Harshen Xhosa

Xhosa
	isiXhosa
Asali a	South Africa ; Lesotho
Yanki	eastern Eastern Cape; scattered communities elsewhere
'Yan asalin magana	8 million (2013)e26
Dangin harshen	Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Xhosa; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	xho
Glottolog	xhos1239

Xhosa ( / ˈk ɔː sə / KAW sə, / ˈk oʊ sə / KOH -sə ; </link> ), wanda a da aka rubuta Xosa kuma wanda kuma aka fi sani da sunansa na gida isiXhosa, yaren Nguni ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Afirka ta Kudu da Zimbabwe . Kimanin mutane miliyan 10 ne ke magana da Xhosa a matsayin yare na farko kuma a matsayin yare na biyu kuma wasu miliyan 10, galibi a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Gabashin Cape, Western Cape, Arewacin Cape da Gauteng, da kuma wasu sassan Zimbabwe da Lesotho . Yana da ƙila mafi girman nauyin aiki na danna baƙaƙe a cikin yaren Bantu (kimanin an ɗaure shi da Yeyi ), tare da ƙidaya ɗaya ya gano cewa kashi 10% na ainihin ƙamus na ɗauke da dannawa. ^[2]

Rabewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Xhosa wani yanki ne na reshen harsunan Nguni, wanda kuma ya haɗa da Zulu, Southern Ndebele da Northern Ndebele, wanda ake kira harsunan Zunda. Harsunan Zunda yadda ya kamata suna samar da yare mai ci gaba na nau'ikan fahimtar juna iri-iri.

Xhosa, a babban matsayi, yana fahimtar juna da Zulu da sauran harsunan Nguni zuwa ƙarami. Harsunan Nguni, bi da bi, an rarraba su ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun harsunan Bantu .

Rarraba yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Xhosa shi ne yaren Afirka da aka fi rarrabawa a Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake harshen Afirka da aka fi amfani da shi shine Zulu. Shi ne yaren gida na Bantu na biyu a Afirka ta Kudu gaba ɗaya. As of 2003^[update] </link></link> kusan 5.3 miliyan Xhosa masu magana, mafi rinjaye, suna zaune a Gabashin Cape, sai Western Cape (kimanin 1) miliyan), Gauteng (671,045), Jihar Free (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), da Northern Cape (51,228), da Limpopo (14,225). Akwai ƙaramar al'ummar Xhosa mai kusan 200,000 a Zimbabwe . Hakanan, ƙaramin al'umma na masu magana da Xhosa (18,000) suna zaune a gundumar Quthing, Lesotho .

Rubutun Rubutu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rubutun Latin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harshen Xhosa yana amfani da haruffa 26 daga haruffan Latin ; wasu haruffan suna da lafuzza daban-daban daga Turanci. Wayoyin da ba a wakilta su da ɗaya daga cikin haruffa 26 ana rubuta su azaman haruffa masu yawa. Sautin, damuwa, da tsayin wasali sassa ne na harshe amma gabaɗaya ba a nuna su a rubuce ba. ^[3]

Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mai magana da yawun Xhosa

Wasula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Xhosa yana da tarin wasula goma: [a]</link> , [ɛ~e]</link> , [i]</link> , [ɔ~o]</link> kuma [u]</link> An rubuta a, e, i, o da u cikin tsari, duk suna faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci da gajere . Wasan wasalin /i/ yana da tsayi a cikin madaidaicin sila kuma gajere a cikin saƙon ƙarshe.

Xhosa wasali
	Gaba		Baya
	gajere	dogo	gajere	dogo
Kusa	i ⟨ i ⟩	iː ⟨ ii ⟩	u ⟨ ⟩	uː ⟨ uu ⟩
Tsakar	ɛ ⟨ e ⟩	eː ⟨ ee ⟩	ɔ ⟨ o ⟩	oː ⟨ oo ⟩
Bude			a ⟨ a ⟩	aː ⟨ aa ⟩

Sautuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Xhosa harshe ne na tonal tare da sautunan ringi biyu na asali: ƙarami da babba. Sautunan da ba a cika yin alama a cikin yaren da aka rubuta ba, amma ana iya nuna su ⟨ a ⟩ [à]</link> , ⟨ á ⟩ [á]</link> , ⟨ â ⟩ [áà]</link> , ⟨ ⟩ [àá]</link> . Dogayen wasulan sauti ne amma yawanci ba a rubuta su sai dai ⟨ â ⟩ da ⟨ ä ⟩, wanda kowanne jeri ne na wasula biyu masu sauti daban-daban wadanda aka gane tsawon wasula masu tsayi da sautin kwane-kwane ( ⟨ â ⟩ high-low = fadowa, ⟨ ä ⟩ low-high = tashi).

Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Xhosa yana da wadata a cikin baƙon da ba a saba gani ba. Bayan sautunan motsin huhu, waɗanda ake samu a cikin duk yarukan da ake magana, tana da jerin tasha da tasha ɗaya.

Yana da baƙaƙen dannawa 18 (a kwatanta, Juǀʼhoan, da ake magana a Botswana da Namibiya, yana da 48, da Taa, tare da masu magana da kusan 4,000 a Botswana, yana da 83). Akwai jerin dannan haƙora guda shida, waɗanda harafin ⟨ c ⟩ ke wakilta, kama da sautin da ake wakilta a Turanci ta "tut-tut" ko "tsk-tsk"; jerin dannawar gefe guda shida na alveolar, wanda harafin ⟨ x ⟩ ke wakilta, kama da sautin da ake amfani da shi don kiran dawakai; da jerin dannawar alveolar, wakilta da harafin ⟨ q ⟩, wanda yayi kama da kwalabe da aka ciro daga kwalba.

Tebu mai zuwa yana jera baƙaƙen wayoyi na harshe, tare da lafazin IPA a hannun hagu da rubutun rubutu a dama:

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar		Post-<br id="mwAQE"><br>alveolar	Velar		Glottal
		Labial	central	lateral	Post-<br id="mwAQE"><br>alveolar	central	lateral	Glottal
Click	tenuis/ejective^[4]		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	aspirated		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	slack voice		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	nasal		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	slack-voice nasal		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	prenasalized tenuis/ejective		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Plosive	tenuis/ejective^{[note 1]}	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink⁶
	aspirated	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	slack voice	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	implosive	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Affricate	ejective		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme ⁵
	aspirated		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
	slack voice		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme³		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Fricative	voiceless	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Fricative	slack voice	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme²	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Nasal	fully voiced	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Nasal	slack voice	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme⁴
Liquid	fully voiced		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme¹	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Liquid	breathy voiced		Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme¹	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Semivowel	fully voiced				Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme
Semivowel	slack voice				Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme	Template:IPAlink Template:Grapheme

Ƙarin baƙaƙe guda biyu, [r]</link> kuma [r̤]</link> , ana samun su a cikin rance. Dukansu an rubuta ⟨ ⟩ .
Ƙarin baƙaƙe guda biyu, [ʒ]</link> kuma [ʒ̈]</link> , ana samun su a cikin rance. Dukansu an rubuta su ⟨ zh ⟩ .
Ƙarin baƙaƙe guda biyu, [dz]</link> kuma [dz̤]</link> , ana samun su a cikin lamuni. Dukansu an rubuta su ⟨ dz ⟩, kamar sautin [d̥zʱ]</link> .
Ƙarin baƙar fata, [ŋ̈]</link> ana samunsa a rance. An rubuta ⟨ ⟩ .
Tarin farko /kl/</link> daga kalmomin lamuni na phonologized kamar ikliniki</link> " asibitin" ana iya gane shi azaman baƙo ɗaya [kʟ̥ʼ]</link> .
Tasha glottal da ba a rubuta ba tana nan a cikin kalmomi kamar uku(ʔ)ayinela</link> "to iron", uku(ʔ)a(ʔ)aza</link> "to stutter", uku(ʔ)amza</link> "don tsayawa".
A cikin rubuce-rubucen da ba na yau da kullun ba, ana iya ganin wannan baƙon gunaguni wani lokaci ana rubuta shi kamar ⟨ vh ⟩ kamar a ukuvha</link> , amma wannan ba daidai ba ne.
Jerin /jw/</link> as in ukushiywa</link> "wasuwa" an gane su ta hanyar sauti [ɥ]</link> , amma wannan sautin ba sauti bane.

Ban da ejective afficate [tʃʼ]</link> , Hakanan ana iya amfani da rubutun ⟨ tsh ⟩ don kowane ɗayan masu sha'awar sha'awar [tsʰ]</link> da [tʃʰ]</link> .

Ƙwaƙwalwar murya mai numfasawa [ɦ]</link> wani lokacin ana rubuta ⟨ ⟩ .

Abubuwan da ake fitar da su sun kasance suna yin fice ne kawai a cikin lafazin a hankali ko a cikin manyan wurare kuma, har ma, ga wasu masu magana kawai. In ba haka ba, sukan zama tenuis (a fili) tasha. Hakazalika, ana sau da yawa danna maɓallin tenuis (a fili), tare da dogon lokacin farawa na murya, amma wannan ba sabon abu bane.

Ƙaƙwalwar da aka yi gunaguni, plosives da affricates an yi su ne kawai a wani yanki, tare da gunaguni mai zuwa ga wasu masu magana. Wato da</link> ana iya kiransa [dʱa̤]</link> (ko, daidai, [d̥a̤]</link> ). An fi siffanta su a matsayin masu raɗaɗin murya fiye da yadda ake faɗar numfashi. Da gaske ana yin su ne kawai bayan hanci, amma rufewar baki yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a tsayawa, kuma yawanci ba ya faruwa kwata-kwata a dannawa. Saboda haka, cikakken tsawon lokacin yin sauti iri ɗaya ne da na tsayawar tenuis. (Wataƙila kuma za a iya bayyana su tsakanin wasula a wasu salon magana.) Mafi shaharar sifa ita ce tasirin su na ɓarna a cikin sautin saƙon. ^[5]

Canje-canje na baƙar fata tare da prenasalisation[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lokacin da baƙaƙen da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, furucinsu da rubutunsu na iya canzawa. Gunaguni baya komawa zuwa wasali mai zuwa. Masu saɓo suna zama masu ɓacin rai kuma, idan ba su da murya, su ma sun zama masu fitar da su: mf ana furta [ɱp̪fʼ]</link> , ana kiran ndl [ndɮ]</link> , n+hl ya zama ntl [ntɬʼ]</link> , n+z ya zama ndz [ndz]</link> , n + q ya zama [n͡ŋǃʼ] da sauransu. Rubutun b a cikin mb shine sautin murya [mb]</link> . Prenasalisation yana faruwa a cikin mahallin da yawa, ciki har da tushen tushe tare da prefix na aji 9 / iN-/, misali akan sifa wanda ya dace da sunansa:

/iN- + ɬɛ/ → [intɬɛ] "kyakkyawa" (na kalmar aji 9 kamar inja "kare")

Lokacin da aka yi amfani da dannawa ( ⟨ ch, xh, qh ⟩ ) an riga an sanya su, sai a ƙara wasiƙar shiru ⟨ k ⟩ ( ⟨ nkc, nkx, nkq ⟩ ) don hana rikicewa tare da danna hanci ⟨ nc, nx, ⟩, kuma a zahiri sauti daban-daban. Siffofin da aka riga aka yi wa haihuwa suna da ɗan gajeren murya a farkon wanda sai a fitar da su a cikin ejective, kamar waɗanda aka riga aka yi wa haihuwa, yayin da danna hanci ta hanyar wayar suna da dogon murya ta hanyar baƙar fata. Lokacin da danna maballin murya mara sauti ( ⟨ c, x, q ⟩ ) an riga an riga an sanya su, sai su zama mara sautin hanci ( ⟨ ngc, ngx, ngq ⟩ ).

Jerin canje-canje na baƙar fata tare da prenasalisation
Phoneme	Prenasalised	Misalai (tushen da aji 10 /iiN-/ prefix)	Mulki
/pʰ/, /tʰ/, /t̠ʲʰ/, /kʰ/, /ǀʰ/, /ǁʰ/, /ǃʰ/	[mpʼ], [ntʼ], [n̠t̠ʲʼ], [ŋkʼ], [n̪͡ŋǀʼ], [n͡ŋǁʼ], [n̠͡ŋǃʼ]	phumla "to huta" → iimpumlo "noses" thetha "don yin magana" → intetho "magana" tyhafa "don raunana" → intyafo "rauni" khathala "kula da" → inkathalo "kula" chazela "bayani" → inkcazelo "bayani" xhasa "don tallafawa" → inkxaso "support" qhuba "to drive" → inkqubo "process"	Buri ya ɓace akan abubuwan da suka hana; an ƙara fitarwa akan baƙar murya mara murya.
/t̠ʲ/	/n̠d̠ʲ/	tyeba "zama mai arziki" → indyebo "dukiya"	Mara murya palatal plosive ya zama murya.
/ǀ/, /ǁ/, /ǃ/	/ŋǀʱ/, /ŋǁʱ/, /ŋǃʱ/	ucango "kofa" → iingcango "kofofi" uxande "rectangle" → iingxande "rectangles" uqeqesho "training" → iingqeqesho "trainings"	Ƙwaƙwalwar murya ta zama mara sautin hanci.
/kǀʰ/, /kǁʰ/, /kǃʰ/	/ŋǀʼ/, /ŋǁ'/, /ŋǃ'/	chaza "don bayyana" → inkcazo "bayani" xhasa "don tallafawa" → inkxaso "goyon bayan" qhuba "to ci gaba" → inkqubo "processes"	Maƙallan da aka yi niyya sun zama maɗaukakin maɗaukaki na farko.
/ɓ/	/mb̥ʱ/	ibali "labari" → iimbali "tarihin"	Implosive ya zama maras nauyi.
/f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /ɬ/, /x/ /v/, /z/, /ɮ/, /ɣ/	[ɱp̪f], /nts/, /ntʃ/, /ntɬ/, /ŋkx/ [ɱb̪̊vʱ], [nd̥zʱ], [nd̥ɮʱ], [ŋɡ̊ɣʱ] ?	fuya "to breeds" → iimfuyo "breeds" usana "child" → iintsana "children" shumayela "to wa'azi" → intshumayelo "wa'azi" isihloko "title" → iintloko "shugabanni" vuma "approve" → iimvume "approvals" zama "try" → iinzame "kokarin" ukudleka "sawa da hawaye" → indleko "kudaden"	Fricatives sun zama abokantaka. Sautin sauti kawai, kuma don haka ana nunawa a rubuce, don /nts/</link> , /ntʃ/</link> , /ntɬ/</link> da /ŋkx/</link> .
/m/, /n/, /n̠ʲ/, /ŋ/ /ǀ̃/, /ǁ̃/, /ǃ̃/	/m/, /n/, /n̠ʲ/, /ŋ/ /ǀ̃/, /ǁ̃/, /ǃ̃/	umeyile "Mr. Mule (a matsayin halin littafin labari) → iimeyile "alfari" inoveli "novel" → iinoveli "novels" ngena "kawo" → ingeniso "riba" unyawo "kafa" → iniyawo "feet" ncokola "don yin hira" → incoko "tattaunawa" unxweme "Sea Shore" → iinxweme "tekun teku" nqula "bauta" → iinqulla "Adam's apple"	Babu wani canji lokacin da baƙar fata mai zuwa ita kanta hanci.

Canje-canje na baƙo tare da ɓacin rai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Palalisation wani canji ne da ke shafar baƙaƙen labial a duk lokacin da /j/ ya bi su nan da nan.</link> . Yayin da palatalisation ya faru a tarihi, har yanzu yana da fa'ida, kamar yadda aka nuna ta palatalization kafin karimin wucewa /-w/ da kuma kafin ƙarami /-ana/. Wannan tsari zai iya tsallakewa dama zuwa kalmomin da ba na gida ba (watau uku-sebenz-is-el + wa -> ukusetyenziselwa "a yi amfani da su"), amma baya shafar baƙar fata na farko (watau uku-bhal+wa -> ukubhalwa " a rubuta”, maimakon *ukujalwa na haram). Tsarin palatalization yana aiki sau ɗaya kawai, kamar yadda shaida ta ukuphuphumisa+wa -> ukuphuphunyiswa "za a yi ta malala", maimakon haramtacciyar hanya, * ukuphuthunyiswa.

Jerin canje-canjen baƙaƙe tare da ɓarna
Na asali </br> baki	Palatalised </br> baki	Misalai
p	tʃ	uku- + kopa + -wa → ukukotshwa [ukukot͡ʃʷa] (za a kwafi)
pʰ	tʃʰ	uku- + phuph + -wa → ukuphutshwa [ukupʰut͡ʃʰʷa] (to be dreamt)
b̥ʱ	d̥ʒʱ	uku- + gab + wa → ukugajwa [ukuga d̥ʒʱ</link> ʷa] (za a jefar da shi)
ɓ	t̠ʲ	ubu- + -ala → utywala [ut̠ʲʷala] (giya) sebenz + -is + -el +wa -> setyenziselwa [set̠ʲenziselwa] (an yi amfani da shi don)
m	n̠ʲ	uku- + zam + -wa → zanywa [ukuzan̠ʲʷa] (a gwada)
m̤	n̠̈ʲ
mp	ntʃ	uku- + krwemp + wa → ukukrwentshwa [ukukχʷ'ɛntʃʷa] (da za a tabo)
mb̥ʱ	nd̥ʒʱ	uku + bamb + wa → ukubanjwa [ukuɓa nd̥ʒʱ</link> ʷa] (za a kama)

Ilimin Halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daidai da sauran yarukan Bantu da yawa, Xhosa yare ne mai ban sha'awa, tare da tsararrun prefixes da ƙari waɗanda ke haɗe da tushen kalmomi . Kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran harsunan Bantu, sunaye a cikin Xhosa ana rarraba su zuwa azuzuwan morphological, ko jinsi (15 a cikin Xhosa), tare da mabambantan prefixes na guda ɗaya da jam'i. Daban-daban na magana da suka cancanci suna dole ne su yarda da suna gwargwadon jinsinsa. Yarjejeniyoyi yawanci suna nuna ɓangaren ainihin ajin da kalmar ta yarda da ita. Kalmar oda jigo ce – fi’ili – abu, kamar a Turanci.

Ana canza fi'ili ta hanyar affixes don yiwa jigo, abu, tashin hankali, al'amari da yanayi alama. Dole ne sassan jumlar daban-daban su daidaita a cikin aji da lamba.

Sunaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sunan Xhosa ya ƙunshi sassa biyu masu mahimmanci, prefix da tushe. Yin amfani da prefixes, ana iya haɗa sunaye zuwa azuzuwan suna, waɗanda aka ƙidaya su a jere, don sauƙaƙe kwatanta da sauran harsunan Bantu.

Teburin da ke gaba yana ba da bayyani na azuzuwan suna Xhosa, an tsara shi bisa ga nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i ɗaya.

Class	Mufuradi	Jam'i
1/2	um-	aba-, abi-
1 a/2a	ku -	oo-
3/4	um-	imi-
5/6	i-, ina- ¹	ama-, ame-
7/8	ina (i) - ²	iz (i) ²
9/10	ina- ³	iiN- ³, iziN- ⁴
11/10	u-, ulu- ¹, ulw-, ul-	iiN- ³, iziN- ⁴
14	ubu-, ub-, uty-
15	uku-

¹ Kafin monosyllabic mai tushe, iliso</link> (ido), uluhlu</link> (jeri).

² shine - da iz - maye gurbin isi - da izi - bi da bi kafin mai tushe farawa da wasali, misali isandla</link> / izandla</link> (hannu / hannu).

³ Mai sanya N a cikin prefixes iN - da iIN - baƙar magana ce ta hanci wacce ke haɗuwa a wuri zuwa baƙon mai zuwa (yana samar da riga-kafi kafin wasula), amma yawanci ba ya nan a cikin kalmomin lamuni.

⁴ Kafin monosyllabic mai tushe a wasu kalmomi.

Kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Verbs suna amfani da prefixes masu zuwa don jigo da abu:

Mutum/ </br> Class	Magana	Abu
Waka ta farko.	ndi-	-ndi-
Waka ta 2.	ku -	-ku-
1st plur.	si-	-si-
Na biyu plur.	ni-	-ni-
1	ku -	-m-
2	ba-	-ba-
3	ku -	-wu-
4	i-	- yi-
5	li-	-li-
6	a-	-wa-
7	si-	-si-
8	zi-	-zi-
9	i-	- yi-
10	zi-	-zi-
11	lu -	-lu-
14	bu-	- ba-
15	ku-	-ku-
reflexive	-	-zi-

Misalai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

uku dla - yin wasa

uku bona – gani

um ntwana - yaro

aba ntwana – children

um ntwana uya dlala - yaron yana wasa

aba ntwana baya dlala - yara suna wasa

in doda - man

ama doda - men

in doda i ya m bona um ntwana - mutumin yana ganin yaron

ama doda a ya ba bona aba ntwana – the men see the children

Misalin jumla da rubutu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mai zuwa shine jerin jimlolin da za a iya amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya ziyarci yankin wanda babban yarensa shine Xhosa:


Hosa	Turanci
Molo	Sannu
Molweni	sannu, zuwa ga gungun mutane
Unjani?	ya ya kake?
Ninjani?	Lafiya lau? , zuwa gungun mutane
Nafili	ina lafiya
Siphilile	Muna lafiya
Ndiyabulela (kakhulu)	Na gode (mai yawa)
Enkosi (kakhulu)	Na gode (mai yawa)
Ungubani igama lakho?	Menene sunanka?
Igama lam' ngu....	Sunana shi ne....
Menene kuskure?	Menene lokaci?
Menene?	Zan iya taimaka muku?
uhambe kakuhle	Barka da zuwa lafiya/tafiya lafiya
Nihambe kakuhle	Barka da zuwa lafiya/tafiya lafiya (ya ce ga gungun mutane)
Ewe	Ee
Hayi	A'a
Andiyazi	Ban sani ba
Shin kuna son yin magana?	Kuna iya jin Turanci?
Ndisaqala ukufunda isiXhosa	Yanzu na fara koyon Xhosa
Me kuke tunani?	Me kuke nufi?
Shin kuna son yin magana?	Zan iya zuwa gidan wanka?
Ndiyakuthanda	Ina son ku
uxolo	Yi hakuri
Usapho	Iyali
Thetha	Yi magana/magana

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu magana da harshen Xhosa sun mamaye yankunan bakin teku na kudu maso gabashin Afirka tun kafin karni na 16. Suna kiran kansu amaXhosa da harshensu a matsayin isiXhosa . Kakannin kabilar Xhosa sun yi hijira zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Afirka kuma sun ci karo da mutanen Khoisan masu magana; "Sakamakon wannan tuntuɓar, mutanen Xhosa sun ari wasu kalmomin Khoisan tare da lafuzzansu, alal misali, latsa sautunan harsunan Khoisan". Kakan Bantu na Xhosa ba shi da dannawa, wanda ke tabbatar da dangantakar tarihi mai ƙarfi da harshen Khoisan wanda ya yi. Kimanin kashi 15% na ƙamus na Xhosa asalin Khoisan ne.

John Bennie ɗan mishan na Presbyterian ɗan Scotland ne kuma farkon masanin harshe na Xhosa. Bennie, tare da John Ross (wani ɗan mishan), sun kafa injin buga littattafai a kwarin Tyhume kuma an fara buga littattafai na farko a Xhosa a cikin 1823 daga Lovedale Press a yankin Alice na Gabashin Cape. Amma, kamar kowane harshe, Xhosa yana da tarihin al'adun baka waɗanda daga cikin al'umma suke koyarwa, faɗakarwa, da kuma nishadantar da juna. An fara juyin Littafi Mai Tsarki na farko a shekara ta 1859, wanda Henry Hare Dugmore ya yi a wani ɓangare.

Matsayi a cikin al'ummar zamani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin harsunan asali a Afirka ta Kudu yana da sarkakiya kuma yana da ma'ana. An yi amfani da su a cikin ilimi ta hanyar doka, farawa daga Dokar Ilimin Bantu, 1953 .

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da harshen Xhosa a matsayin babban yaren koyarwa a yawancin makarantun firamare da wasu makarantun sakandare, amma an maye gurbinsa da Ingilishi bayan kammala karatun firamare, har ma a makarantun da ke hidima ga al’ummomin masu magana da harshen Xhosa. Har ila yau ana nazarin harshen a matsayin darasi a irin waɗannan makarantu.

Harshen koyarwa a jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu Ingilishi ne (ko Afrikaans, zuwa raguwa ), kuma ana koyar da Xhosa a matsayin darasi, na ƴan ƙasa da waɗanda ba na asali ba.

Ayyukan adabi, da suka haɗa da larura da waƙoƙi, suna cikin Xhosa, kamar yadda jaridu da mujallu suke. Hukumar Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu tana watsa shirye-shiryenta a Xhosa a gidajen rediyo (a Umhlobo Wenene FM) da talabijin, kuma ana shirya fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa a cikin yaren. Shahararriyar mai yin waƙoƙin Xhosa a wajen Afirka ta Kudu ita ce Miriam Makeba, wanda Danna waƙar # 1 (Xhosa Qongqothwane ) da "Click Song #2" ( Baxabene Ooxam ) an san su da yawan yawan sautin dannawa.

As of 1996^[update], the literacy rate for first-language Xhosa speakers was estimated at 50%.

Waka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nkosi Sikelel'iAfrika wani bangare ne na taken kasar Afirka ta Kudu, taken kasa na Tanzaniya da Zambia, da tsohuwar wakar Zimbabwe da Namibiya . Waƙar yabo ce da Enoch Sontonga ya rubuta a cikin Xhosa a cikin 1897. Maganar asali guda ɗaya ita ce:

Nkosi, sikelel' iAfrika;

Maluphakamis' uphondo lwayo;

Yi ƙoƙarin yin tunani

Nkosi sikelela, tina lusapho lwayo.

Ubangiji, ka albarkaci Afirka;

Ka sa ƙahonta ya tashi.

Ka ji addu'ar mu

Ya Ubangiji, Ka albarkace mu, da danginta (, dangin Afirka).

Sontonga da wasu marubuta suka rubuta ƙarin stanza daga baya, kuma an fassara ainihin ayar zuwa Sotho da Afrikaans, da kuma Turanci.

A cikin shahararrun al'adu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin The Lion King da sake kunnawa, Rafiki mai sagely mandrill ya rera waƙa a cikin Xhosa.

A cikin fim ɗin Marvel Cinematic Universe Captain America: Yaƙin Basasa, Black Panther, Masu ɗaukar fansa: Infinity War, Masu ɗaukar fansa: Ƙarshen wasa, da Black Panther: Wakanda Har abada, harshen da ake magana a cikin almara na ƙasar Afirka ta Wakanda shine Xhosa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu John Kani, ɗan asalin lardin Gabashin Cape wanda ke wasa Wakandan King T'Chaka, yana magana da Xhosa kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa masu gudanarwa na yakin basasa na almara su haɗa da tattaunawa a cikin harshen. Don Black Panther, darektan Ryan Coogler "ya so ya ba da fifiko don amfani da Xhosa kamar yadda zai yiwu" a cikin rubutun, kuma ya ba da kocin yare ga 'yan wasan fim.

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

I'solezwe lesiXhosa, jarida ta farko ta harshen Xhosa
U-Carmen eKhaylitsha, wani 2005 Xhosa na daidaita fim ɗin Bizet's Carmen
UCLA Language Materials Project, aikin kan layi don koyar da harsuna, gami da Xhosa.
Kalanda Xhosa

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Xhosa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ See amp. (Peter ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanin Harshen Xhosa (a UCLA Harshe Materials Project)
PanAfrican L10n shafi akan Xhosa
Koyi Xhosa
Babban ƙamus na Xhosa a cikin Ƙididdigar Lexicostatistical Database na Duniya
Paradisec yana da tarin kayan Arthur Capell ( AC1 ), wanda ya haɗa da kayan yaren Xhosa

Template:Languages of South Africa
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[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Xhosa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

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