Ganuwar Marrakesh

Ganuwar Marrakesh
	heritage (en)
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Moroko
Heritage designation (en)	Moroccan cultural heritage (en)
Wuri
	31°37′54″N 7°59′21″W / 31.631804°N 7.989305°W
Constitutional monarchy (en)	Moroko
Region of Morocco (en)	Marrakesh-Safi (en)
Prefecture of Morocco (en)	Marrakesh Prefecture (en)
Birni	Marrakesh

Ganuwar Marrakesh tsari ne na ganuwar tsaro wanda ke kewaye da gundumomin medina na tarihi na Marrakesh, Morocco. Daular Almoravid ce ta fara tsara su a farkon karni na 12 wanda ya kafa birnin a 1070 AZ a matsayin sabon babban birnin. Tun daga wannan lokacin an fadada ganuwar sau da yawa ta hanyar kara Kasbah zuwa kudu a ƙarshen karni na 12 da kuma tsawaitawa daga baya don ƙunshe da unguwar arewacin Zawiya na Sidi Bel Abbes.

Ƙofofin Marrakesh galibi an kafa su ne tun lokacin da aka gina ganuwar birni na Almoravid amma an gyara mafi yawansu a lokutan baya. An kuma kara wasu ƙofofi lokacin da Almohads suka kirkiro Kasbah, wanda aka faɗaɗa shi kuma aka sake yin aiki sau da yawa tun lokacin.

Tarihi

Tushen Almoravid (karni na 11 zuwa 12)

Abu Bakr ibn Umar ne ya kafa Marrakesh a cikin 1070 , shugaban farko na Almoravids . Da farko, babban kagara na birnin shine Ksar al-Hajjar ("Fadar / Ginin Dutse"), wani birni na sarauta wanda Abu Bakr ya gina don kare baitulmalin. Ya kasance kusa da shafin yanar gizon Masallacin Kutubiyya na yanzu a yammacin birnin. Kamar sauran kasbahs na lokacinsa, mai yiwuwa ya mamaye yanki na quadrangular kuma ana zaton yana da ƙofofi da yawa (wanda ƙofar yammacin ta iya dacewa da ƙofar Bab al-Makhzen daga baya a cikin ganuwar birni). Abubuwan da aka tono a karni na 20 sun nuna cewa gefen kudancin birni yana da tsawon mita 218, yana nuna babban tsari.^[1]: 57 Shi ne tsarin farko da Almoravids suka gina kuma ya nuna canjin canjin su na ƙarshe daga mutanen Sahara zuwa daular da ke da tushe.^[1]

Sai kawai a cikin 1126 ne Ali ibn Yusuf, wani daga baya Almoravid amir, ya yanke shawarar kewaye birnin da cikakken kewayon ganuwar, wanda aka kammala a watan Janairu ko Fabrairu 1127. :^:110 ^[2]Shawarwarin karfafa birnin tare da ganuwar mai yiwuwa ne saboda karuwar barazanar Almohads a lokacin. Abu-l-Walid Ibn Rushd, wani qadi daga Cordoba kuma kakan sanannen Ibn Rushd (Averroes), an ruwaito shi ne wanda ya shawo kan amir ya fara aikin. Har ila yau, kafofin tarihi sun yi iƙirarin cewa ginin ya ɗauki watanni 8 kawai kuma ya kai dinars zinariya 70,000.^[1]: 108-109 Kafin gini, an shimfiɗa hanyar ganuwar tare da igiyoyi kuma an tuntubi masu ilimin taurari na amir don ranar da ta fi dacewa da farawa.^[1]

Babban fasalin ganuwar medina a yau har yanzu yana da ganuwar Almoravid ta asali, kodayake tare da bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa a arewa da kudu. Yankin da aka yi da bango ya samar da polygon mara kyau na siffar quadrangular. Wasu daga cikin rashin daidaito a cikin wannan tsari na iya kasancewa saboda makabarta da wuraren addini ko kuma yanke shawara na ƙarshe don haɗawa da ƙarin ƙasa a cikin ganuwar. Yawancin manyan ƙofofin birni sun samo asali ne daga wannan lokacin - aƙalla a wuraren su idan ba lallai ba ne a cikin siffofi da sunayensu na yanzu. Wadannan ƙofofin sun kasance, a cikin tsari na agogo farawa daga arewa maso gabas: Bab Fes (wanda aka fi sani da Bab el-Khemis), Bab Debbagh, Bab Aylan, Bab Aghmat, Bab Yintan, Bab as-Saliha, Bab Neffis (watakila magajin Bab er-Robb a yau), Bab ash-Shari'a, Bab al-Makhzen, Bab el-'Arissa (wanda aka kuma aka fi sani le Bab ar-Raha), Bab Doukkala, Bab Moussoufa, da Bab Tagzout.^[3][2]^[1]: 118-128 [1] Hudu daga cikin wadannan ƙofofin - Bab ash-Shari'a, Bab Moussoufa, Bab Yintan, da Bab as-Saliha - sun ɓace wani lokaci da suka gabata kuma an san su ne kawai daga matani na tarihi ko daga shaidar jiki.[2][3]^[3]

Lokacin Almohad (ƙarshen ƙarni na 12 zuwa 13)

Lokacin da mai mulkin Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya ci Marrakesh a cikin 1147 an ruwaito cewa ya lalata abubuwan tunawa da yawa na Almoravid (musamman masallatai) amma har yanzu ana amfani da Ksar el-Hajjar da fadar Ali ibn Yusuf a matsayin gidan zama na sabon sarakunan Almohad na wani lokaci. Khalifa Almohad Ya'qub al-Mansur (ya yi mulki 1184-1199), duk da haka, ya fara wani babban aikin gini don ƙirƙirar babban sabon gundumar sarauta, Kasbah, wanda ke haɗe da gefen kudu na birnin. Halitta ta samo asali ne daga saurin karuwar yawan jama'ar birnin da kuma bukatar gaggawa don ƙarin sarari a cikin birni. Koyaya kuma yana iya motsawa ta sha'awar Khalifa Almohad don bin misalin wasu sarakunan Islama masu iko waɗanda suka gina biranen sarauta daban-daban waɗanda za su yi mulki, kamar ginin Ummayyad na Madinat al-Zahra kusa da Cordoba ko ginin Abbasid na Samarra a Iraki. Ginin kasbah ya fara ne a cikin 1185 kuma an gama shi da 1190.^[4]

Tsarin kasbah na yamma da kudanci na yanzu, gami da ganuwarta, mai yiwuwa har yanzu sun samo asali ne daga ginin Almohad. ^:214Babbar ƙofar kasbah ita ce Bab Agnaou : duka ƙofar karewa da ƙofar biki, wanda ke cikin ganuwar birnin kusa da Bab er-Robb (Bab Neffis) kuma ya zama babbar hanyar shiga cikin kasbah ga mazauna birnin. ^[3] Almohads kuma sun kafa manyan gonaki da gonaki a kusa da kasbah, musamman lambun al-Buhayra wanda yanzu ake kira da Lambunan Agdal . Waɗannan an ƙara su kuma an rufe su da bangon nasu daban. ^[1] ^[5] ^[6]

Lokacin Saadian da Alaouite (karni na 15 da bayan haka)

Bayan mutuwar mulkin Almohad, Marrakesh gaba ɗaya ya faɗi cikin raguwa. Daular Marinid mai zuwa ta sanya Fes babban birninsu kuma ta gudanar da wasu manyan gine-gine a Marrakesh. Ba har sai Daular Saadian (karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 17) ta kafa Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu ba cewa birnin ya sake farfadowa. Saadians sun gyara kasbah kuma sun fadada tsarin arewacin dan kadan tare da sabbin manyan gidaje kamar El Badi . Sultan Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib ya kuma sauya yawan Yahudawa na birnin zuwa sabon gundumar Mellah a gefen gabas na fadar sarauta, yana fadada tsarin gabashin kasbah a cikin tsari. Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur ya kuma gyara kuma ya sake dasa lambunan Agdal, don haka ya kula da wannan babban shinge mai garu a kudancin birnin.^[7]

Saadians, da magajin su Alaouites, sun kuma dauki nauyin gina da fadada zawiya da masallaci a kusa da mausoleum na Sidi Bel Abbes, wanda ke kusa da ƙofar arewacin birnin, Bab Taghzout. Sidi Bel Abbes sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai kula da Marrakesh kuma zawiya nasa ya jawo hankalin ƙarin mazauna zuwa yankin har sai unguwar da ke ci gaba ta bunkasa a nan a waje da ganuwar birnin. A cikin karni na 18, a ƙarƙashin mulkin sultan Alaouite Muhammad ibn Abdallah, an faɗaɗa ganuwar birnin don ƙunshe da wannan unguwar, ta zama sabon arewacin birnin. A wannan lokacin, sultan kuma ya faɗaɗa Kasbah zuwa kudu kuma ya faɗaɗawa Agdal zuwa arewa, har sai ganuwar duka biyun sun haɗu tare.^[8]^[9]^[1] Wannan ya zama babban fadadawa na ƙarshe da gyare-gyare na ganuwar birni.

Sauran ayyukan da sarakunan Alaouite suka yi har yanzu sun kara da ganuwar da ke akwai da ƙofofin birnin. Sultan Muhammad ibn Abdallah kuma yana da alhakin yawancin gine-gine da sake gina fadar sarauta (Dar al-Makhzen) bayan shekaru na sakaci, yana ba shi fiye ko žasa da yadda yake a yau. An fadada gefen kudancin Kasbah don karɓar sabbin lambuna, sabbin unguwanni don ma'aikatan fadar da sojoji, da kuma jerin murabba'in murabba'i da aka sani da Mechuar (gidan hukuma / farfajiyar a ƙofar fadar sarauta). An gina ƙofofi da yawa don daidaita hanyar tsakanin waɗannan sabbin abubuwan da ke kudancin. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna da ƙananan gine-gine, kodayake Bab Ahmar (ƙofar gabas) tana da ƙira ta musamman wacce ta haɗa da dandamali mai tsawo don bindigogi masu haske. A ƙarshe, bayan da Rehamna ya lalata shi a 1862, Sultan Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ya sake gina bangon yammacin lambunan Agdal. A lokaci guda, sultan ya kara wani sansani da ake kira Sqallat al-Mrabit don kare wannan bangare na ganuwar.^[1]^:529

Girgizar ƙasa ta 2023

Bayan girgizar kasa ta Marrakesh-Safi ta 2023 a ranar 8 ga Satumba, wasu bangarorin ganuwar birni sun rushe.

Tsarin ganuwar

Ganuwar tana da gine-gine na yau da kullun na zamani na Morocco da al-Andalus, suna tsaye tsakanin mita 6 zuwa 8 a tsawo kuma suna da garu kowane mita 25 zuwa 30 ta hanyar hasumiyoyin murabba'i ko bastions.:^:116 Ganuwar ta bambanta tsakanin mita 1.4 da 2 a kauri, yayin da hasumiyoyin suka bambanta a kauri tsakanin mita 8 da 14.^[10] Asalin ganuwar an rufe ta da wani karamin hanya (gidan bango) wanda aka kare shi da ginshiƙai tare da Merlons, kodayake da yawa daga cikin waɗannan sun ɓace. Akwai shaidar cewa ganuwar da farko an kewaye ta da rami ko rami, kodayake wannan bazai taka muhimmiyar rawa ba.^[10]

Hanyoyin gini da kiyayewa

Ganuwar Marrakesh, kamar na Fes da mafi yawan biranen tarihi a Maroko, an gina su ne a cikin ƙasa mai laushi, tsohuwar hanyar gini da aka samu a fadin Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, da kuma bayan haka.^[11]^[12] An kuma san shi da "pisé" (daga Faransanci) ko "tabia" (daga Larabci). Gabaɗaya ya yi amfani da kayan gida kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai godiya ga ƙarancin farashi da ingancin dangi.[1] Wannan kayan ya kunshi laka da ƙasa daban-daban (duk daga yumɓu mai santsi zuwa ƙasa mai dutse) yawanci an haɗa su da wasu kayan kamar kara ko laka don taimakawa mannewa. Ƙarin lemun tsami kuma ya sa ganuwar ta yi wuya kuma ta fi tsayayya gabaɗaya, kodayake wannan ya bambanta a cikin gida kamar yadda wasu yankuna suna da ƙasa wanda ya yi tauri sosai yayin da wasu ba su yi ba.[4] Misali, ganuwar Marrakesh ta ƙunshi har zuwa 17% lime, yayin da waɗanda ke Fes da Meknes da ke kusa da su sun ƙunshi har zuwa 47%. Har yanzu ana amfani da dabarar a yau, kodayake abun da ke ciki da rabo na waɗannan kayan ya ci gaba da canzawa a tsawon lokaci yayin da wasu kayan (kamar yumɓu) suka zama masu tsada fiye da wasu (kamar dutse). [4]^:80

An gina ganuwar ƙasa daga ƙasa zuwa sama matakin ɗaya a lokaci guda. Ma'aikata sun matsa kuma sun kwashe kayan cikin sassan da suka kasance daga 50 da 70 cm a tsawon kowannensu an riƙe shi tare na ɗan lokaci ta allon katako. Da zarar an daidaita kayan, za a iya cire takunkumin katako kuma an sake maimaita wannan tsari a saman matakin da aka kammala a baya.^[12] Wannan tsari na katako na farko sau da yawa yana barin alamu a cikin nau'ikan layuka da yawa na ƙananan ramuka da ake gani a fuskar ganuwar. A lokuta da yawa an rufe ganuwar da murfin lemun tsami, stucco, ko wasu kayan don ba su shimfiɗa mai santsi kuma don kare babban tsari.

Wannan nau'in gini yana buƙatar kulawa da kulawa, kamar yadda kayan suna da ɗanɗano kuma suna da sauƙin lalacewa ta ruwan sama a tsawon lokaci; a wasu sassan Maroko, (musamman kusa da Sahara) kasbahs da sauran gine-ginen da aka yi da abun da ba shi da tsayi (yawanci ba shi da lime) na iya fara rushewa a ƙasa da shekaru da yawa bayan an watsar da su. Saboda haka, tsoffin gine-ginen irin wannan sun kasance cikakke ne kawai har sai an ci gaba da dawo da su; wasu bangarorin bango a yau sun bayyana sabo ne saboda kulawa ta yau da kullun, yayin da wasu ke rushewa.

Ƙofofin Birni

Baya ga na Kasbah, manyan ƙofofin birnin duk sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Almoravid lokacin da aka fara gina ganuwar birni, amma mafi yawansu sun sami gyare-gyare a lokutan baya. Yawancin ƙofofin zamani suna da rikitarwa "ƙofofi masu lankwasawa" waɗanda aka tsara don ƙarin kariya. A zamanin yau, an buɗe hanyoyi masu sauƙi tare da da yawa daga cikinsu don ba da damar sauƙin shiga da fita daga medina, tare da wasu gibin a cikin ganuwar birni da aka kirkira don karɓar sabbin hanyoyi.

Ƙofofin medina

Wadannan sune manyan ƙofofin tarihi na medina (babban birni mai garu; ba tare da ƙidaya Kasbah zuwa kudu ba). An bayyana ƙofofin da ke ƙasa a cikin tsari, farawa daga kusurwar arewa maso gabashin medina kuma suna ci gaba a cikin salon agogo.

Bab el-Khemis

Wannan ƙofar tana cikin kusurwar arewa / arewa maso gabashin ganuwar birni kuma ta samo asali ne daga zamanin Almoravid. Da farko an san shi da Bab Fes ("Gate of Fes"), amma wannan sunan ya ɓace a zamanin Marinid.^[3] Sunan ƙofar na yanzu (el-Khemis) yana nufin kasuwar kasuwa ko kasuwar iska wanda a tarihi ya faru a nan kowace Alhamis (al-Khamis a Larabci). A zamanin yau, kasuwar ta ci gaba kusan duk mako a waje da ƙofar, yayin da aka gina kasuwar ƙwayoyin cuta ta dindindin, Souk al-Khemis, da 'yan mita ɗari zuwa arewa. ^[13]^[14] Har ila yau, a waje da ƙofar akwai qubba (mausoleum mai rufi) wanda ke da kabarin marabout na gida ko kuma Musulmi saint.^[15]

Ƙofar ƙofar ta waje tana gefen ko'ina cikin murabba'i. Hanyar ƙofar da farko ta kunshi ƙofar da ta karkata wanda ya haifar da juyawa guda 90; mutum ya shiga ƙofar daga arewa sannan ya fita zuwa yamma zuwa cikin birni.^[3] A cewar labari, wani mai nasara Yusuf ibn Tashfin ne ya kawo ganyen ƙofar daga Spain. A lokacin Almohad, an fadada ƙofar ta yadda sashi ya haifar da wasu kusurwoyi uku na kusurwa ta dama kafin ya fita zuwa kudu. Wannan ya ba shi irin wannan tsari da tsari ga wasu manyan ƙofofin Almohad kamar Bab er-Rouah . Tsarin asalin ƙofar, yanzu an ganuwar, har yanzu ana iya ganinsa a cikin bangon yammacin ciki. Ƙofar ta sami gagarumin gyare-gyare a cikin 1803-04 bisa umarnin Sultan Moulay Slimane, wanda aka lura da rubutun marmara da aka samu a ciki. A wani lokaci a cikin karni na 20, an buɗe bango na ciki na hanyar don ba da izinin hanyar madaidaiciya ta ƙofar don sauƙaƙe zirga-zirga mai nauyi a yankin, wanda ya haifar da halin yanzu na ƙofar.[1]^[3]

Gidan waje a Bab el-Khemis
Gidan ciki (kudu) a Bab el-Khemis

Bab ad-Debbagh

Bab ad-Debbagh (ko kawai Bab Debbagh) ita ce mafi arewacin ƙofofin gabashin birni guda biyu, wanda ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Almoravid. Sunansa yana nufin "Gate of the Tanners" kuma yana nufin wuraren fata da ke kusa da su waɗanda suka kasance a nan tun zamanin Almoravid.^[3] Yana da tsari mafi rikitarwa na kowane ƙofar: hanyarsa ta karkata sau 5, a cikin kusan hanyar S, ta wuce ta kotuna biyu na sararin samaniya da ɗakin da aka rufe. Matakala a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin tsarin yana ba da damar zuwa rufin ƙofar. Masana sun yi imanin, duk da haka, cewa kawai ɓangaren tsakiya na ƙofar (ɗakin da aka ɗora) ya samo asali ne daga ƙofar Almoravid ta asali kuma cewa Almohads sun ƙara sassan farfajiyar ciki da waje. Ƙofar don haka da farko za ta sami ƙofar "mai sauƙi" (watau ta juya digiri 90 sau ɗaya kawai).

Ƙofar Bab Debbagh ta waje (gabas)
Hanyar da ke karkata a cikin ƙofar
Ƙofar ciki (yamma) ta Bab Debbagh (da ke fuskantar birnin)

Bab Aylan

Bab Aylan ita ce ɗayan ƙofar gabashin birnin (mafi kudanci), kudu da Bab Debbagh . An sanya masa suna ne bayan kabilar Aylan (mai suna Haylana a Larabci), wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Berber Masmuda . ^[3] Ƙofar ita ce wurin yakin al-Buhayra a cikin 1130 inda Almoravids suka ci nasara a kan hari daga Almohads. (An sanya sunan yaƙin ne bayan wani lambu, Buhayrat al-Raka'ik, wanda ke nan kusa da ƙofofin gabashin birnin.) Asalin ƙofar Almoravid yana da hanya mai sauƙi mai laushi (watau juyawa 90 digiri sau ɗaya) wanda ke cikin wani bastion a gefen waje na ganuwar. Wani lokaci bayan zamanin Almoravid an kara wani sashi mai lankwasawa a gefen ciki na ƙofar, don haka mutum ya shiga ƙofar daga kudu, ya juya sau biyu (na farko hagu, sannan dama), kuma ya fito cikin birnin da ke fuskantar arewa.

Bab Aghmat

An sanya wa wannan ƙofar suna bayan Aghmat, babban birnin farko na Almoravids kafin Marrakesh, wanda ya kasance a cikin wannan hanyar (watau zuwa kudu / kudu maso gabas). Wataƙila an kira ƙofar Bab Yintan, kodayake wannan ba shi da tabbas kuma wannan sunan na iya nufin wata ƙofar da ke kusa wacce tun daga lokacin ta ɓace.^[3] Kamar sauran ƙofofin Almoravid na birnin, an canza shi sosai tun lokacin da aka gina shi. Asalinsa, mai yiwuwa ya kunshi wani sashi mai lankwasa wanda ya haifar da cikakken juyawa na digiri 180, yana samar da tsari mai ma'ana a kusa da axis na bango: wanda ya shiga daga yamma ta hanyar bastion a gefen waje na bangon birni, yana wucewa ta hanyar rufin rufi, sannan ya fita zuwa yamma daga bastion a bangon ciki, yana wuce ta hanyar kotu mai budewa. A cikin wani lokaci mai yawa daga baya an kara farfajiyar da aka yi da bango tare da salon gini daban-daban a ƙarshen ƙofar, wanda ya tilasta zirga-zirga su sake yin juyawa na digiri 180 (ko da yake a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan an rushe bangon arewacin wannan farfaji don ba da damar wucewa kai tsaye). Matakala a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin gidan ƙofar yana kaiwa rufin. Babban makabartar, Kabarin Bab Aghmat, yana da yanki mai faɗi a waje da ƙofar.

Bab er-Robb (Bab Neffis)

Bab er-Robb yana daya daga cikin ƙofofin da ba a saba gani ba a cikin birni, kuma shine kawai wanda ke cikin kusurwa ko kusurwar ganuwar. Duk da yake masana tarihi Deverdun da Allain sun yi imanin cewa ƙofar ta samo asali ne daga Almohad (musamman a ƙarƙashin Ya'qub al-Mansur) saboda wurin da yake da alaƙa da Almohad Kasbah, masanin tarihi Quentin Wilbaux kwanan nan ya yi jayayya cewa wurin da yake a cikin tsarin birni ya nuna cewa ƙofar Almoravid ce ta asali.^[3]^[2] Dukansu sun yi imanin cewa Bab Neffis, wani ƙofar da aka bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi kuma mai suna bayan Kogin Neffis (ko N'fis) da ke kusa, mai yiwuwa wani suna ne ga wannan ƙofar. Kalmar Robb ko Rubber tana nufin wani nau'in ruwan inabi da aka dafa wanda aka shuka gonakin inabi a gefen Kogin Neffis kuma ta haka ne aka shigo da shi kuma aka tsara shi ta wannan ƙofar. Wani kwandon ruwa mai auna kimanin mita 70 da 40 ya kasance a waje da wannan ƙofar, a cikin wani yanki yanzu an rufe shi da makabartar, kuma an yi amfani da shi don yin iyo.^[2] Babban tsarin ƙofar shine bastion a ciki wanda wani sashi mai lankwasawa ya shiga daga arewa, ya yi juyawa 180-digiri, sannan ya sake fita zuwa arewa.^[3] A yau, an motsa ganuwar da ke yankin a kusa da ƙofar ƙofar ta yadda ƙofofin ƙofar, da ke fuskantar arewa, suna buɗewa a cikin ganuwar birni, suna rufe ainihin aikinta a matsayin ƙofar birnin. Koyaya, lokacin da malaman Faransa suka yi nazarin ƙofar a cikin 1912 bangon birni da ke kewaye da shi yana da tsari daban-daban: maimakon a haɗa shi da gefen ƙofar ya haɗa shi da tsakiyar ƙofar arewa, tsakanin ƙofofinsa guda biyu, don haka ƙofar gabas ta kasance a waje da bangon birane yayin da yamma ta kasance a cikin ganuwar. Tun da yake duka ƙofofin biyu har yanzu suna fuskantar arewa, wannan yana nufin cewa ƙofar waje ba ta bayyane kai tsaye ga baƙi da ke zuwa daga ƙauyuka saboda tana fuskantar baya zuwa ga ganuwar birni; a sakamakon haka, matafiya da suka zo daga kudu dole ne su yi tafiya har zuwa gefen da ke kusa da bastion kuma su shiga ta daga arewa. Saboda wannan tsari mara kyau, kuma bisa ga kwatanta da sauran ƙofofin birnin, Wilbaux ya yi la'akari da cewa an riga an canza ganuwar birnin a wannan yanki kuma an motsa su a kusa da ƙofar ta yadda aka juya ƙofofin da farko: ƙofar gabas, wacce ita ce ƙofar waje a 1912, ta kasance a cikin ganuwar birni, yayin da ƙofar yamma (ƙofar ciki a 1912) ta kasance a waje da ganuwar gari. Ta wannan hanyar, ginshiƙan ƙofar ya mamaye bango na birni kuma ƙirar ta ta yi kama da asalin Bab Aghmat, ɗayan ƙofar kudancin birnin.^[2]^:199–201

Bab al-Makhzen

Bab al-Makhzen yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙofofin yammacin birnin, wanda ke yammacin Masallacin Kutubiyya . Ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Almoravid.^[3] Wataƙila an sanya masa suna ne bayan fadar (Dar al-Makhzen) wacce ta kasance kusa da nan a zamanin Almoravid a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsohon Ksar el-Hajjar . Ƙofar tana kewaye da hasumiyoyi masu tsayi takwas kuma an canza ta sosai. Da farko yana da sashi mai sauƙi (juyawa digiri 90 zuwa arewa) amma gidan ƙofar ya ɓace kuma kawai buɗewa mai sauƙi ya kasance a yau. A farkon karni na 20 an rufe ƙofar kuma an rufe ta, amma a yau wata hanya ta ratsa ta.

Bab al-'Arisa (Bab ar-Raha)

Bab al-'Arisa (ma'anar "Kotunan amarya"; wanda aka rubuta shi Bab Larissa ko Bab Lrissa) an kuma san shi da Bab al-'Arais ("Kotunan Fiancés") kuma a baya Bab ar-Raha (Raha mai yiwuwa yana nufin "yawanci" ko "mai kyau"; shi ma suna ne a cikin Marrakesh).^[3] Sauran ƙofar yammacin birnin ne, wanda ke arewacin Bab el-Makhzen a kusurwar ganuwar, kuma ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Almoravid. Kamar Bab al-Makhzen zuwa kudu, ƙofar tana kewaye da hasumiyoyi masu tsayi takwas kuma da farko tana da hanya mai sauƙi mai sauƙi (juyawa digiri 90 zuwa arewa), amma tun daga lokacin an gyara shi. An katange shi a farkon karni na 20 amma a yau yana da buɗewa mai sauƙi wanda hanyar gida ke wucewa.^[2]

Bab Doukkala

Bab Doukkala ita ce ƙofar arewa maso yammacin medina . Sunansa, Doukkala, na kabilar Berber ne da kuma yankin tsakanin Marrakesh da Casablanca a yau.^[3] Ƙofar kuma tana da gine-ginen Almoravid, amma ba kamar sauran mutane da yawa ba a ƙarƙashin manyan gyare-gyare ba (akalla a cikin tsarin bene) kuma tana riƙe da ƙirar ƙofar ƙofar ƙuƙwalwa ta asali. Hanyar da ke cikin ƙofar ta karkata a kusurwa madaidaiciya sau biyu: mutum yana shiga daga yamma, ya juya kudu, sannan ya juya gabas kafin ya fito cikin birni. A yau ƙofar tana kewaye da wasu ramuka masu sauƙi a cikin bango don ba da damar sauƙin zagayawa.

Gidan waje (yamma) a Bab Doukkala
Gidan ciki (gabas) a Bab Doukkala

Sauran ƙananan ƙofofin medina

Wasu 'yan ƙofofi, galibi daga ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, ana iya samun su a kusa da birnin kuma suna da sunayensu, ban da wasu ɓangarorin da ba a san su ba a cikin ganuwar waɗanda aka halicce su don inganta motsi kyauta a ciki da waje na medina. Wadannan sun hada da:

Bab Nkob: Bab Nkob ƙofar ce ta kwanan nan da aka kirkira a lokacin Tsaro na Faransa (1912-1956) don haɗa tsohuwar medina tare da sabbin gundumomin birni da Faransanci suka kirkira da ake kira Gueliz . A yau kawai rata ce a cikin ganuwar da babbar hanya ta wuce.^[16]^[17]^[18]
Bab Jdid: Bab Jdid ("Sabon Ƙofar") wata ƙofar kwanan nan ce a yammacin Masallacin Kutubiyya kuma kusa da otal da lambuna na Mamounia. Hanyar zamani ta ratsa ta. ^[3]
Bab Qchich: Bab Qchichich (wanda aka rubuta Bab Kechich, ko Kechiche) ƙofar kwanan nan ce da ke tsakanin Bab el-Khemis da Bab ad-Debbagh, a arewa maso gabashin ƙarshen tsohuwar medina . Hanyar zamani ta ratsa wannan hanya mai ladabi mai suna bayan tsohon mai gidan lambun da ke kusa.^[19]

Bab Nkob a yau
Bab J ya yi yau
Bab J ya yi cikin katin waya a 1919

Tsohon ƙofofin medina

Akalla wasu ƙofofi huɗu, watakila biyar (dangane da matsayin Bab Yintan) a baya sun wanzu a gefen ganuwar birni na medina amma tun daga lokacin sun ɓace ko kuma sun zama tsofaffi. An lissafa su a nan.

Bab Taghzout

Tun daga zamanin Almoravid, wannan shine asalin ƙofar arewacin birnin har sai Sultan Muhammad ibn Abdallah ya faɗaɗa ganuwar birnin don ya ƙunshi unguwar arewacin Sidi Bel Abbes a karni na 18. Sunan ƙofar, Taghzout, ba shi da asalin tarihi amma sunan Berber ne na yau da kullun tare da wasu ma'anoni daban-daban; yana iya nufin ƙauyen da ke kusa ko kwarin Kogin Tensift.^[3] Ana kuma kiran ƙofar Bab Sidi Bel Abbes (bayan Masallacin da ke kusa). [3] Ƙofar ta yi kama da Bab el-Khemis da ke kusa da ita a cikin asalinsa: an kewaye ta da murabba'i biyu kuma tana da ƙofar da aka karkata wanda mutum ya shiga daga arewa kuma ya fita zuwa yamma. A yau, duk da haka, ƙofar ta rasa ginshiƙanta da kuma hanyar da ta karkata kuma duk abin da ya rage babban hanya ne a kan babbar titi zuwa kudancin Zawiya na Sidi Bel Abbes.^[2]

Bab Moussoufa

Bab Moussoufa (ko Bab Massufa) ƙofar Almoravid ce wacce ba a tabbatar da tarihinta ba amma ana zaton wurin da yake a arewa maso yammacin birnin, arewacin Bab Doukkala da yammacin Bab Taghzout, kusa da unguwar Riyad al-'Arus . Sunansa ya fito ne daga kabilar Almoravid Berber.^[1]^:120–121

Bab ash-Shari'a

Bab ash-Shari'a, ma'ana "Kotunan Adalci / Shari'a" (Shari'an), ita ce babbar ƙofar kudu maso yammacin birnin, tun daga zamanin Almoravid. Tana kusa da kusurwar ganuwar da ke yammacin Bab er-Robb. An sake gina ƙofar a zamanin Almohad lokacin da Abu Ya'qub Yusuf ya umarci ɗansa, Ya'qub (al-Mansur na gaba), ya motsa wannan ɓangaren bangon zuwa kudu don karɓar sabon unguwa ga yawan jama'ar birnin. An gudanar da wannan aikin a watan Agusta da Satumba na 1183 kuma Abu Ya'qub Yusuf ya kaddamar da sabon ƙofar Bab ash-Shari'a.^[3]:^:114 Tun daga wannan ƙofar an toshe ta kuma mausoleum na Imam as-Suhayli (ɗaya daga cikin tsarkaka bakwai na Marrakesh) ya mamaye ta, kodayake ana iya ganin ragowar ƙofar kusa da mausoleum^[3]

Wani babban yanki na addu'a, wanda ake kira musalla ko msalla, yana waje da ƙofar a lokacin zamanin Almoravid da Almohad (ko da yake ana iya motsa shi yayin gina Kasbah). :^:244 Har ila yau a nan akwai filin wasa na wasanni da horo, sanye take da ɗakin da amir ko Khalifa zai iya lura da ayyukan. A yau wannan yanki yana cike da babban makabartar da ke daga Bab er-Robb.

Bab as-Saliha

Wannan yana daya daga cikin ƙofofin kudancin birnin Almoravid, wanda ake kira bayan lambunan Saliha a kudancin birnin. An samo shi ne inda aka kirkiro gundumar Almohad Kasbah daga baya; wanda shine lokacin da ƙofar ta ɓace.

Bab Yintan

Masana ba su da tabbas game da ainihi da wurin wannan ƙofar. Wataƙila ƙofar kudancin birnin ce, mai yiwuwa kusa da abin da daga baya ya zama Mellah na Yahudawa a gefen gabas na Kasbah, amma tun daga lokacin ya ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba.^[3] Wani yiwuwar shi ne cewa wani suna ne kawai ga Bab Aylan ko, mai yiwuwa, Bab Aghmat. Masanin tarihin Faransa Gaston Deverdun, musamman, ya amince da wannan ra'ayi na biyu.

Ƙofofin Kasbah

Ƙofofin farko na Kasbah sun kasance daga zamanin Almohad, amma ƙofofi da yawa sun kasance daga fadada kasbah da fadar sarauta (Dar al-Makhzen) a cikin ƙarni na baya.

Bab Agnaou

Bab Agnaou, daya daga cikin shahararrun ƙofofin Marrakesh da kyau, shine babban ƙofar jama'a da bikin shiga Kasbah na birnin. Sunan agnaou an yi imanin cewa asalinsa ne na Berber kuma Agana da ma'anoni da yawa da aka ruwaito a tarihi ciki har da "mutes" kuma, daga baya, "Black people" (ko Gnawa); duk da haka, ba a san ainihin ma'anar sunan a wannan yanayin ba.:^:230 An kuma kira ƙofar Bab al-Qasr ("Ƙofar Fadar") da Bab al-Kuhl ("Ƙofar Kohl").^[1]: 229-230 An gina shi ne ga Ya'qub al-Mansur (wanda ya kafa Kasbah) a cikin 1188.

Tana cikin ganuwar medina, kusa da Bab er-Robb . Da farko ƙofar ta kasance a gefen hasumiyoyi biyu kuma hanyar da ke ciki ƙofar ce mai lankwasawa (ma'ana ta juya digiri 90 kafin fita) tana wucewa ta cikin babban ɗakin da aka yi da rufi.: 230-231 A saman ƙofar akwai wani bene da aka kai ta hanyar matakala na ciki. Wannan tsari ya sa ya yi kama da sauran manyan ƙofofin Almohad kamar Bab er-Rouah a Rabat . Hasumiyoyin da ke gefen da kuma rufin da aka rufe, duk da haka, tun daga lokacin sun ɓace, kuma an cika hanyar ƙofar da wani ɓangare tare da ƙaramin tubali. Duk da haka, ƙofar ta adana kayan ado na dutse mai kyau daga zamanin Almohad, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi da na Bab er-Rouah da na Bab Oudaia a Rabat.^[1]

Bab Berrima

Bab Berrima (wanda aka rubuta Bab Barrima) ƙofar ce tsakanin babban birni (medina) da arewa maso gabashin Kasbah, a kudancin ƙarshen Place des Ferblantiers a yau. Ya wanzu tun lokacin Saadian. Wataƙila an buƙaci halittarsa don ba da damar ma'aikata su zo su tafi yayin gina Fadar Badi, wanda ke kusa. Ƙofar ta ƙunshi hanya mai sauƙi mai sauƙi wanda aka yanke ta hanyar hasumiya a bangon kewaye na Kasbah. An taɓa ɗora hasumiyar da merlons masu kama da sawtooth daga zamanin Saadian, amma waɗannan sun ɓace tun daga lokacin. Ƙofar tana kewaye da layuka na boutiques waɗanda suka fi gina kwanan nan.:473–474

Bab Shkiru

Wannan ƙofar tana a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin fadar sarauta ta yanzu (a cikin kewayon Kasbah). An gina shi ne bisa umarnin Sultan Moulay Hassan (mai mulki 1873-1894) don sauƙaƙe samun damar shiga fadar a wannan ƙarshen. An sanya masa suna ne bayan qadi wanda ke kula da gininsa.^:537

Bab Ksiba

Bab Ksiba (ko Bab Qusayba) ƙaramar ƙofar yamma ce zuwa gundumar Kasbah . Ya kasance ƙofar wani ƙaramin kasbah (qusayba) wanda aka haɗa shi da babban kasbah a wannan yanki don kare gefen yammacin Grand Mechouar (babban filin budewa, har yanzu yana nan a yau, a ƙofar fadar sarauta) da kuma unguwar Derb Chtouka . Ranar da aka gina shi ba a bayyane yake ba; ya wanzu a farkon karni na 19 kuma mai yiwuwa an gina shi a ƙarƙashin Muhammad ibn Abdallah a karni na 18, amma kusan tabbas ba ɓangare ne na asalin Almohad kasbah ba.^[1]^:501

Ƙofofin da ke kewaye da Mechuar na fadar sarauta

A karkashin Muhammad ibn Abdallah (gwamnan Marrakesh bayan 1746, sultan 1757-1790), an gyara kuma an faɗaɗa fadar sarauta (Dar al-Makhzen) a cikin Kasbah. Wannan fadada yafi ci gaMechuar kudu, inda sultan ya gina mechouars da yawa (gidan hukuma a ƙofar fadar sarauta inda za a iya gudanar da bukukuwan sarauta da liyafa). Wadannan suna da babban sarari tsakanin fadar da ke arewa da lambunan Agdal a kudu. Ana samun damar mechouars ta hanyar ƙofofi da yawa tare da sunayensu na musamman; kodayake yawancin ƙofofin suna da ƙananan tarihi ko gine-gine. Kusan daga gabas zuwa yamma, waɗannan ƙofofin sune:

Bab Ahmar: Bab Ahmar ("Red Gate"; kuma an rubuta Bab Hmar) ita ce ƙofar gabas zuwa gundumomin kasbah na kudanci da mechouars . Tana a kusurwar kudancin Kabari na Bab Aghmat . Ƙofar ta kasance a lokacin mulkin Muhammad ibn Abdallah kuma mai yiwuwa aikin Ahmad al-Inglisi ne, wanda ke da alhakin gina da kuma maido da abubuwan tunawa iri-iri a fadin Maroko a wannan lokacin. :^:497-498 An kuma yi amfani da ƙofar a matsayin babban gidan tsaro tare da terrace wanda zai iya riƙe ƙananan bindigogi. Garin da ke kusa da ƙofar yafi zama da ma'aikatan baƙar fata na Afirka da sojoji da ke aiki don fadar sarauta.^[1] : 497
Bab al-Furma: Wannan ƙofar tana tsaye tsakanin gundumar Bab Ahmar zuwa gabas da Outer Mechouar (wanda ake kira Mechouar al-Barrani) zuwa yamma. Sunansa yana nufin "Kate of the Breach".: 498 ^:498
Bab al-Harri: Wannan ƙofar ita ce hanyar da ke tsakanin Outer Mechouar da unguwar Barrima zuwa arewa. Sunansa yana nufin "Kotuna na Silos (/Granaries) ".: 498 ^:498
Bab ar-Riyal: Wannan ƙofar ta kai daga Outer Mechouar zuwa fadar mataimakin sarki. Asalin sunansa ba a bayyane yake ba.: 498 ^:498
Bab er-Rih: Wannan ƙofar tana jagorantar daga Outer Mechouar zuwa Inner Mechouar (wanda ake kira Mechouar al-Wastani) zuwa yamma. Sunansa yana nufin "Kate of the Wind", kodayake asalin wannan ba a bayyane yake ba.
Bab "Tla ou Habet": A gefen yammacin Inner mechouar, a gaban Bab ar-Riyal, wata ƙofar ce mai ban mamaki wacce wani sashi a saman bango ya ba da izinin wucewa kai tsaye da rarrabe tsakanin fadar da lambunan Agdal zuwa kudu.^[1]:^:498 A cewar Gaston Deverdun, an san ƙofar da "Tla ou Habet" (ma'anar "hawan da sauka!"). Bayan an gina shi, Sultan Moulay Hassan ya sake gyara ƙofar tsakanin 1873 da 1894.[3]^[1]:^:537 Bayan wannan ƙofar da bango akwai babban Grand Mechouar.
Bab al-Akhdar: Ma'anar "Green Gate", wannan shine babban ƙofar fadar sarauta a tsakiyar arewacin gefen Inner Mechouar. (Yankin arewacin fadar kuma an san shi da al-Qasr al-Akhdar ko "Green Palace".): 498^:498
Bab Bu 'Uqqaz: An sanya masa suna ne bayan qadi wanda ke kula da gine-gine a cikin fadar, wannan shine babban ƙofar fadar sarauta daga Grand Mechouar (yammacin Inner Mechouar), inda aka karbi jakadun. Tana cikin kusurwar arewa maso gabashin wannan mechouar.: 499 ^:499
Bab Ighli: Yammacin Grand Mechouar, a ƙarshen babban titi tsakanin ganuwar biyu, ƙofar ce da aka sani da Bab Ighли (wanda aka rubuta Bab Irhli), mai suna bayan mason wanda ya gina ƙofar ta asali.[3] :^:501 [Kudancin ƙofar shine Kabari na Sidi A'mara . :^:534 Wani ƙofar (wanda ba a san sunansa ba) a ƙarshen gabashin wannan titin, a gefen Grand Mechouar kanta, sananne ne ga hasumiya ta musamman a gefen arewa. Hasumiyar, wanda rufin pyramidal kore-tiled ya rufe shi kuma yana nuna karamin balcony na katako, a zahiri shine minaret na tsohon Masallacin Derb Chtouka (mai suna bayan titin da ke kusa da shi), masallaci na karni na 18 (kuma Sultan Muhammad ibn Abdallah) wanda tun daga lokacin ya ɓace.: 491 ^:491

Bab Ahmar a farkon karni na 20
Bab er-Rih, ƙofar gabashin InnerMechouar, kusa da ƙofar fadar sarauta
Bab al-Akhdar, ƙofar fadar sarauta a gefen arewacin Inner Mechouar
Bab "Tla ko Habet", ƙofar yammacin Inner Mechouar, wanda ke kaiwa ga Grand Mechouar a wancan gefen
Ƙofar yammacin Grand Mechouar (wanda ke kaiwa Bab Ighli Street). Hasumiyar da ke dama ita ceMinaretna Masallacin Derb Chtouka na tafiya na 18.
Bab Ighli Street, yana kallon yamma zuwa Bab Ighri gate (wanda ake gani daga nesa)

Tsohon ƙofofin Almohad Kasbah

Akwai ƙofofi da yawa a cikin asalin Almohad kasbah waɗanda suka ɓace a yau amma an san su daga tushen tarihi. Musamman, kasbah yana da ƙofofin ciki da yawa waɗanda suka ba da hanya tsakanin manyan gundumomi uku, da kuma ƙofofin waje kaɗan ban da Bab Agnaou. Sun hada da:

Bab as-Sadat: Duk da yake Bab Agnaou shine babban ƙofar jama'a zuwa Kasbah ga talakawa, manyan jami'ai da dangin sarauta na mulkin Almohad sun shiga ta hanyar ƙofar da aka sani da Bab as-sadat (wanda ke nufin "Gate of the Lords / Nobles"). : 224, 230 An samo shi a bangon yammacin Kasbah, yana ba su damar shiga Kasbah kai tsaye ba tare da wucewa cikin birni ba. A ciki, ƙofar ta kai ga babban filin (Asaraq) a cikin gundumar yammacin tsakiya na kasbah, wanda hakan ya ba da damar shiga fadar Khalifa.^[1] A waje da ganuwar, kusa da wannan ƙofar, akwai wani muhimmin makabartar.^[1] : 245 ^:245
Bab as-Saqa'if: Ma'anar "Kofar Porticoes", wannan ƙofar tana tare da babbar titin da ke haɗa babban filin (Asaraq) a tsakiyar yammacin kasbah zuwa wani babban filin a gaban Masallacin Kasbah zuwa arewa. Dukan tsawon titin an haɗa shi da porticoes ko galeries, saboda haka sunan ƙofar. Ƙofar ita ce babbar ƙofar Asaraq daga arewa, ba da nisa da Bab as-Sadat.^:226: 245 ^:245
Bab at-Tubul: Ma'anar "Kofar Drums", wannan ƙofar tana a ɗayan (arewa) ƙarshen babbar titin da ke gudana daga Bab as-Saqa'if, yana ba da damar zuwa wani fili a gaban Masallacin Kasbah. :^:227:^:245 Ƙofar, a cikin wani nau'i ko wani, har yanzu tana nan a karni na 16. : 258 ^:258
Bab ar-Riyad: Ma'anar "Kotunan Riad" (yana nufin fadar da ke da lambun ciki), wannan shine ƙofar Khalifa zuwa fadarsa. Tsayawa kusa da shi akwai ɗakin masu sauraro daga inda Khalifa zai iya lura da abubuwan da suka faru da bukukuwa a cikin Asaraq.^:220–221[2]: 244 ^:244
Bab al-Ghadr: Ma'anar "Kotunan Cin amana", wannan ƙofar wani bangare ne na asiri. An ambaci shi a cikin tushen tarihi, gami da wani labari inda aka tilasta wa Almohad Khalifa al-Murtada ya rushe ƙofar yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa daga birnin a cikin 1266-67.: 221-222 Wataƙila ƙofar baya ce a gefen kudu na kasbah.: 245 ^:245
Bab al-Qarraqin: Ma'anar (kimanin) "Kofar Cobblers", wannan ƙofar sabis ce ga kasbah, wanda ke gefen arewacinsa kuma yana ba da damar shiga babban birni don samun ƙarin kayan aiki. Wataƙila ƙofar ta kasance mai tawali'u a cikin hali.^:221: 245 ^:245
Bab al-Bustan: Ma'anar "Kofar Aljanna", wannan ƙofar tana a kudancin gundumar fadar kuma ta ba da izinin wucewa tsakanin fadar da lambunan Agdal zuwa kudancin Kasbah.: Masanin tarihin Faransa 244 Deverdun ya yi imanin cewa ƙofar na iya kasancewa a wuri ɗaya da babban ƙofar fadar sarauta ta yanzu, wanda ya dace da lambuna.: 220 ^:220

Manazarta

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :22
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 ^3.14 ^3.15 ^3.16 ^3.17 ^3.18 Allain, Charles; Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Les portes anciennes de Marrakech". Hespéris. 44: 85–126. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :23
↑ Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2017). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part 1: History". Muqarnas. 34 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1163/22118993_03401P003.
↑ Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2018). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part II: Hydraulics, Architecture, and Agriculture". Muqarnas. 35 (1): 1–64. doi:10.1163/22118993_03501P003. S2CID 116253890.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :32
↑ Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2017). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part 1: History". Muqarnas. 34 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1163/22118993_03401P003.
↑ Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2018). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part II: Hydraulics, Architecture, and Agriculture". Muqarnas. 35 (1): 1–64. doi:10.1163/22118993_03501P003. S2CID 116253890.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 "Walls and gates of Marrakech". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
↑ Futura. "Pisé". Futura (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2020-01-08.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 "Pisé", in The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 5th edition (1998). p.439
↑ Miller, Ashley (2014-11-10). "Flea Market in Marrakech: Bab El Khemis". Flea Market Insiders (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-25.
↑ "Bab Khemis: the flea market in Marrakech". Riad Jaune Safran (in Italiyanci). 2017-03-03. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :122
↑ "Bab Nkob | Marrakech City Tour". marrakech.city-tour.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
↑ "Bab Nkob". www.hertz.ma. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
↑ "Bab Nkob". www.madein.city (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2020-05-26.
↑ "Remparts et Portes de Marrakech". sawtna.1fr1.net. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

[:22-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :22

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0

[:2-3] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 ^3.14 ^3.15 ^3.16 ^3.17 ^3.18 Allain, Charles; Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Les portes anciennes de Marrakech". Hespéris. 44: 85–126. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2024-06-07.

[:23-4] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :23

[:03-5] Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2017). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part 1: History". Muqarnas. 34 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1163/22118993_03401P003.

[:02-6] Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2018). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part II: Hydraulics, Architecture, and Agriculture". Muqarnas. 35 (1): 1–64. doi:10.1163/22118993_03501P003. S2CID 116253890.

[:32-7] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :32

[:04-8] Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2017). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part 1: History". Muqarnas. 34 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1163/22118993_03401P003.

[:022-9] Navarro, Julio; Garrido, Fidel; Almela, Íñigo (2018). "The Agdal of Marrakesh (Twelfth to Twentieth Centuries): An Agricultural Space for Caliphs and Sultans. Part II: Hydraulics, Architecture, and Agriculture". Muqarnas. 35 (1): 1–64. doi:10.1163/22118993_03501P003. S2CID 116253890.

[:5-10] 10.0 ^10.1 "Walls and gates of Marrakech". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-05-25.

[:3-11] Futura. "Pisé". Futura (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2020-01-08.

[:4-12] 12.0 ^12.1 "Pisé", in The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 5th edition (1998). p.439

[13] Miller, Ashley (2014-11-10). "Flea Market in Marrakech: Bab El Khemis". Flea Market Insiders (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-25.

[14] "Bab Khemis: the flea market in Marrakech". Riad Jaune Safran (in Italiyanci). 2017-03-03. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-05-25.

[:122-15] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :122

[16] "Bab Nkob | Marrakech City Tour". marrakech.city-tour.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[17] "Bab Nkob". www.hertz.ma. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[18] "Bab Nkob". www.madein.city (in Faransanci). Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[19] "Remparts et Portes de Marrakech". sawtna.1fr1.net. Retrieved 2020-08-19.

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