Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Carter Jr. (An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1924 zuwa ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2024) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Amurka na 39 daga shekarar 1977 zuwa shekara ta 1981. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, Carter a baya ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Jihar Georgia daga shekarar 1963 zuwa shekara ta 1967 kuma a matsayin gwamnan 76 na Georgia daga shekarar 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1975.
An haife shi kuma ya girma a Plains, Jojiya, Carter ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a shekarar 1946 kuma ya shiga aikin jirgin ruwa na Amurka. Da yake adawa da wariyar launin fata,Carter ya goyi bayan karuwar Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama kuma ya zama mai fafutuka a cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat. Bayan ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar Georgia sannan kuma a matsayin Gwamna na Georgia,Carter ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa. A matsayinsa na dan takarar da ba a san shi sosai a waje da Georgia ba, ya lashe zaben Democrat kuma ya kayar da shugaban da ke kan mulki, Gerald Ford na Jam'iyyar Republican,a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1976.
Ya kirkiro manufofin makamashi na kasa wanda ya hada da kiyayewa,kula da farashi, da sabuwar fasaha. Carter ya samu nasarar bin Yarjejeniyar Camp David, Yarjejeniyar Canal ta Panama, da kuma zagaye na biyu na Tattaunawar Ƙuntata Makamai. Shine kawai shugaban kasa da yayi cikakken lokaci ba tare da nada alƙali a Kotun Koli ba. Ƙarshen shugabancinsa ya kasance alama ce ta rikicin garkuwa da Iran,rikicin makamashi, Hadarin tsibirin Three Mile, Juyin Juya Halin Nicaragua,da mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan. A mayar da martani ga mamayewar, Carter ya kara tsanantawar Yaƙin Cold ta hanyar kawo karshen dakatarwa, ya sanya takunkumin hatsi a kan Soviets, ya bayyana Koyarwar Carter, kuma ya jagoranci kauracewa kasashe da yawa na gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1980 a Moscow. Carter ya kayar da mai kalubalantar Ted Kennedy a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na shekarar 1980 amma ya rasa babban zabe a hannun Ronald Reagan, dan takarar Republican.
Ya yi tafiya sosai don gudanar da tattaunawar zaman lafiya, saka idanu kan zabe,da kuma kara kawar da cututtukan cututtuka. Carter ya kasance babban mutum a cikin kungiyar gidaje masu zaman kansu Habitat for Humanity. Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa, daga tarihin siyasa zuwa shayari, yayin da yake ci gaba da yin sharhi game da al'amuran duniya,tare da littattafansa biyu game da rikicin Isra'ila da Palasdinawa. Binciken masana tarihi da masana kimiyyar siyasa gabaɗaya sun sanya Carter a matsayin shugaban ƙasa da matsakaici. Masana da jama'a sun fi kallon matsayinsa na shugaban kasa,wanda shine mafi tsawo a tarihin Amurka.
Early life
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi James Earl Carter Jr. a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, shekara ta 1924,a Plains, Jojiya, a Wise Sanitarium,inda mahaifiyarsa tayi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya.[1] Carter ta haka ne ya zama shugaban Amurka na farko da aka haifa a asibiti.[2] Shi ne ɗan fari na Bessie Lillian Gordy da James Earl Carter Sr.,kuma zuriyar baƙon Ingila Thomas Carter, wanda ya zauna a cikin Colony of Virginia a cikin shekara ta 1635.[3][4] A Georgia,tsararraki da yawa na Carters sunyi aiki a matsayin manoma auduga.[2]
A lokacin jariri Carter,iyalinsa sun koma sau da yawa,sun zauna a kan hanya mai datti a kusa da Archery,wanda kusan dukkanin iyalan Afirka na Amurka ne suka cika shi.[2][5] Iyalinsa sun haifi 'ya'ya uku, Gloria, Ruut,da Billy.[6] Carter yayi hulɗa da iyayensa, duk da cewa mahaifiyarsa ba ta nan a lokacin yarinta, tunda tayi aiki na dogon lokaci, kuma kodayake mahaifinsa ya kasance mai tsayin daka, ya bar Jimmy yayi abota da yaran ma'aikatan gona.[7] Carter matashi ne mai ƙwazo wanda aka bashi nasa kadada na gonar Earl,inda ya girma, ya shirya,kuma ya sayar da peanuts.[8]
Carter ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Plains daga shekarar 1937 zuwa shekara ta 1941,ya kammala karatu daga aji na goma sha ɗaya,tunda makarantar ba ta da aji na goma ya biyu.[9] A wannan lokacin, Babban Mawuyacin ya talauci Archery da Plains,amma iyalin sun amfana daga tallafin noma na New Deal,kuma mahaifin Carter ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin shugaban al'umma.[8][10] Carter dalibi ne mai himma tare da sha'awar karatu.[11] Wani sanannen labari ya nuna cewa an bashi damar yin jawabi bayan shida abokansa sun tsallake makaranta don shiga cikin gari a cikin hot rod. An ambaci rashin amincewar Carter a cikin wata jarida ta gida,kodayake ba a bayyana cewa in ba haka ba zai kasance mai gaisuwa ba.[2] Yayinda yake matashi, Carter ya taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Plains High School,kuma ya shiga Future Farmers of America,wanda ya taimaka masa ya bunkasa sha'awar rayuwarsa a aikin katako.[2]
A shekara ta 1941,ya fara karatun digiri na farko a fannin injiniya a Kwalejin Kudu maso Yammacin Georgia a kusa da Americus, Georgia.[12] A shekara ta gaba,carter ya koma Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia a Atlanta,inda gunkin kare hakkin bil'adama Blake Van Leer ya kasance shugaban kasa.[13] Yayinda yake a Georgia Tech,Carter ya shiga cikin Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro.[14] A shekara ta 1943, ya sami alƙawari zuwa Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa daga Wakilin Amurka Stephen Pace,kuma Carter ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a shekara ta 1946.[11][14] Ya kasance dalibi ne mai kyau, amma an gan shi a matsayin mai ɓoye da shiru,ya bambanta da al'adun makarantar na cin zarafin sabbin ɗalibai.[3] Yayinda yake a Kwalejin, Carter ya ƙaunaci Rosalynn Smith,abokiyar 'yar'uwarsa Ruth.[15] Su biyu sunyi aure jim kadan bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1946, kuma sun yi aure har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2023.[2][16] Carter ya kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa na tsere na Navy Midshipmen.[17] Ya kammala karatu na 60th daga cikin 821 midshipmen a cikin aji na 1947[lower-alpha 1] tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya kuma an ba shi izini a matsayin ensign.[19]
- ↑ Godbold 2010.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Bourne 1997.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kaufman & Kaufman 2013.
- ↑ Carter 2012.
- ↑ Biven 2002.
- ↑ Flippen 2011.
- ↑ Newton 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hamilton 2005.
- ↑ National Park Service 2020.
- ↑ Hayward 2004.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hobkirk 2002.
- ↑ Panton 2022.
- ↑ Rattini 2020.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Balmer 2014.
- ↑ Wertheimer 2004.
- ↑ Barrow & Warren 2023.
- ↑ Hingston 2016.
- ↑ Argetsinger 1996.
- ↑ Alter 2020.
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