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Kasuwancin Larabawa kafin Musulunci

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Kasuwancin Larabawa kafin Musulunci
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Kasuwancin Larabawa kafin Musulunci yana nufin hanyoyin sadarwar ƙasa da na teku da ƙasashen Larabawa da 'yan kasuwa kafin Musulunci ke amfani da su. Wasu yankuna kuma ana kiransu da hanyar cinikin turare . An rubuta kasuwanci tun farkon karni na biyu KZ

Wani rubutu daga zamanin Sargon na Akkad (rc 2334-2284 KZ) ya ambaci masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki a Magan, a Oman ta yau. [1] Binciken da aka yi a garuruwan Ur da Kish da kuma Bahrain da sauran wurare a gabar tekun gabas na Jahar Larabawa sun gano kayayyaki na asalin Indiya (ciki har da hatimai). Dukansu suna nuna cewa hanyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci ta teku ta kasance ta yau da kullun, tana da ban tsoro, kuma sananne tun farkon 3000 BC. Suna ba da shawarar cewa Bahrain da sauran wuraren da ke kusa da Tekun Fasha sun kasance sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke maraba da jiragen ruwa da ke isowa daga Iraki a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Indiya . [2]

A cewar wani ɗan tarihin Girka na ƙarni na 2 K.Z., Agatharchides, “Ba a bayyana cewa akwai mutanen da suka fi na Sabawa da mutanen Gerrha wadata ba, waɗanda su ne wakilan duk abin da ya faɗo a ƙarƙashin sunan jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Asiya da Turai, sun yi Ptolemaic. Siriya mai arziki kuma ta sa kasuwancin Finisiya ya sami riba ban da ɗaruruwan sauran abubuwa." [3] Ya siffanta su a matsayin mayaka da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ruwa, waɗanda suka yi jigilar manyan jiragen ruwa don kai wa yankunansu. [4] Daular Palmyrene ta gina filin jirgin ruwa a Characene, wanda ya sauƙaƙa jigilar kayayyaki ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Euphrates na Dura-Europos da Sura ( ƙauyen Al-Hamam na yanzu, gabashin Dam al-Thawra a Siriya ). Wasu daga cikin mutanen Palmyrene da suka mallaki jiragen ruwa a Tekun Fasha da Tekun Indiya, ma’aikatan ruwa na kasar Sin da suka ziyarci yankin a shekara ta 97 AZ, sun tabbatar da cewa sun ambaci tashar tashar Characene ta Charax Spasinu . [5] Characene ya zarce Gerrha a cinikin turare. [6] Duk da rashin iko kai tsaye daga Masarautar Nabataean a Tekun Fasha, ana iya isa gare ta ta ƙasa (inda za a loda kayayyaki a kan jiragen ruwa). An gano rubuce-rubucen nabataean da kayayyaki da aka kera (ciki har da fararen rini na Nabataean na yau da kullun) a ƙauyen Thaj kusa da Tekun Fasha, kusa da gabar tekun gabashin Larabawa kusa da Bahrain har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Yemen da Oman. Hakanan an same su a wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da ke kan Hanyar Turare, kamar Qaryat al-Faw . An gano tukwane na Nabataean a Indiya; Rubutun Nabataean sun warwatse ko'ina cikin yankin Bahar Rum, daga Tunisiya zuwa Rhodes, Kos, Delos, Miletus a Tekun Aegean da Pozzuoli da Roma . [7] Late Antique zuwa Amphorae na zamani ya ƙunshi nau'o'in abinci daban-daban ciki har da giya da man zaitun, watakila mafi sanannun su ne abubuwan da ake kira Aqaba / Ayla daga Bahar Maliya zuwa Kudancin Asiya.

Mutanen Sabawa suna da dogon tarihin safarar teku da kasuwanci. An lura da kasancewar Sabae a Afirka a zamanin da lokacin da aka kafa daular D'mt a Habasha a karni na 8 KZ. Masanin tarihi na karni na 1 CE Periplus na Tekun Erythraean ya bayyana yadda Larabawa ke sarrafa bakin tekun "Ezana" (Gabashin Gabashin Afirka a arewacin Somaliya ). Alqur'ani ya ambaci kasuwanci da Saba : "Kuma Muka sanya a tsakãninsu da wasu garuruwa waɗanda Muka sanya albarka a cikin garuruwa bayyane, kuma Muka ƙaddara tafiya a tsakãninsu, "Ku yi tafiya a tsakãninsu da dare ko yini. cikin aminci. " [8] Littafi Mai Tsarki na Tsohon Alkawari na Ezekiyel ya karanta, "Dedan ta yi ciniki da ku. Arabiya da dukan sarakunan Kedar, abokan cinikinki ne. Sun yi ciniki da ku da raguna, da raguna, da awaki. 'Yan kasuwan Sheba da na Ra'ama sun yi ciniki da ku. An sayar da kayan ka da kayan yaji, da na duwatsu masu daraja, da zinariya. " [9] Wani mai bincike na kasar Sin Faxian, wanda ya ratsa ta Sri Lanka a shekara ta 414 AZ, ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kasuwa na Saebaean da Larabawa daga Oman da Hadramaut suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu ado a ƙauyuka a tsibirin.  kuma ana ciniki da katako. [10] Lakhmids kuma sun yi ciniki da jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin wadanda ke tafiya a kan kogin Furat da ke wuce kauyen al-Hirah. [11] A cikin daular Lakhmid ta arewa ( Gwamnatin Al Anbar na yanzu yana gudana kogin Isa, wanda ya haɗu da Tigris da Furat . [12] Don isa Tekun Fasha daga al-Hirah, Lakhmids sun yi tafiya a cikin ƙananan kwale-kwale zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a al. -Ubulla (inda akwai jiragen ruwa na teku da ke zuwa Indiya da China). Daga nan za su tashi zuwa kasar Sin ta hanyar Bahrain da Aden . [13]

Zamanin Jahiliyyah

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Alkur'ani ya ambaci tafiye-tafiyen hunturu da bazara da kabilar Kuraishawa za su yi, tun da Makka tana kan hanyar Turare. Hashim bn Abd Manaf, kakan Muhammadu, fitaccen dan kasuwa ne wanda wurin kasuwancinsa yake a Gaza (inda ya rasu aka binne shi). Shi ne ya assasa “’ilāf,” (ƙaunar zumunci), jerin yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci tsakaninsa da qabilar Kuraishawa da sauran ɓangarori da suka yi ciniki da su. Kabarinsa yana cikin Masallacin Sayed al-Hashim

Majiyoyin Islama sun kuma ambaci sana'ar fataucin Muhammad a Levant, wanda ya fara da tafiya zuwa yankin tare da kawunsa Abu Talib . A Bosra, limamin Nestorian Bahira ya annabta rayuwar Muhammad. Daga baya ya dauki Khadija bint Khuwaylid, matar da ta zama matarsa. A cewar majiyoyin Kirista daga 660 da 692 AZ, [14] "Mohammad zai tafi [ƙasar] Palestine, Arabia, Syria, da Fenisiya don kasuwanci." [15] Bosra yana da Masallacin Albarkar Rakumi (wanda rakumin Muhammad ya albarkace shi a cikin ayarin baffansa Abu Talib) da kuma gidan sufi na Bahira. Bosra birni ne na Nabatean, wanda ya zama babban birni bayan Petra. Bayan faduwar daular Nabatean, Romawa sun mai da Bosra babban birnin lardin Larabawa. Majiyar Byzantine ta ƙarni na huɗu ta lura da yawan kasuwancin Larabawa a Bosra. [16]

Kasuwancin Maritime

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Tarihin kewayawa na kudancin Larabawa Gus van Beek ya ba da shawarar cewa an haɓaka su ta hanyar tuntuɓar su na yau da kullun tare da ci gaban wayewar teku. [17] Bisa ga binciken tarihi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Charles Henry Stanley Davis ya yi, wani wayewar ruwa mai suna Phenicia wanda ya kasance daga 1100 da 200 BC ya dade da dasa yankunan yan kasuwa a Yemen . Wadatar Gerrhan ta haifar da Yemen da Phoenician a buɗe kasuwancin hanyoyin Indiya. Kasashen Finisiya da suke mulkin mallaka a Yaman sun yi jigilar jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa daga Indiya suka sauke kayansu a gabar tekun Yaman tare da kai su hamadar Larabawa zuwa garinsu na Levant . Har ila yau, ’yan kasuwar Phoenician sun zauna a tekun Farisa a ƙoƙarinsu na jigilar kayayyaki daga Indiya zuwa garinsu. Don haka ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin Yamaniyawa na gida da na Phoenician sun kafa tsohuwar daular Larabawa mai wadata, Gerrha . Kayayyakin da Phoenician ya kawo daga Yaman da gabar tekun Farisa ana jigilar su tare da ayarin Larabawa suna tsallaka hamada zuwa Levant.

Girkawa sun yi hamayya da cinikin jiragen ruwa na Larabawa, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar ikon Larabawa game da cinikin teku tsakanin Indiya da Masar a farkon zamanai na tsakiya . Kasuwancin Larabawa ya ci gaba a lokacin, kuma cinikin jiragen ruwa na Girka ya ragu. [18] Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa da dama a yankin Larabawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da aiki. Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa a yankin Gabashin Larabawa sune Al-Ubulla, Gerrha da Sohar (Oman). Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kudu sune Mocha, Qanī (yanzu Bi'r `Ali, Yemen), Aden, da Muska (Samharam). [19] Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yamma sun haɗa da al-Sha'ibah, Aylah ( Aqaba ) da Luwikat Kuma (al-Hawra'). Hanyar teku da Larabawa ke amfani da ita don isa yankin Indiya ya tashi daga "Euphrates na Maysan" zuwa Debal a kan kogin Indus . [20] Za su kuma tashi daga al-Ubulla, su wuce Oman zuwa Indiya. [21] Wadanda suka yi tafiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Yaman, irin su Qanī da "Muza" na Gerrha, za su yi tafiya kai tsaye zuwa Indiya ba tare da buƙatar tsayawa su sake ba. [22]

Kasuwancin ƙasa

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Kasuwancin filaye na Larabawa, wanda ya taso daga garinsu na kudancin kasar Yemen ya tabo sana’o’in hanyar siliki da kasuwancin tekun Indiya musamman wadanda masana tarihi na zamani suka kirkiri ka’idar “Frankinse and myrrh” wadda ta yada ta hanyar ayarin rakumi. Wannan ayyukan kasuwancin mutanen kudancin Larabawa ya wanzu tun daga zamanin Sarauniyar Sheba bisa ga tarihin tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki.

Kasuwancin filaye ya kai har zuwa tsaunukan Caucasus. ne a cikin garin Qanī a cikin Hadramaut, kuma ta rabu zuwa hanyoyi biyu masu nisan 160 miles (260 km) ban jagoranci gabas, tare da Wadi Mayfa'a zuwa Shabwa ; na biyu kuma ya jagoranci daga Qani zuwa Wadi Hajar ya wuce ta Wadi Armah, tushen ruwan Shabwa. Daga Shabwa hanya ta nufi Aden ta nufi Najran. Hanyar ta ci gaba da tafiya arewa maso gabas daga Najdan zuwa Wadī Al-Dawasir, ta wuce ƙauyukan al-Faw da al-Aflaj (inda ta bi ta hanyoyi biyu). Na farko ya jagoranci gabas zuwa Tekun Fasha, ɗayan kuma ya jagoranci arewa zuwa Levant. [23]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ S. H. Langon, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I, p. 415. F. Thureau-Dangin, Die sumerischen und akkadischen koenigsinschriftten, bd. I, s. 66, 72, 76, 78, 104, 106, 134, 164, 166. H. R. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East (London, 1947), p. 190. "Ancient Iraq", p. 142.
  2. ↑ C. J. Gadd, "Seals of Ancient Indian Style Found at Ur", pba, xviii, pp. 191-210. M. Wheeler.
  3. ↑ George Fadlo Hourani and John Carswell, Arab seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and early medieval times.
  4. ↑ علي محمد فهمي، ص362
  5. ↑ Hill (2009), pp. 5, 23, 240-242.
  6. ↑ Nicola Bonacasa, "Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano". Atti del 2° Congressom, p.28.
  7. ↑ Suzanne Richard, Near Eastern Archaeology: a Reader, p.437.
  8. ↑ Saba (surah):18.
  9. ↑ Ezekiel 27:20-22.
  10. ↑ Aramco World, volume 51, number 6, November/December 2000.
  11. ↑ "At this time (early fifth century) the Euphrates was navigable as high as Hira, a city lying southwest of ancient Babylon ... and the ships of India and China were constantly to be seen moored before the houses of the town." Henry Yule, Cathy and Way Thither. London: John Murray (1926) rev. ed., Vol. I, LXXVI I.
  12. ↑ "نهر صرصر". Paulys-Wissoma, 64 Halbband, 1950, 1725.
  13. ↑ البكري, معجم ما استعجم, ج2, ص478
  14. ↑ R. W. Thomson (with contributions from J. Howard-Johnson and T. Greenwood), The Armenian History Attributed To Sebeos Part - I: Translation and Notes, 1999, Translated Texts For Historians - Volume 31, Liverpool University Press, pp. 95-96. Other translations are also in P. Crone and M. Cook, Hagarism: The Making Of The Islamic World (1977). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6-7; R. G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey And Evaluation Of Christian, Jewish And Zoroastrian Writings On Early Islam (1997), op. cit., p. 129; idem., "Sebeos, The Jews And The Rise Of Islam" in R. L. Nettler (ed.), Medieval And Modern Perspectives On Muslim-Jewish Relations (1995), Harwood Academic Publishers in cooperation with the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, p. 89.
  15. ↑ A. Palmer (with contributions from S. P. Brock and R. G. Hoyland), The Seventh Century In The West-Syrian Chronicles Including Two Seventh-Century Syriac Apocalyptic Texts (1993), p. 39, pp. 37-40.
  16. ↑ Byzantine trade, 4th-12th centuries, p. 248; Expositio, 38: Delude iam de dextris iterum Syriae supra inuenies Arabiam.
  17. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  18. ↑ The Cambridge History of Africa (1975); Fage 1975: 164
  19. ↑ E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, vol. 9: T. W. Arnold. p. 1188.
  20. ↑ Manichaeism, Michel Tardieu, Malcolm DeBevoise, p. 21.
  21. ↑ The Indian historical review, Vol. 32, Indian Council of Historical Research.
  22. ↑ Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times, Seán McGrail, p. 80.
  23. ↑ الأنصاري1975:76 Brice 1984: 178.
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