Slimane na Moroko

Slimane na Moroko
sultan of Morocco (en)
sultan of Morocco (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Fas, 1766
ƙasa	Moroko
Harshen uwa	Larabci
Mutuwa	Marrakesh, 28 Nuwamba, 1822
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Mohammed ben Abdallah
Ahali	Yazid of Morocco (en) da Mulay Hisham (en)
Yare	'Alawi dynasty (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Larabci
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan siyasa da marubuci
Imani
Addini	Musulunci

Mawlay Sulayman bin Mohammed ( Larabci: سليمان بن محمد‎ </link> ),an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1766 a Tafilalt kuma ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1822 a Marrakesh, ya kasance Sarkin Maroko daga 1792 zuwa 1822, a matsayin mai mulkin daular Alawi. An nada shi a matsayin sarki bayan rasuwar kaninsa al-Yazid.^[1] Sulaiman ya ci gaba da mayar da mulkin mahaifinsa da fadada masarautu, kuma musamman kawo karshen fashin tekun da ya dade yana aiki daga gabar tekun Maroko. A wani bangare na rikicin Maroko da Spain da Portugal, Sulayman ya dakatar da duk wata huldar kasuwanci da Turai. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa na kusanci da Amurka.Ya kasance mabiyin wahabiyanci.

Rayuwar farko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Mawlay Sulayman a Tafilalt a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1766^[1]ga Sidi Mohammed III da daya daga cikin matansa macen kabilar Ahlaf. Mahaifinsa Sidi Mohammed ya ba da kulawa sosai a cikin iliminsa na addini, don haka Sulaiman ya haddace Alkur'ani a Zawiya a Safi kuma ya yi nazarin tarihin Annabi Muhammad a Ksar al-Kabir. Sulayman ya tafi Tafilat a shekara ta 1783 tare da wasu 'yan uwansa guda biyu inda aka ba su malamai na sirri, a nan ne yake da manyan malamai na Fes kamar Abdulkadir bin Shaqrun da Hamdun bin al-Hajj.^[1] Ya tafi Fes a cikin 1790, kuma a cikin Maris 1792, mutanen Fes. Sulaiman ya yarda, duk da haka ya yarda da sharadin cewa ba zai shiga yakar ’yan’uwansa a yakin basasa ba, duk da cewa bai shirya yin mulki ba.Ya kasance yana girmama Shari'a sosai.^[1]

Mulki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mulkin farko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Da zarar Mawlay al-Yazid ya mutu a Marrakesh a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1792,an fara gwagwarmayar neman mulki tsakanin 'ya'yan Mohammed III. Akwai Mawlay Hisham wanda ya yi mulki a Marrakesh,da Mawlay Maslama wanda ya yi mulki a arewa.^[1] Mawlay Sulayman ya yi nasara a cikin 1795, duk da haka akwai sauran juriya da yawa wanda ya zama dole don daidaitawa, musamman kabilar Berber na tsaunuka, da tariqas^[1] Nan da nan bayan haka, a shekara ta 1798, sarkin musulmi ya aika da wani balaguron soji zuwa birnin Oujda, wanda daular Usmaniyya ke kula da ita tun a shekarar 1792 a lokacin tashin hankalin da aka yi a Maroko. Sarkin bai gamu da wahala ba wajen kwato Oujda da lardunan gabas daga hannun Turkawa tare da kafa sabuwar iyaka a Wadi Kiss.^[1] A cikin 1800, mazaunan Tuat sun amince da biyan haraji ga sarki, wanda ya ba da ikon Makhzen kudu da ba wa sarkin damar kara kudaden shiga.^[1]Mulkin Mawlay Sulayman ya kasance mai wahala da hargitsi saboda rikicin da ake yi tsakanin kabilun da ya kasa kwantar da hankalinsa, inda aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Larabawa da Berber, kamar yadda manyan tawaye guda biyu da suka nuna mulkinsa suka nuna.A birnin Marrakesh,ya sake gina masallacin Ali bin Yusef,ba tare da barin}aramar ginshikin tsarinsa na asali na Almoravid ko Almohad ba, wanda aka yi a farkon karni na 12,ya kammala gininsa a shekara ta 1819 ko 1820.

Manufar kasuwanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Da zarar labarin mamayewar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar da Siriya a shekara ta 1798 ya isa kasar Maroko tare da rahotannin sojojin Faransa na kwasar ganima,kashe-kashe, da cin zarafi ga al'ummar Masar,Mawlay Sulayman ya mayar da martani ta hanyar sauya tsarin kasuwanci na mahaifinsa Muhammad na uku.An rage huldar kasuwanci da kasashen Turai kuma an karfafa gwiwar ‘yan kasuwar kasashen waje su bar Maroko.^[2] Bayan haka, Sarkin Musulmi ya juya zuwa ƙasar Maroko,yana ciro harajin kur'ani na gargajiya daga cikin kabilu,Zakka da Ushr.^[2]Wannan manufar ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci, amma bayan 1817,jerin bala'o'i sun lalata amfanin gona, wanda ya haifar da tawaye. ^[2]Mawlay Sulayman ya gabatar wa Amurka da ginin laka da dutse mai hawa biyu a Tangier a cikin 1821, kadarorin farko da kasar ta samu. Zai zaunar da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka da Ofishin Jakadancin na shekaru 140.A lokacin yakin Tripoli tsakanin Amurka da Tripolitania,Maroko ta shelanta yaki a kan Amurka a watan Yunin 1802,duk da haka an samu zaman lafiya a watan Satumban 1803 lokacin da Edward Preble ya gana da Mawlay Sulayman a Tangier kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.

Rashin iko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1819, a lokacin annoba ta annoba,sarkin ya yanke shawarar jagorantar wani gagarumin yaƙi a kan kabilar Ait Umalu kamar yadda Muhammad bin al-Ghazi, shugaban kabilar Zemur ya ba da shawara.An tara sojojin a Tadla kuma sun hada da kabilun Haouz,sojojin arewa, Larabawa na Azghar,Udayda,da Abid al-Bukhari.Dakarun Makhzen da suka taru a Tadla sun kai mutum 60,000,kuma a watan Mayun 1819,Mawlay Sulayman ya nufi Adekhsan inda aka kai wa Ait Umalu hari, kuma ba da dadewa ba bangarorin biyu suka fafata.^[1]Yakin ya yi tsanani, amma a rana ta biyu na yakin, Muhammad bin al-Ghazi ya yi watsi da sarkin ya shiga Ait Umalu.Dakarun Makhzen sun yi galaba a tsakanin ’yan tawayen tsaunuka da na kasa,kuma dukkan rundunar kabilun suka fice daga sarkin, wanda ya bar Udayda da Abid al-Bukhari.^[1]A ƙarshen yaƙin, an fatattaki sojojin Makhzen.An raunata Mawlay Ibrahim,kuma shi kansa Mawlay Sulayman yana kurkuku.Duk da haka,an nuna wa sarkin ko wanne irin girmamawa kasancewar shi Sharif ne (zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu kai tsaye), kuma aka sake shi bayan kwanaki uku.^[1]^[2]

Hakan ya biyo bayan tawaye a Fes a shekara ta 1820, kuma Ibrahim bin Yazid ya shelanta kansa a can. Daga Maris 1821 zuwa Afrilu 1822, Mawlay Sulayman ya mayar da hankalinsa ga murkushe tawaye a Fes da Tetuan, ya aika da sojoji 15,000 zuwa Tetuan. An kwashe kimanin shekara guda ana gwabzawa, kuma a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1821, 'yan tawayen sun sha kashi a hannun dakarun Makhzen, kuma a watan Yuli, sojojin sarkin sun yi wa Ait Umalu babbar asara. Daga baya, Mawlay Sulayman ya nufi arewa don duba sojojin da suka yiwa Tetuan kawanya kuma ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan hunturu yana jagorantar ayyukan soji daga Tangier . ^[1] Duk da samun ƙarfafan mutane 3,000 daga Dukkala waɗanda ɗan uwansa Mawlay Abd al-Rahman ya tattara su, sarkin ya kasa karya juriya na Tetuan, amma ya yi nasarar kame katangar Martil a cikin Janairu 1822. Mawlay Sulayman ya yanke shawarar wargaza wannan kawanya ya koma wa Fes. ^[1] A cikin wata mai zuwa, Mawlay Sulayman ya daidaita yankunan arewa da gabashin Fes, kuma bayan dogon kewayen Fes, mutanen birnin sun bude kofa ga Sarkin da ya shiga cikin birnin a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1822, kuma jama'a. na Tetuan ya yi haka nan ba da jimawa ba a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1822. ^[1] ^[3]

Bayan haka, an ci shi da kansa a kusa da Marrakesh a cikin 1822 kuma yana da ƙaramin iko. Mawlay Sulayman ya baiwa Malamai na Fes amana su ayyana dan’uwansa Abd al-Rahman a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi da zarar ya rasu. Mawlay Sulayman ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1822 kuma Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham ya gaje shi. ^[3]

Wahabiyanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A zamanin mulkin Mawlay Sulayman kungiyar Wahabiyawa da Muhammad bin Abdulwahhab ya kafa a yankin Larabawa ta isa kasar Maroko. ^[2] limamin Saudiyya na Masarautar Diriyah, Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, ya yanke shawarar aike da sako zuwa ga dukkan sarakunan kasashen musulmi na Larabawa, zuwa Iraki, Masar, Shafi da Magrib, yana mai bayyana manufofin kiransa, da kuma Wasikarsa ta isa ga Mawlay Sulayman a shekara ta 1811. ^[2] Mawlay Sulayman ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga wannan yunkuri na farfado da Musulunci, ya kuma yi amfani da ikonsa wajen yin Allah wadai da amfani da kade-kade da raye-raye a cikin bukukuwan addini, da kuma hana zuwa wuraren ibada da bukukuwan addini, har ma da yin qubba . a kan kabarin mahaifinsa da aka cire a 1812, yana jayayya cewa abin ado ne mai yawa. ^[2]

Mawlay Sulayman a fili ya yi adawa da bauta wa wadan da ake kira waliyyai musulmi (ʾawliyāʾ),kuma a shekara ta 1805,ya bada umarnin a cire wata makabarta a Rabat,in da aka binne mahaifin sa,sai kabari kawai. A cikin 1806, ya rubuta wata takarda yana sukar ayyu kan Sufaye, waɗanda baza a iya gaishe su da farin ciki a Maroko inda Musulunci ya mamaye Maraboutiism.A zamanin magadan Mawlay Sulayman, irin wannan tasirin ba ya nan, kuma bautar “Waliyai” Mawlay Hassan I bin Mohammed (1873-1894) ya fito fili ya yi adawa da shi.^[4]

Ayyuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mulay Sulayman shima marubucin wasu ayyuka ne. Mafi shahararsa Inayat Ula li al-Majd.An sadaukar da shi ga ɗaya daga cikin malamansa,Mohammed ibn Abd al-Salam al-Fasi kuma yana magana akan asalin Fasi al-Fihris.Wani sanannen rubutunsa shine Hawashi 'ala Sharh al-Kharshi aiki akan addini.Wasu daga cikin sauran ayyukansa sune Taqayid fi Hukm al-Ghina da Risala fi Hukm al-Ghina (Wannan na baya an yi shi ne da Kitab al-Sama' wa al-Raqs na Ibn Taimiyya).Mulay Sulayman kuma shine marubucin wasiƙu da dama.

Tiyoloji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

“An-Nâsiri ya ce: Sultan Al moulay Souleymân (wato Moulay Slimane),Allah ya jikansa da wannan ra’ayi,shi ya sa ya rubuta littafin sa yana magana a kan Sufaye, inda ya yi gargadi a kan masu karyata Sunnah,a goyi bayan bidi'a,kamar yadda ya yi bayanin yadda ake ziyartar Awliya (masu nagarta) kuma ya yi kashedi a kan wuce gona da iri a kan ta,da nasiha ga musulmi.

Ya kuma ce Al-Mawla Suleyman ya rubuta hudu ba mai kwadai tarwa a kan kadai ta Allah da kuma yin Allah wadai da bidi’a,kuma ya bada umarnin a raba ta a dukkan masallatan Juma’a, kuma ya ba da umarnin rufe sahun Sufaye.

Farfesa Mohammad Kamal Joumouah ya lura daga littafin Encyclopedia na Musulunci cewa Al-Mawlâ Souleymân ya damu sosai bayan shekara ta 1810 a kan Waha biyanci ko kuma kiran Salafiyya da Sheikh Mohammad bn Abdil-Wahhâb ya yi,wanda ya san ya matsayi mai tsauri a kan Sufaye.^[5]