Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci, an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1452, a Vinci, (Italiya). Mahaifinsa Ser Piero da Vinci, ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, mahaifiyarsa, Caterina, ta kasance manomiya. An haifi Leonardo ne ba tare da aure ba, kuma dangin mahaifinsa ne suka yi ta renonsa. Duk da irin ƙalubalen da ya ke fuskanta, Leonardo ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin masu faɗa-a-ji da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a tarihi, ya mutu a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu Amboise (Faransa) a shekara ta alif 1519 Yana da shekara 67. Ya kuma rayu a lokacin Renaissance. Ya kasance shahararren mai zane, injiniya, masanin kimiyya da fasaha. Duk da cewa anfi sanin shi a matsayin mai zane, har ila yau ya shahara da ayyukansa na littafi, inda yake zane da rubuce rubuce akan abubuwa daban daban da suka shafi nazarin halittar dan Adam, taswira, ilimin jikin mutum zuwa jirgin sama, labarin ƙasa da makamantansu. Abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira sun bar tasiri mai ɗorewa. Leonardo da Vinci sanannene ne a tarihi.
Leonardo masanin Polymath ne na Italiyanci na Babban Renaissance wanda ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai zane, draughtman, injiniya, masanin kimiyya, masanin ilimin tunani, sculptor, da gine-gine. Yayin da shahararsa ta farko ta dogara ne kan nasarorin da ya samu a matsayinsa na mai zane, ya kuma shahara da littattafan rubutu, inda ya yi zane-zane da rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka haɗa da ilmin jikin mutum, ilmin taurari, ilmin halitta, zane-zane, zane-zane, da ilmin taurari. Ana ɗaukan Leonardo a matsayin haziƙi wanda ya kwatanta manufar ɗan adam ta Renaissance, kuma ayyukansa na gama gari sun ƙunshi gudummawa ga ƙarni na gaba na masu fasaha wanda ya dace da na ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa Michelangelo.
An girmama shi don basirar fasaharsa, ya tsara injinan tashi sama, nau'in motar yaƙi mai sulke, ƙarfin hasken rana, injin da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin injin ƙara, da ƙwanƙwasa biyu. Kaɗan daga cikin zane-zanensa da aka gina ko ma sun kasance masu yiwuwa a lokacin rayuwarsa, saboda hanyoyin kimiyya na zamani game da ƙarfe da injiniyanci sun kasance a cikin ƙuruciyarsu a lokacin Renaissance. Wasu ƙananan ƙirƙira nasa, duk da haka, sun shiga duniyar masana'anta ba a bayyana ba, irin su bobbin winder mai sarrafa kansa da na'ura don gwada ƙarfin ƙarfin waya. Ya yi bincike mai zurfi a cikin ilmin jikin mutum, injiniyan farar hula, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, da tribology, amma bai buga bincikensa ba kuma ba su da wani tasiri kai tsaye kan kimiyyar da ta biyo baya.
Tarihin rayuwarsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rayuwar farko (1452-1472)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haihuwa da tushe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Leonardo Da Vinardar da Vinci Dan addinin Baftisma ne. Leonardo Da Vinardo Di Sri Singe da Vinci ("Leonardo, garin TUSCAN na Vinci, mil 20 daga Florence. An haife shine batareda aure ba zuwa Pcita da Vinci (Se Cero Da D't Antonio Di Sing Guippi (c. 1434-1494), daga ƙananan aji. Ya kasance mai tabbas inda aka haife Leonardo; Asusun gargajiya, daga wani baka na baka da tarihi Emanuele Emankue Refenti, shi ne cewa an haife shi ne a cikin Anchano, kodayake har yanzu yana yiwuwa an haife shi a gidan da ke ciki Florence da Sere Punero kusan tabbas ya kasance. Iyayen Leonardo sun yi aure daban da shekara ta bayan haihuwarsa. Caterina - Wanene ya bayyana a bayanin kula Leonardo kamar yadda "Catelina" ne, wanda ya ba da sunan Arten Del Widim, wanda ya yi magana da shi. . Seroero Asifa Amadori - tun daga shekarar da ta gabata - kuma bayan mutuwarta ta 1464, ta ci gaba da yin aure uku. Daga duk aure, Leonardo a ƙarshe ya sami rabin-anni 16 (wanda aka haife shi da yawa lokacin Leonardo ya kasance shekara 46) kuma tare da wanda ya kasance tare da shi sosai.
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Kaɗan ne aka sani game da ƙuruciyar Leonardo kuma da yawa suna cikin tatsuniyoyin masu zane-zane, sculptors, da masana gine-gine (1550) da masifa na tarihi na ɗan 16 na tarihi na ɗan tarihi. Bayanan haraji sun nuna cewa aƙalla 1457 ya zauna a gidan kakanninsa, Antonio da Vinci, amma yana yiwuwa ya ciyar da shekarunsa a cikin Vinci, ko dai AnchIANO ko Campo Zeppi a cikin Ikkles na San Putsone. An yi tunanin shi ya kusa da kawunsa, Francesco da Vinci, amma mahaifinsa ya kasance yana cikin florenta mafi yawan lokaci. Sero, wanda ya zuriyar layin nesa, ya kafa gidan hukuma da aka kafa a fallenya a ƙalla 1469 kuma ya sami nasara aiki. Duk da tarihin danginsa, Leonardo kawai ya sami asali ne na asali da rubutu a (fili), karatu, da lissafi; Zai yiwu saboda an san fasahar sa da wuri, don haka danginsa suka yanke shawarar mayar da hankali a wurin.
Daga baya a rayuwa, Leonardo ya yi rikodin farkon ƙwaƙwalwar sa, yanzu a cikin Codex Atlanticus. Yayinda yake rubuce a kan jirgin tsuntsaye, sai ya sake tunawa da jariri lokacin da a kama wani ya zo shimfiɗarsa kuma ya buɗe bakinsa da wutsiyarsa; Masu sharhi suna har yanzu muhawara ko ANECDote shine ainihin ƙwaƙwalwa ko fantasy.
Cibiyar aikin Verrocchio
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A tsakiyar shekaran 1460, dangin Leonardo sun ƙaura zuwa Florence, wadda a lokacin ita ce cibiyar tunani da al'adun ɗan adam na Kirista.[1] A cikin shekaru 14,[2] ya zama garzone (yaro na studio) a cikin taron bitar Andrea del Verrocchio, wanda shine babban mai zanen Florentine da sculptor na zamaninsa.[1] Wannan ya kasance kusan lokacin mutuwar ubangidan Verrocchio, babban mai sassaƙa Donatello. Leonardo ya zama koyo tun yana ɗan shekara 17 kuma ya ci gaba da yin horo har tsawon shekaru bakwai.[3] Sauran mashahuran masu zane-zanen da suka kware a bitar ko kuma suna da alaƙa da shi sun haɗa da Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, da Lorenzo di Credi.[4][5] An fallasa Leonardo ga horo na ka'idar duka da ƙwarewar fasaha iri-iri,[6] ciki har da tsarawa, sunadarai, ƙarfe, aikin ƙarfe, aikin filasta, aikin fata, makanikai, da aikin katako, da fasahar fasaha na zane, zane, sassaka, da ƙirar ƙira.[7][lower-alpha 1]
Leonardo ya yi zamani da Botticelli, Ghirlandaio da Perugino, waɗanda duk sun girme shi kaɗan kaɗan.[8] Da ya sadu da su a taron bitar na Verrocchio ko a Kwalejin Platonic na Medici.[4] Florence ya yi ado da ayyukan masu fasaha irin su Masaccio na Donatello, wanda frescoes na alama ya cika da gaske da kuma motsin rai, da Ghiberti, wanda Ƙofar Aljanna, mai ƙyalƙyali da ganyen zinari, ya nuna fasahar hada hadaddun ƙididdiga tare da cikakkun bayanai na gine-gine. Piero della Francesca ya yi cikakken nazarin hangen nesa, [9] kuma shi ne mai zane na farko da ya yi nazarin kimiyya na haske. Waɗannan karatun da rubutun Leon Battista Alberti De pictura sun kasance suna da tasiri sosai a kan matasa masu fasaha musamman a kan abubuwan da Leonardo ya lura da ayyukan fasaha.[10][11]
Zamanin Florentine na farko (1472 – c. 1482)
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A shekara ta 1472, yana da shekaru 20, Leonardo ya cancanci zama babban malami a Guild of Saint Luke, ƙungiyar masu fasaha da likitanci,[lower-alpha 2] amma ko da mahaifinsa ya kafa shi a cikin nasa taron bitar, abin da ya haɗa da Verrocchio ya kasance irin wannan ya ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa da zama tare da shi.[4][13] Aikin Leonardo na farko da aka sani shine zane na 1473 na alkalami da tawada na kwarin Arno (duba ƙasa).[5][14][lower-alpha 3] A cewar Vasari, matashin Leonardo shine farkon wanda ya ba da shawarar yin kogin Arno tashar tashar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Florence da Pisa.[15]
A cikin Janairu 1478, Leonardo ya karɓi kwamiti mai zaman kansa don yin zanen bagadi na Chapel na Saint Bernard a cikin Palazzo Vecchio,[16] alamar 'yancin kansa daga ɗakin studio na Verrocchio. Wani marubucin tarihin rayuwar da ba a san shi ba, wanda aka sani da Anonimo Gaddiano, ya yi iƙirarin cewa a cikin 1480 Leonardo yana zaune tare da Medici kuma sau da yawa ya yi aiki a lambun Piazza San Marco, Florence, inda makarantar Neoplatonic na masu fasaha, mawaƙa da falsafar da Medici suka shirya. Majusawa[17]. Babu ɗayan waɗannan kwamitocin farko da aka kammala, an yi watsi da su lokacin da Leonardo ya je ya ba da sabis ga Duke na Milan Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo ya rubuta wa Sforza wata wasiƙa wadda ta bayyana abubuwa daban-daban da zai iya cimma a fagagen aikin injiniya da kera makamai, ya kuma ambata cewa zai iya fenti.[5][18] Ya zo da kayan zaren azurfa - ko dai gwal ko garaya - kamar kan doki.[18]
Tare da Alberti, Leonardo ya ziyarci gidan Medici kuma ta hanyar su ya san tsofaffin masana falsafa na bil'adama wanda Marsiglio Ficino, mai goyon bayan Neoplatonism; Cristoforo Landino, marubucin sharhi kan rubuce-rubucen gargajiya, da John Argyropoulos, malamin Hellenanci kuma mai fassara Aristotle sune kan gaba. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da Kwalejin Platonic na Medici shine na zamanin Leonardo, ƙwararren matashin mawaki kuma masanin falsafa Pico della Mirandola.[8][11][19] In 1482, Leonardo was sent as an ambassador by Lorenzo de' Medici to Ludovico il Moro, who ruled Milan between 1479 and 1499.[8][12] A cikin 1482, Lorenzo de' Medici ya aika Leonardo a matsayin jakada zuwa Ludovico il Moro, wanda ya mulki Milan tsakanin 1479 da 1499.[8][12]
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Landscape of the Arno Valley (1473) -
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Sketch of the hanging of Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli, 1479
MUTUWA
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Leonardo ya mutu a Clos Luce a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1519 yana da shekaru 67, mai yiwuwa ya shanyewan jiki ne.[20][21] Francis I ne ya zama abokin shi na kud da kud. Vasari ya kwatanta Leonardo a matsayin makoki a kan gadon mutuwarsa, cike da tuba, cewa “ya yi wa Allah da mutane laifi ta hanyar kasa aiwatar da fasaharsa kamar yadda ya kamata ya yi.”[22] Vasari ya ce a zamaninsa na ƙarshe, Leonardo ya aika aka kira wani firist ya yi ikirari kuma ya karɓi sacrament mai tsarki.[‡ 1] A bisa ga wasiyyarsa, mabarata sittin ɗauke da tapers sun bi akwatin gawar Leonardo.[19][lower-alpha 4] Melzi shi ne babban magaji kuma mai zartarwa, yana karɓar kuɗi, da kuma kuɗi, zane-zane, kayan aikin Leonardo, ɗakin karatu da tasirin kansa. Sauran almajiri da abokin aikin Leonardo da ya daɗe, Salaì, da bawansa Baptista de Vilanis, kowanne ya sami rabin gonakin inabin Leonardo.[23] 'Yan'uwansa suka karɓi ƙasa, kuma mai hidimarsa ta karɓi alkyabba mai lulluɓe. A ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1519, an shigar da gawar Leonardo a Cocin Collegiate na Saint Florentin a Château d'Amboise.[24]
Rayuwa ta sirri
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Duk da dubban shafukan da Leonardo ya bari a cikin littattafan rubutu da rubuce-rubuce, da kyar ya yi magana game da rayuwarsa ta sirri.[25]
A cikin rayuwar Leonardo, ƙarfinsa na ban mamaki na ƙirƙira, "kyakkyawan kyawunsa na zahiri" da "alheri marar iyaka," kamar yadda Vasari ya bayyana,[‡ 2] da duk sauran al'amuran rayuwarsa, sun jawo sha'awar wasu. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan al’amari shi ne ƙaunarsa ga dabbobi, wataƙila ya haɗa da cin ganyayyaki da kuma a cewar Vasari, ɗabi’ar siyan tsuntsayen da aka gayyace da sakin su.[26][‡ 3]
Leonardo yana da abokai da yawa waɗanda a yanzu sun shahara ko dai a fagensu ko don mahimmancin tarihi, ciki har da masanin lissafi Luca Pacioli,[27] wanda ya yi haɗin gwiwa a kan littafin Divina proportione a cikin 1490s. Ga alama Leonardo ba shi da kusanci da mata sai abokantakarsa da Cecilia Gallerani da ’yan’uwan Este biyu, Beatrice da Isabella.[28] Yayin da yake tafiya da ya ratsa shi ta Mantua, ya zana hoton Isabella wanda da alama an yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar hoton fenti, yanzu ya ɓace.[4]
Bayan abota, Leonardo ya ɓoye sirrin rayuwarsa. Jima'insa ya kasance batun satire, bincike, da hasashe. Wannan yanayin ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 16 kuma an sake farfado da shi a karni na 19 da na 20, musamman na Sigmund Freud a cikin Leonardo da Vinci nasa, A Memory of His Childhood.[29] Mafi kusancin dangantakar Leonardo shine watakila tare da almajiransa Salaì da Melzi. Melzi, yayin da yake rubutawa don sanar da ’yan’uwan Leonardo mutuwarsa, ya kwatanta yadda Leonardo yake ji ga almajiransa a matsayin ƙauna da sha’awa. Tun a karni na 16 aka yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan alaƙar na jima'i ne ko na batsa. Walter Isaacson a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na Leonardo ya bayyana ra'ayinsa a sarari cewa dangantakar da Salaì ta kasance ta kud da kud da luwadi.[30]
Tun da farko a rayuwar Leonardo, bayanan kotu na shekara ta 1476, sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara ashirin da huɗu, ya nuna cewa an tuhumi Leonardo da wasu samari uku da yin luwadi a wani lamari da ya shafi wani sanannen karuwa. An yi watsi da tuhume-tuhumen saboda rashin shaida, kuma akwai hasashe cewa tun da daya daga cikin wadanda ake tuhumar, Lionardo de Tornabuoni, yana da alaka da Lorenzo de' Medici, dangin sun yi amfani da karfinsu wajen ganin an kori su.[31] Tun daga wannan kwanan wata an rubuta da yawa game da ɗan luwadi da ake kyautata zatonsa[32] da rawar da take takawa a cikin fasaharsa, musamman a cikin ɗorewa da batsa da aka bayyana a cikin Saint John Baptist da Bacchus da ƙari a sarari a cikin zane-zane masu ban sha'awa.[33]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rosci 1977, p. 13.
- ↑ Wallace 1972, p. 11.
- ↑ Bacci, Mina (1978) [1963]. The Great Artists: Da Vinci. Translated by Tanguy, J. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bortolon 1967.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Arasse 1998.
- ↑ Rosci 1977, p. 27.
- ↑ Martindale 1972.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Rosci 1977, pp. 9–20.
- ↑ Piero della Francesca, On Perspective for Painting (De Prospectiva Pingendi)
- ↑ Hartt 1970, pp. 127–133.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rachum, Ilan (1979). The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ottino della Chiesa 1967, p. 83.
- ↑ Wallace 1972, p. 13.
- ↑ Polidoro, Massimo (2019). "The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci, Part 1". Skeptical Inquirer. Center for Inquiry. 43 (2): 30–31.
- ↑ Wallace 1972, p. 15.
- ↑ Clark, Kenneth; Kemp, Martin (26 November 2015). Leonardo da Vinci (Newition ed.). United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-14-198237-3.
- ↑ Wasserman 1975, pp. 77–78.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Wallace 1972, pp. 53–54.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Williamson 1974.
- ↑ Charlier, Philippe; Deo, Saudamini. "A physical sign of stroke sequel on the skeleton of Leonardo da Vinci?" Archived 15 ga Afirilu, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Neurology. 4 April 2017; 88(14): 1381–1382
- ↑ Ian Chilvers (2003). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-19-953294-0.
- ↑ Antonina Vallentin, Leonardo da Vinci: The Tragic Pursuit of Perfection, (New York: The Viking Press, 1938), 533
- ↑ Kemp 2011, p. 26.
- ↑ Florentine editorial staff (2 May 2019). "Hair believed to have belonged to Leonardo on display in Vinci". The Florentine. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
- ↑ Zöllner 2019, p. 20.
- ↑ MacCurdy, Edward, The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci (1928) in Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism Archived 27 ga Faburairu, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Bambach 2003.
- ↑ Cartwright Ady, Julia. Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475–1497. Publisher: J.M. Dent, 1899; Cartwright Ady, Julia. Isabella D'Este, Marchioness of Mantua, 1474–1539. Publisher; J.M. Dent, 1903.
- ↑ Sigmund Freud, Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci, (1910)
- ↑ Isaacson 2017, pp. 129–138.
- ↑ Isaacson 2017.
- ↑ "Leonardo, ladies' man: why can't we accept that Da Vinci was gay?". The Guardian (in Turanci). 26 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships epigraph, p. 148 & N120 p. 298
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