunoni 20 saboda laifukan siyasa, biyar daga cikinsu an riga an kashe su, yayin da sauran 13 ke fuskantar hukuncin kisa. An saki rahoton kwanaki kafin Saudi Arabia ta dauki bakuncin taron koli na G20, wanda ke da karfafa mata a kan ajanda.[27]

'Yanci na jarida da sadarwa

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A cewar Human Rights Watch, Saudi Arabia ta ci gaba da danne masu fafutukar sake fasalin da Masu adawa da zaman lafiya a shekarar 2017.

Wani zanga-zanga a waje da Ofishin Jakadancin Saudiyya a London game da tsare Raif Badawi, 13 Janairu 2017

Magana, manema labarai da sauran nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai, gami da talabijin da rediyo watsa shirye-shirye da kuma karɓar Intanet, gwamnati ce ke tantance su sosai don hana rashin amincewar siyasa da duk abin da gwamnati ta ɗauka, ya zama abin ƙyama ga al'adun Wahhabi ko ɗabi'ar Islama.[28]

A shekara ta 2008, an daure wani shahararren Mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma mai gyarawa, Fouad al-Farhan, saboda sanya maganganu a kan layi waɗanda suka soki kasuwancin Saudiyya, addini da kafofin watsa labarai, suna nuna matakin da gwamnati ta dauka don kara yawan tantance Intanet a cikin iyakokinta. An sake shi a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2008. [29]

Kafofin sada zumunta na kan layi sun kara shiga karkashin binciken gwamnati don magance batutuwan "hana". A shekara ta 2010 an ci tarar wani mutumin Saudiyya kuma an ba shi lokacin kurkuku saboda samar da bidiyon YouTube na jima'i. A wannan shekarar an kuma daure wani mutum kuma an umarce shi da ya biya tarar saboda ya yi alfahari da rayuwar jima'i a talabijin.

D + Z, mujallar da ke mai da hankali kan ci gaba, ta ba da rahoton cewa an kama daruruwan don iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Yawancin waɗannan mutane an tsare su ba tare da shari'a ba kuma a asirce. An kuma gano cewa azabtar da wadannan fursunoni ya zama ruwan dare.[30]

A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, an tuhumi mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo Raif Badawi da ridda, wanda ke ɗauke da hukuncin kisa. Badawi shi ne edita kuma wanda ya kafa Free Saudi Liberals, shafin yanar gizon tattaunawa ta addini. Kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta yi kira da a sauke tuhumar da aka yi masa.[31] An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku da bulala 600 saboda "tsoro ga Islama", amma an canza wannan hukuncin zuwa bulala 1,000, shekaru 10 a kurkuku, da kuma tarar 1,000,000 Saudi Rials. Za a yi amfani da bulala a kowace Jumma'a na makonni 20, bulala 50 a lokaci guda, amma ba su ci gaba da wuce bulala ta farko ba. An jinkirta bulala ta biyu fiye da sau goma sha biyu; jinkirin da ya gabata ya kasance saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, amma dalilin da ya sa aka jinkirta kwanan nan ba a sani ba.

An kama marubucin Saudiyya kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa Turki al-Hamad a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012 bayan jerin tweets kan addini da sauran batutuwa. Ministan cikin gida na Saudiyya Prince Muhammad bin Nayef ne ya ba da umarnin kama shi; duk da haka ba a sanar da tuhumar da aka yi wa al-Hamad ba.[32] Tun daga wannan lokacin an sake shi.

A cikin 2014 da 2015, ƙungiyar jami'an Saudiyya da ake zargi sun shiga cikin Twitter kuma sun sace bayanan sirri da masu mahimmanci daga dandalin kafofin sada zumunta na Amurka, don fallasa masu adawa da Saudi Arabia.

An daure Abdullah al-Hamid sau bakwai saboda tallafawa kafa mulkin mallaka na kundin tsarin mulki a Saudi Arabia. Ya kasance yana yin shekaru 11 a kurkuku daga 2013 har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Afrilun 2020.[33]

A watan Yulin 2015, Waleed Abulkhair, sanannen lauyan kare hakkin dan adam, wanda ya kafa Monitor of Human Rights a Saudi Arabia kuma ya karbi kyautar Palm ta 2012 don kare hakkin dan Adam, kotun aikata laifuka ta musamman a Riyadh ta yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku saboda laifuka masu ban mamaki kamar "kafa kungiyar da ba ta da lasisi". [34][35]

A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2015, an yanke wa Ashraf Fayadh, mawaki na Palasdinawa kuma mai zane-zane na zamani, hukuncin kisa saboda yin ridda. 'Yan sanda na addini na kasar sun tsare Fayadh a shekarar 2013 a Abha, a kudu maso yammacin Saudi Arabia, sannan aka sake kama shi kuma aka gwada shi a farkon shekarar 2014. An zarge shi da inganta rashin yarda da Allah a cikin littafin waƙoƙinsa na 2008 Instructions Within . Koyaya, 'yan sanda na addini sun kasa tabbatar da cewa waƙoƙinsa farfaganda ne na rashin yarda da Allah kuma magoya bayan Fayadh sun yi imanin cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna azabtar da shi saboda sanya bidiyon kan layi wanda ke nuna mutumin da 'yan sanda masu addini ke yi masa bulala a fili a Abha. Adam Coogle, mai bincike na Gabas ta Tsakiya na Human Rights Watch, ya ce hukuncin kisa na Fayadh ya nuna "cikakken rashin haƙuri ga duk wanda ba zai iya raba ra'ayoyin addini, siyasa da zamantakewa na gwamnati ba".

A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, an yanke wa Marubucin Saudiyya kuma mai sharhi Zuhair Kutbi hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku ba tare da wani zargi ba bayan wata hira a tashar talabijin ta Rotana Khaleejia inda ya tattauna ra'ayoyinsa na sake fasalin zaman lafiya a Saudi Arabia don zama mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki, kuma ya yi magana game da yaki da zalunci na addini da siyasa. Lauyan Kutbi da ɗansa sun ce an dakatar da rabin hukuncin, amma an kuma dakatar da shi daga rubutawa na tsawon shekaru 15 da tafiya zuwa kasashen waje na tsawon shekaru biyar, kuma ya ci tarar US $ 26,600 .[36]

Fabrairu 2017, Human Rights Watch ta fitar da rahoto game da keta 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Saudi Arabia. A cewar rahoton, tun daga shekara ta 2010, an yanke wa akalla fitattun 'yan adawa 20 na Saudiyya hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci ko haramta tafiye-tafiye na wasu shekaru; laifukan sun kasance daga karya biyayya ga dangin da ke mulki [bayyanawa] zuwa shiga cikin zanga-zangar neman a mutunta haƙƙin.  A cewar rahoton, gwamnati tana ƙoƙarin yin shiru ga mutanen da ke nuna ra'ayoyi masu banbanci game da addini, siyasa, da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2011, an kama Nadhir al-Majed, wani shahararren marubuci mai shekaru 39, a makaranta kuma an tsare shi na watanni 15. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku da kuma haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye na shekaru bakwai; ba a ba shi izinin kiran iyalinsa ko karɓar ziyara ba. An yanke masa hukunci ne bisa ga "tabbatar da shi a cikin zanga-zangar a cikin 2011 game da nuna bambanci ga Shia" da kuma "sadarwarsa da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam", yana tallafawa haƙƙin Shia a kasar. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, Abdulaziz al-Shubaily, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, an sake yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku, haramtacciyar shekaru takwas kan amfani da kafofin sada zumunta bayan an sake shi da kuma haramtacciya ta tafiye-tafiye na shekaru takwas; zargin sun hada da "ta'awarsa game da gwamnati da shari'a" da kuma "sadarwarsa da hukumomin duniya game da gwamnatinsa". Ya kasance a cikin beli, duk da haka. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, an tsare Essam Koshak, mai shekaru 45, ba tare da tuhuma ba; ya yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na zamantakewa don nuna yadda Saudi Arabia ta zalunta marubutan masu adawa, masu gwagwarmaya, da masu ba da shawara don sakin su. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, kusan dukkanin 'yan adawa da Saudiyya an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci bisa ga gwagwarmayarsu ban da kama dukkan' yan gwagwarmaya da ke da alaƙa da Kungiyar' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa ta Saudiyya, wacce aka rushe a watan Maris na shekara ta 2013.

A watan Satumbar 2018, lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood ta ba wasu 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama na Saudiyya uku da aka daure a gidan yari da lambar yabo ta Nobel.  Abdullah al-Hamid, Mohammad Fahad al-Qahtani da Waleed Abu al-Khair an ba su lambar yabo ta tsabar kudi krona miliyan daya "saboda hangen nesa da jajircewarsu, bisa ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya.  , don sake fasalin tsarin siyasar mulkin kama-karya a Saudiyya".  Tun daga Satumba 2018, al-Hamid da al-Qahtani, mambobin kungiyar Saudiyya da kare hakkin jama'a, suna zaman gidan yari na shekaru 11 da 10 bi da bi, bisa zargin "ba da bayanan da ba na gaskiya ba ga kasashen waje.  kafofin watsa labarai, kafa da gudanar da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama mara izini";  yayin da al-Khair, lauya kuma mai fafutuka, yana daurin shekaru 15 saboda “saba wa mai mulki”.

A cikin 2018, an kashe wani ɗan jaridar Saudi America, Jamal Khashoggi a cikin ofishin jakadancin kasashen waje. Ya kasance mai sukar Saudi Arabia . [37] A watan Yunin 2019, wani rahoto mai shafi 101 da OHCHR ta zargi masarautar Saudi Arabia da kisan gillar Jamal Khashoggi. A wannan shekarar, ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai ta Burtaniya, The Guardian, ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar tsaro ta yanar gizo a Saudi Arabia ce ke niyya da ita. An umarci rukunin su shiga cikin asusun imel na 'yan jarida da ke bincike a cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban da suka shafi kotun sarauta. An yi da'awar ne bisa ga abin da aka ce umarni ne na sirri na ciki, wanda aka sanya hannu da sunan Saud al-Qahtani, babban mataimakin yarima Mohammed bin Salman wanda aka ambata a cikin kisan Khashoggi .

A watan Maris na 2020, The Guardian ta bayyana cewa Saudi Arabia tana zargin leken asiri ga 'yan ƙasa a Amurka. Kafofin yada labarai na Burtaniya sun nuna cewa kasar tana amfani da rauni a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta wayar hannu ta duniya da ake kira SS7, kuma sun sanar da cewa bayanan da suka sake dubawa suna nuna miliyoyin buƙatun bin diddigin ɓoye don wurin Amurka na wayoyin Saudiyya tun Nuwamba 2019. [38]

A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2020, shahararren mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Abdullah al-Hamid ya mutu a kurkuku bayan ya kamu da bugun jini. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da siyasa ta Saudiyya kuma an kama shi a shekarar 2013 don zanga-zangar zaman lafiya.[39]

A watan Janairun 2021, an kama Salma al-Shehab, dalibi na Saudiyya a Jami'ar Leeds, yayin da yake ziyartar Saudi Arabia don hutu. A watan Agustan 2022, an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru 34 a kurkuku saboda bin diddigin masu adawa da masu fafutuka a Twitter. Wasu daga cikin tweets dinta sun bayyana don nuna goyon baya ga Loujain al-Hathloul, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Saudiyya wanda Saudi Arabia ta daure shi a baya kuma an azabtar da shi. Daga baya a watan Agustan 2022, an yanke wa wata mace mai suna Nourah bint Saeed al-Qahtani hukuncin shekaru 45 a kurkuku saboda "amfani da intanet don tsage tsarin zamantakewa na [Saudi Arabia]". Demokradiyya don Duniya ta Larabawa Yanzu ta haɗa waɗannan hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku tare da ziyarar shugaban Amurka Joe Biden zuwa Jeddah a watan Yulin 2022.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.
  2. ↑ "Supplemental Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938" (PDF). fara.gov. Foreign Agents Registration Act. 5 April 2015. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  3. ↑ "Saudi Arabia 2021 Human Rights Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. 17 July 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2022.
  4. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Sudanese Media Personality Jailed for Critical Tweets". Human Rights Watch. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  5. ↑ "Saudi Authorities Reveal Location of Disappeared Royals, Allow Family Visits". Dawnmena. 22 November 2021. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  6. ↑ "Saudi Arabia - Death Penalty". Global Security. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  7. ↑ "Amnesty International Report 2009, Saudi Arabia". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
  8. ↑ "Saudi executions: Dozens killed included some arrested as juveniles". Middle East Eye. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  9. ↑ "MPs call on Liz Truss to intervene to stop Saudi Arabia executing academic for 'contents of his library'". Independent. 13 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  10. ↑ "Saudi Arabia Executes 15 People in 12 Days For Non-Violent Drug Offences". Vice. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Liz Throssell". The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  12. ↑ "Fear grows on Saudi death row as executions ramp up". France 24. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  13. ↑ "Annual Report: Saudi Arabia 2013 | Amnesty International USA". Amnestyusa.org. 23 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  14. ↑ "Exclusive: Saudi Rape Victim Tells Her Story". ABC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  15. ↑ "Saudi man jailed and gets 1,000 lashes for talking about sex". 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  16. ↑ "Saudi man gets 1,000 lashes and five years for TV sex boasts". www.thesundaily.my. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  17. ↑ "Saudi Arabia Sentenced a Man to 10 Years in Prison and 2,000 Lashes for Atheist Tweets". www.vice.com. 27 February 2016. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  18. ↑ "Saudi court sentences man to 10 years, 2,000 lashes for atheist tweets". PBS NewsHour. 27 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  19. ↑ "Saudi Arabia to eliminate flogging punishment". Saudigazette (in Turanci). 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  20. ↑ "Saudi Arabia 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  21. ↑ "UN Committee against Torture: Review of Saudi Arabia". 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  22. ↑ Alghoul, Diana (2 May 2017). "Hundreds of 'tortured' Bangladeshi women flee Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  23. ↑ Kathy Quiano; Moni Basu. "Indonesian maid dies after abuse in Saudi Arabia, rights group says". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  24. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's Record of Torturing Those Who Dare to Critique It". Human Rights First. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  25. ↑ "Saudi Arabia 2016/2017". Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  26. ↑ "UN accuses Saudi Arabia of using anti-terror laws to justify torture". The Guardian. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  27. ↑ "Women activists, political prisoners 'sexually assaulted, tortured and executed in Saudi Arabia' jails". Independent. 19 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  28. ↑ "Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  29. ↑ The Christian Science Monitor (28 April 2008). "Saudi official: why popular blogger Farhan was jailed". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Miller, Joseph (March 2003). "Open secrets". D+Z. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  31. ↑ Eric Goldstein; deputy Middle East director (22 December 2012). "Saudi Arabia: Website Editor Facing Death Penalty | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  32. ↑ "Saudi novelist arrested for tweets criticizing Islam". Al Akhbar English. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  33. ↑ "وفاة المعتقل السعودي عبد الله الحامد.. "شيخ الإصلاحيين"". عربي21 (in Larabci). 24 April 2020.
  34. ↑ Fanack. "Saudi Arabia's Human Rights Record Under International Fire". fanack.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  35. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Free Prominent Rights Activist". Human Rights Watch. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  36. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Prominent Writer Detained – Discussed Peaceful Reform in TV Interview". Human Rights Watch. 10 August 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  37. ↑ Underwood, Alexia (26 October 2018). "While the world focuses on Khashoggi, dozens of journalists and activists in Saudi Arabia are still behind bars". Vox. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  38. ↑ "Revealed:Saudis suspected of phone spying campaign in US". The Guardian. 29 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  39. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Rights Pioneer Dies in Prison". Human Rights Watch. 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
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