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Tasu'a

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentTasu'a

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public holiday (en) Fassara
Rana 9 Muharram (en) Fassara
Ashura (en) Fassara →
Hanyar isar da saƙo

Tasu'a (Arabic) ita ce rana ta tara ta Muharram, watan farko na kalandar Islama. Tasu'a ya biyo bayan Ashura, na goma na Muharram, wanda ya nuna mutuwar Husayn ibn Ali, jikan annabin Musulunci Muhammadu kuma na uku Shia imam. Husayn ya ki aminCE da shi a kan dalilan ɗabi'a don yin rantsuwa da amincinsa ga Khalifa Yazid I (r. 680-683) kuma daga baya aka kashe shi, tare da yawancin danginsa maza da ƙananan ma'aikatansa, ta sojojin Umayyad a Yaƙin Karbala a Ashura 61 AH (680 AZ). Daga cikin 'yan tsiraru na Shia, ana kallon makoki ga Husayn a matsayin zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da zalunci, gwagwarmaya ga Allah, da kuma hanyar tabbatar da ceto na Husayn a bayan rayuwa. Ana kiyaye Ashura ta hanyar tarurruka na makoki, processions, da kuma sakewa mai ban mamaki. A cikin irin waɗannan bukukuwan, masu makoki na Shia suna buga akwati don raba cikin wahalar Husayn. Kyakkyawan cin zarafin kai, sau da yawa ya haɗa da zubar da jini, ya kasance mai kawo rigima tsakanin Shia, wanda yawancin malamai na Shia suka hukunta, kuma an haramta shi a wasu al'ummomin Shia. da aka yi a Karbala ya faru ne a kan Tasu'a amma an jinkirta shi na kwana ɗaya. Husayn ya yi amfani da wannan taga don ya bukaci mabiyansa su bar shi kuma su ceci rayukansu, wanda kusan dukansu suka ki. Sojojin Umayyad sun kuma ba da hanya mai aminci ga wasu dangi na kusa na Husayn, musamman ɗan'uwansa Abbas ibn Ali, wanda su ma suka ƙi. A mafi yawan labaran, Husayn da mutanensa sun kwashe dare na karshe - daren Tasu'a - cikin addu'a.

Muhimmancinsa a cikin Musulunci na Shia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tasu'a ita ce rana ta tara ta Muharram, watan farko na kalandar Islama, wata da aka haramta fada tun kafin zuwan Islama.[1][2] Tasu'a ya biyo bayan Ashura, na goma na Muharram, wanda ke nuna mutuwar Husayn ibn Ali, jikan annabin Musulunci Muhammadu da kuma na uku Shia imam.[3] An kashe Husayn, tare da mafi yawan danginsa maza da ƙananan ma'aikatansa, a ranar 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 Oktoba 680 AZ) a Yaƙin Karbala da sojojin Umayyad Khalifa Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680-683), bayan an kewaye shi na wasu kwanaki kuma an hana shi ruwan sha na kogin Yufiretis da ke kusa. Bayan yakin, an kama mata da yara a sansanin Husayn kuma suka yi tafiya zuwa babban birnin Umayyad Damascus a Siriya. Yaƙin ya biyo bayan tattaunawar da ta gaza da kuma ƙin Husayn ya yi alkawarin amincinsa ga Yazid, wanda masana tarihi Musulmi ke nuna shi sau da yawa a matsayin marar tsoron Allah da lalata.[4][5][6] Yaƙin ya faru ne a ƙasar hamada ta Karbala, a kan hanyar zuwa Kufa da ke kusa, wanda mazaunanta suka gayyaci Husayn ya jagoranci su a kan Yazid.[7]

A cikin Islama ta Shia, Karbala alama ce ta gwagwarmaya ta har abada tsakanin nagarta da mugunta, mafi girman hadaya, da kuma mummunar lalacewar aikin annabcin Muhammadu.[8][6][9][10] A tarihi, taron ya yi aiki don kirkirar al'ummar Shia a cikin wata ƙungiya ta musamman kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na asalin addininsu har zuwa yau.[11][12] Kwanaki goma na farko na Muharram, gami da Tasu'a da Ashura, kwanakin makoki ne ga Musulmai Shia.[13][4] A gefe guda, masu makoki na Shia suna da alaƙa da baƙin ciki na Husayn da fatan amfana daga ceto a Ranar Shari'a.[14][15] A gefe guda, 'yan tsiraru na Shia suna kallon makoki ga Husayn a matsayin zanga-zangar nuna adawa da zalunci, gwagwarmaya ga Allah (jihad), kuma saboda haka aikin ibada.[16][17]

Abubuwan da suka faru a Tasu'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan tattaunawar da ta gaza, sojojin Umayyad sun kai hari sansanin Husayn da yammacin Tasu'a. Yayin da sojojin Umayyad suka kusanci, duk da haka, Husayn ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Abbas ibn Ali da wasu sahabbansa, waɗanda suka shawo kan kwamandan abokan gaba Umar ibn Sa'd (d.d. 686) don jinkirta rikici har zuwa rana mai zuwa.[18][7] Husayn sa'an nan ya kewaye mabiyansa a cikin jawabin da za su bar kuma kada su yi hadari ga rayukansu, bayan haka Abbas shine na farko da ya sabunta goyon bayansa.[18] Kusan duk wadanda suka halarci taron sun zauna tare da Husayn har zuwa karshen.[7][4][19] A mafi yawan labaran, Husayn da mutanensa sun kwashe wannan dare suna addu'a da karanta Alkur'ani, babban rubutun addini na Islama.[15][20] A wannan dare, an ce 'yar'uwar Husayn Zaynab ta tunatar da dan uwanta Abbas game da sha'awar mahaifinsu na zama ajiyar Karbala, kuma ya kasance ga Husayn kamar yadda Ali ya kasance ga Muhammadu. Wannan Abbas ya tabbatar kuma ya rantse zai yi.[8] Akwai wani rahoto daga masanin tarihin Shia Ibn Tawus (d.d. 1266) cewa an kashe Abbas a Tasu'a a cikin wani sally da ya gaza don kawo ruwa ga sansanin mai ƙishirwa.[21][20] Yawancin kafofin, duk da haka, sun sanya mutuwarsa a kan Ashura.[21]

Jami'in Umayyad Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan a baya ya sami mafaka ga Abbas ibn Ali da 'yan uwansa uku (cikakke) daga Ibn Ziyad (d.d. 686), gwamnan Umayyad na Kufa. Shamir ya yi haka watakila saboda shi ma memba ne na kabilar Banu Kilab, wanda mahaifiyar Abbas ta kasance. An aika wasikar kariya ta Ibn Ziyad ga Abbas da 'yan uwansa, waɗanda suka ƙi. Shamir ya ba da wannan tayin ga Tasu'a, amma Abbas da 'yan uwansa sun kasance masu tayar da kayar baya.[18]

Ayyukan makoki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wasan sha'awar Shia (ta'ziya) a Iran

Baya ga aikin hajji zuwa masallacin Husayn, wanda ke Karbala, Iraki, Musulmai Shia a kowace shekara suna tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru a Karbala a cikin watanni na Muharram da Safar.[22][12] Yawancin bukukuwan suna faruwa a cikin kwanaki goma na farko na Muharram, wanda ya ƙare a Ashura tare da processions a manyan biranen Shia.[13][4] Babban bangare na bukukuwan al'ada (majalis, sg. majlis) shine ba da labarin labaran Karbala (rawza-khwani, qiraya), da kuma karatun waƙoƙi da dirges (nawha, niyaha, marsia-khwani), duk an yi niyyar tada tausayi na masu sauraro da kuma motsa su zuwa hawaye.[23][13][24][25][26][5][27] A majlis sau da yawa yakan faru a cikin wani sadaukarwa gini ko tsari, da aka sani daban-daban kamar Husayniya, takiya, imambarah, ko azakhana.[25][28] Wani bangare na tarurrukan makoki shine cin zarafin mahalarta zuwa rhythm na Karbala elegies.[26] Tushen a cikin tsoffin ayyukan Larabawa, nau'ikan nau'ikan kai-fada, buga fuskar mutum da kirji cikin baƙin ciki (latm, sina-zani, matam), sun zama ruwan dare a yau a cikin al'ummomin Shia.[26][17][26][25][29][30] Amma kuma akwai nau'o'in kai-flagellation (tatbir, tiq-zani, qama-zani), inda mahalarta ke kaiwa kansu, yawanci a goshi ko baya, tare da wuƙaƙe, takobi, ko sarƙoƙi waɗanda aka haɗa da razor blade.[30] An haramta shi a Iran da al'ummomin Shia na Lebanon tun daga tsakiyar 90s, malamai da yawa na Shia sun yi Allah wadai da yin amfani da kayan aiki na kai, kuma ya kasance aikin rikici tsakanin Shia.[31][32][25]

Wani al'ada na makoki shine sake nuna labaran Karbala (ta'ziya, shabih-khwani), wanda ake yi a yau a Iran, a yammacin Tekun Gulf, da kuma Lebanon.[33] A kan Tasu'a, sau da yawa irin waɗannan wasannin ana sadaukar da su ga Abbas ibn Ali, ɗan'uwan Husayn kuma mai ɗaukar ma'auni a Yaƙin Karbala.[34] A lokacin Muharram, musamman a kan Ashura, jerin masu makoki (dasta, mawkib) suna tafiya a kan tituna, suna raira waƙoƙi da waƙoƙoƙi, wani lokacin tare da kashe kansu. [26][9][16][22] Misali, a Najaf, Iraki, masu makoki suna tafiya a yammacin Tasu'a zuwa masallacin Ali ibn Abi Talib, imam na farko na Shia, yayin da suke ɗauke da fitilu masu ado.[22] Dangane da yankin, processions kuma suna ɗauke da abubuwa na alam, kamar alam (lit. 'flag'), nakhl (lit. "dandalin kwanan wata"), ta'ziya, da tadjah.[35]. [36][9][48] Alam yana wakiltar tutar Husayn a Karbala, yayin da abubuwa uku na ƙarshe ke nuna alamar akwatinsa ko kabarinsa.[9][35]

  • Mourning rituals on Tasu'a

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanan da ke ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Fakhr-Rohani 2014.
  2. ↑ Plessner 2012.
  3. ↑ Aghaie 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Momen 1985.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pinault 2000.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Aghaie 2007.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Madelung 2004.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Aghaie 2004.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Chelkowski 1985.
  10. ↑ Crow 2016.
  11. ↑ Kennedy 2016.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hyder 2006.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Osman 2014.
  14. ↑ Blank 2001.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Munson 1988.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ayoub 1978.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Nakash 1993.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Bahramian & Bulookbashi 2015.
  19. ↑ Tabatabai 1975.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Sindawi 2002.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Calmard 1982.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Szanto 2018.
  23. ↑ D'Souza 1998.
  24. ↑ Beverley 2011.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Calmard 1987.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Hussain 2005.
  27. ↑ Chelkowski 2012b.
  28. ↑ Campo 2009.
  29. ↑ Pinault 1992.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Flaskerud 2015.
  31. ↑ Szanto 2013.
  32. ↑ Calmard 2004.
  33. ↑ Chelkowski 2012a.
  34. ↑ Ayoub et al. 1988.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Korom & Chelkowski 1994.
  36. ↑ Calmard & Allan 1985.

manazarta

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