Kimiyyar yanayi
Kimiyyar yanayi ita ce nazarin yanayin duniya da tsarin tafiyar da aikinta iri-iri. Ilimin yanayi ya haɗa da sinadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi tare da mai da hankali kan hasashen yanayi. Climatology shine nazarin sauye-sauyen yanayi (dukansu na dogon lokaci da gajere) waɗanda ke ayyana matsakaicin yanayi da canjinsu akan lokaci, saboda yanayin yanayin yanayi da yanayin ɗan adam. Aeronomy shine nazarin saman saman sararin samaniya, inda rabuwa da ionization ke da mahimmanci. An fadada kimiyyar yanayi zuwa fannin kimiyyar taurari da nazarin yanayin sararin samaniya da tauraron dan adam na tsarin hasken rana.
Na'urorin gwaji da ake amfani da su a kimiyyar yanayi sun haɗa da tauraron dan adam, rocketsondes, radiosondes, balloons weather, radars, da lasers.
Kalmar aerology (daga Girkanci ἀήρ, aēr, "iska"; da -λογία, -logia ) wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman madadin ma'anar nazarin yanayin duniya;[1] a cikin wasu ma'anoni, ilimin sararin samaniya yana iyakance ga yanayin kyauta, yankin da ke saman iyakar iyakar duniya.[2]
Majagaba na farko a fagen sun haɗa da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann. [3]
Kimiyyar yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sinadarin yanayi wani reshe ne na kimiyyar yanayi wanda a cikinsa ake yin nazari kan sinadarai na yanayin duniya da na sauran duniyoyi. Wani fanni ne na bincike da yawa kuma ya zana kan sinadarai na muhalli, kimiyyar lissafi, yanayin yanayi, ƙirar kwamfuta, ilimin teku, ilimin ƙasa da ilimin volcano da sauran fannoni. Bincike yana ƙara haɗawa da sauran wuraren karatu kamar climatology.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na yanayi suna da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa, amma da farko saboda mu'amala tsakanin yanayi da rayayyun halittu. Halin yanayin duniya ya canza ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan canje-canjen suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, amfanin gona da kuma yanayin muhalli. Misalan matsalolin da kimiyyar yanayi ta magance su sun haɗa da ruwan sama na acid, hayaƙin photochemical da ɗumamar yanayi. Kimiyyar sinadarai na yanayi na neman fahimtar musabbabin wadannan matsalolin, kuma ta hanyar samun fahimtar fahimtar su, a ba da damar a gwada hanyoyin da za a iya magance su da kuma tantance tasirin sauye-sauye a manufofin gwamnati.
Halin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Halin yanayi shine nazarin tsarin motsi na mahimmancin yanayi, haɗa abubuwan lura a wurare da yawa da lokuta da ka'idoji. Batutuwan gama gari da aka yi nazari sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar su tsawa, mahaukaciyar guguwa, raƙuman nauyi, cyclones na wurare masu zafi, cyclones na wurare masu zafi, rafukan jet, da zagayawa na duniya. Makasudin karatu mai kuzari shine don bayyana wuraren da aka lura bisa tushen tushe daga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Makasudin irin waɗannan karatun sun haɗa da haɓaka hasashen yanayi, haɓaka hanyoyin yin hasashen yanayi sauyin yanayi na yanayi da na shekara-shekara, da fahimtar abubuwan da ɗan adam ke haifarwa (misali, ƙara yawan adadin carbon dioxide ko raguwar sararin sararin samaniya) akan yanayin duniya.[4]
Kimiyyar yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Atmospheric physics shine aikace-aikacen kimiyyar lissafi don nazarin yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi suna ƙoƙari su tsara yanayin duniya da yanayin sauran taurari ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin ma'aunin ruwa, ƙirar sinadarai, daidaitawar radiation, da hanyoyin canja wurin makamashi a cikin sararin samaniya da ƙasan tekuna da ƙasa. Domin yin samfurin tsarin yanayi, masana kimiyyar yanayi suna amfani da abubuwa na ka'idar watsawa, nau'ikan yaɗa igiyoyin ruwa, ilimin kimiyyar girgije, injiniyoyi na ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga na sararin samaniya, kowannensu ya haɗa da manyan matakan lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Ilimin kimiyyar yanayi yana da kusancin kusanci da yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi sannan kuma ya shafi ƙira da gina kayan aikin nazarin yanayi da fassarar bayanan da suke bayarwa, gami da na'urorin gano nesa.
A Birtaniya, Ofishin Kula da Yanayi ne ke jagorantar nazarin yanayin yanayi. Sassan Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Amurka (NOAA) suna sa ido kan ayyukan bincike da ƙirar yanayi da suka haɗa da kimiyyar yanayi. Cibiyar ilmin taurari ta Amurka da Cibiyar Ionosphere ita ma tana gudanar da nazarin yanayi mai girma.
Filin maganadisu na duniya da iskar hasken rana suna hulɗa tare da yanayi, suna ƙirƙirar ionosphere, bel na radiation Van Allen, igiyoyin magana, da makamashi mai haske.
Climatology[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ya bambanta da yanayin yanayi, wanda ke nazarin tsarin yanayin gajeren lokaci wanda zai kasance har zuwa 'yan makonni, climatology yana nazarin mita da yanayin waɗannan tsarin. Yana nazarin yanayin abubuwan da suka faru na lokaci-lokaci tsawon shekaru zuwa millennia, da kuma canje-canje a cikin matsakaicin yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci, dangane da yanayin yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi, waɗanda ke yin aikin climatology, suna nazarin yanayin yanayin yanayi -gida, yanki ko na duniya - da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi ko kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi. Climatology yayi la'akari da baya kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen hango canjin yanayi na gaba.
Abubuwan al'ajabi na sha'awar climatological sun haɗa da Layer iyaka na yanayi, tsarin wurare dabam dabam, canja wurin zafi ( radiative, convective da latent ), hulɗar tsakanin yanayi da tekuna da saman ƙasa (musamman ciyayi, amfani da ƙasa da topography ), da sinadaran da abun da ke ciki na jiki. yanayi. Dabarun da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da ilmin taurari, kimiyyar yanayi, sunadarai, ilmin halitta, yanayin ƙasa, geology, geophysics, glaciology, ilimin ruwa, oceanography, da volcanology.
Ilimin sararin samaniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Aeronomy shine binciken kimiyya na sararin sama na Duniya - yadudduka na yanayi sama da stratopause - da kuma yankuna masu dacewa na sauran taurari, inda dukkanin yanayin zai iya dacewa da yanayin saman duniya ko wani yanki nasa. Wani reshe na nau'ikan sinadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya, ilimin sararin samaniya ya bambanta da yanayin yanayi, wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadudduka na yanayin da ke ƙasa da stratopause.[5] A cikin yankunan yanayi da masanan sararin samaniya suka yi nazari, rarrabuwar sinadarai da ionization sune muhimman abubuwan mamaki.
Yanayi akan sauran jikunan sama[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Duk taurarin tsarin Rana suna da yanayi. Wannan saboda nauyinsu yana da ƙarfi sosai don kiyaye barbashi na gas kusa da saman. Manya-manyan kattai na iskar gas suna da yawa don kiyaye iskar gas mai yawa hydrogen da helium kusa da su, yayin da ƙananan taurari ke rasa waɗannan iskar zuwa sararin samaniya.[6] Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin duniya ya bambanta da sauran taurari saboda tsarin rayuwa daban-daban da suka faru a duniyar tamu sun gabatar da iskar oxygen kyauta.[7] Mafi yawan yanayin Mercury iskar hasken rana ta buge ta. [8] Wata daya tilo da ta kiyaye yanayi mai yawa shine Titan . Akwai yanayi na bakin ciki akan Triton, da kuma alamar yanayi akan wata .
Yanayin sararin samaniya yana shafar nau'ikan makamashi daban-daban da aka karɓa daga ko dai Rana ko cikin su, wanda ke haifar da samuwar tsarin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar guguwa (a duniya), guguwar ƙura mai faɗin duniya ( a duniyar Mars ), anticyclone mai girman duniya. akan Jupiter (wanda ake kira Great Red Spot ), da ramukan sararin samaniya (a kan Neptune).[9] Aƙalla duniyar da ta wuce hasken rana, HD 189733 b, an yi iƙirarin mallaki irin wannan tsarin yanayi, mai kama da Great Red Spot amma girman ninki biyu.[10]
An nuna cewa Jupiters masu zafi suna rasa yanayin su zuwa sararin samaniya saboda hasken taurari, kamar wutsiyar tauraro mai wutsiya.[11][12]Wadannan duniyoyin na iya samun bambance-bambance masu yawa a yanayin zafi tsakanin bangarorinsu na rana da dare wanda ke samar da iskoki masu karfin gaske,[13] duk da cewa bangarorin dare da rana na HD 189733b suna da yanayin zafi iri daya, wanda ke nuni da cewa yanayin duniyar yana sake rarraba makamashin tauraro a duniya.[10]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3176?redirectedFrom=aerology
- ↑ http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Aerology
- ↑ Ultraviolet radiation in the solar system By Manuel Vázquez, Arnold Hanslmeier
- ↑ http://www.atmos.washington.edu/academic/atmosdyn.html
- ↑ Brasseur, Guy (1984). Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere : Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere. Springer. pp. xi. ISBN 978-94-009-6403-7.
- ↑ Sheppard, S. S.; Jewitt, D.; Kleyna, J. (2005). "An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus: Limits to Completeness". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 518–525. arXiv:astro-ph/0410059. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..518S. doi:10.1086/426329. S2CID 18688556.
- ↑ Zeilik, Michael A.; Gregory, Stephan A. (1998). Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics (4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 0-03-006228-4.
- ↑ Hunten D. M., Shemansky D. E., Morgan T. H. (1988), The Mercury atmosphere, In: Mercury (A89-43751 19–91). University of Arizona Press, pp. 562–612
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070808201459/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=725
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..183K
- ↑ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/07/full/
- ↑ Ballester, Gilda E.; Sing, David K.; Herbert, Floyd (2007). "The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b". Nature. 445 (7127): 511–4. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..511B. doi:10.1038/nature05525. hdl:10871/16060. PMID 17268463. S2CID 4391861.
- ↑ (Related press release)