Ebenezer Ako-Adjei

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Ebenezer Ako-Adjei
Minister for the Interior of Ghana (en) Fassara

1957 - 1957
← Archie Casely-Hayford - Krobo Edusei →
Member of the 2nd Parliament of the Gold Coast (en) Fassara

15 ga Yuni, 1954 - 17 ga Yuli, 1956
Election: 1954 Gold Coast legislative election (en) Fassara
Minister of Justice of Ghana (en) Fassara


Member of the Parliament of Ghana (en) Fassara


Minister for Foreign Affairs (en) Fassara

Rayuwa
Haihuwa Yankin Gabashi (Ghana), 17 ga Yuni, 1916
ƙasa Ghana
Mutuwa Accra, 14 ga Janairu, 2002
Karatu
Makaranta Lincoln University (en) Fassara
Hampton University (en) Fassara
Columbia University (en) Fassara
Accra Academy
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa, Mai wanzar da zaman lafiya da Lauya
Imani
Addini Presbyterianism (en) Fassara
Kiristanci
Jam'iyar siyasa Convention People's Party (en) Fassara

Dr. Ebenezer Ako Adjei (17 ga Yunin shekarar 1916 - 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2002)[1] ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana ne, ɗan siyasa, lauya kuma ɗan jarida. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta Ghana (sannan Gold Coast).[2] A matsayinsa na uban kafa na Ghana, yana daya daga cikin shugabannin UGCC da aka tsare a lokacin fafutukar neman 'yancin kan Ghana daga Burtaniya, kungiyar da aka fi sani da Manyan Shida.

An kuma haife shi a Adjeikrom, ƙaramin ƙauye a yankin Akyem Abuakwa, Ako Adjei ya yi karatun sa na manyan jami'a a Amurka da Ingila. Bayan karatunsa a ƙasashen waje, ya dawo gida don shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Gold Coast don samun 'yancin siyasa ta hanyar shiga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a matsayin memba na kafa. Ako Adjei ya taka rawa wajen shigar da Kwame Nkrumah cikin fagen siyasar Ghana lokacin da ya bashi shawarar cikakken mukamin Sakataren Shirye -shiryen UGCC.[3]

Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana, Ako Adjei ya yi aiki a wurare daban -daban na siyasa ciki har da zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Adalci na sabuwar ƙasar da aka haifa, Ghana. Ya kuma zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko lokacin da aka canza mukamin daga Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Mayun shekarar 1961. Ako Adjei duk da haka an hana shi harkokin siyasa bayan an tsare shi bisa zargin shirya makircin kashe shugaban kasa na lokacin Kwame Nkrumah a harin bam na Kulungugu a 1962.

Bayan sakinsa a 1966, Ako Adjei ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa cikin duhu. Ya kasance ba a gan shi ko ba a ji ba a cikin bahasin ƙasar Ghana da siyasa. Ya kuma yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan danginsa da aikinsa a matsayin mai aikin shari'a. A cikin shekarar 1992 ya buga tarihin ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Ghana Mr.George Grant.[4] A shekarar 1997 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Star of Ghana- babbar lambar yabo ta kasa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana, saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Ghana. Ako Adjei ya rasu bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya a shekarar 2002.

Rayuwar farko da ilimi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kogin Zinariya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Ebenezer Ako Adjei a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1916 a Adjeikrom a yankin Akyem Abuakwa.[3] Adjeikrom ƙaramin al'umma ne masu aikin gona da aka samu a Yankin Gabashin Ghana (sannan Kogin Zinariya). Mahaifinsa shine Samuel Adjei, manomi kuma dan kasuwa, wanda ake tunanin sunan Ako Adjei inda aka haife shi, kuma mahaifiyarsa Johanna Okaile Adjei. Duk iyayen sun fito ne daga La, wani yanki kusa da tekun bakin teku a Accra. Yana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata da yawa amma shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin yaran mahaifinsa.[5][6]

Iliminsa na farko ya fara ne a Yankin Gabas a Makarantar Firamare ta Busoso Railway, inda ya yi tafiyar mil 14 zuwa makaranta ya dawo gida. An kai shi Accra inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Junior ta La Presbyterian tun daga aji 3. Bai iya yaren Ga wanda shine yaren mahaifiyarsa ba, duk da haka, yana iya karatu da rubuta Twi, kuma yana magana da Dangme. Ya ci gaba a Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian har zuwa 1933 lokacin da ya isa Standard Six. A cikin Maris 1933 ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta wacce ke kan gaba. Ya koma Babban Makarantar La Presbyterian bayan wata guda a Makarantar Grammar Christ Church saboda baya son makarantar.[6]

Daga nan aka shawo kan mahaifinsa don ya tura shi Accra Academy, sannan wata makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta tana ƙoƙarin neman ƙafafunta ta hanyar taimakon matasa masu ƙwazo. A watan Afrilu 1933 ya shiga Accra Academy kuma yana son ta a can. Ya yi tafiyar mil hudu daga La zuwa Jamestown (inda makarantar take a lokacin), saboda ba zai iya biyan kudin motar bas wanda kusan pence biyu ne. A cikin 1934 ya zauna don jarrabawar Junior Cambridge kuma ya wuce. Yayin da yake Accra Academy, ya sami matsala wajen biyan kuɗin littattafan, duk da haka, wani memba na ma’aikatan, Mista Halm Addo (ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar), ya kasance yana taimaka masa da kuɗin littattafai. A watan Disamba, 1936 yana ɗaya daga cikin candidatesan takarar da Accra Academy ta gabatar don Babban Makarantar Cambridge da ta bar Jarrabawar Shedar. Daga cikin 'yan takarar da suka ci jarabawar, guda biyu ne kacal suka samu kebewa daga Hukumar Jarabawar Matriculation London. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan ɗaliban shine Ako Adjei.[6]

Ya yi koyarwa na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Accra a 1937[7] kafin ya shiga ƙaramin ma'aikacin farar hula a watan Yuni 1937. Daga Yuni 1937 zuwa Disamba 1938 ya kasance Babban Jami'in Ma'aikata na Ƙasa na biyu a cikin Ma'aikatan farar hula na Gold Coast. An ba shi aiki don taimakawa Harold Cooper, Mataimakin Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka na Turawa, da JES de Graft-Hayford don tsarawa da kafa Sabis ɗin Watsawa na Gold Coast.[6]

A lokacin da yake karatu a Accra Academy Ako Adjei yana sha’awar aikin jarida, ya rubuta wa jaridar African Morning Post, wata jarida ta Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Najeriya na farko. Azikiwe ya kuma nuna sha'awar sa kuma ya shirya masa karatu a Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka. A watan Nuwamba 1938, ya yi murabus daga aikin farar hula ya tafi Ingila a watan Disambar wannan shekarar.[6]

Amurka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Janairu 1939, ya isa Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania don maraba da K.A.B. Jones-Quartey, ɗalibi daga Gold Coast wanda Ako Adjei ya sani saboda aikinsa tare da Accra Morning Post. Jones-Quartey ya kasance tare da shi don maraba da shi ta wani ɗalibin Gold Coast wanda aka gabatar da shi a matsayin Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah (Kwame Nkrumah). A Jami'ar Lincoln an zaunar da shi a Zauren Houston kuma ya buga wa jami'ar ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa). Ya yi rajista don kwasa -kwasai a Kimiyyar Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki, Sociology, Turanci, Latin da Falsafa.[8]

Ako Adjei ya raba daki ɗaya a Hall Houston tare da Jones-Quartey kuma ɗakinsu yana gaban ɗakin Nkrumah, wanda ya fi girma girma saboda Nkrumah ɗalibi ne na gaba da digiri. Ako Adjei ya kulla alaka ta kud -da -kud da Nkrumah duk da gibin shekaru da da alama akwai tsakanin su. Tare da gungun ɗalibai, galibi suna tattaunawa mai zafi (wanda aka sani da zaman bijimin) game da 'yantar da ƙasashen Afirka daga mamayar mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka waɗanda ke shiga cikin tattaunawar akai-akai akwai Jones-Quartey, Ozuomba Mbadiwe, Nwafor Orizu da Ikechukwu Ikejiani.[8]

Bayan shekara daya da rabi a Lincoln, ya ci nasarar samun gurbin karatu na Asusun Phelps-Stokes don halartar Cibiyar Hampton a Virginia, kuma ya koma can don kammala digirinsa na jami'a. Ya sake samun gurbin karatu a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a watan Yuni 1943. Ya sami aiki a matsayin malami a Sashen Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Fisk ta hanyar taimakon Dr. Edwin W. Smith, mishan. Dokta Smith ya zo daga Ingila don kafa sabuwar sashen kuma ya gayyaci Ako Adjei don ya zama mataimaki a lokacin kafa ta.[8]

Ƙasar Ingila[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ako Adjei ya koma Ingila don ci gaba da burinsa na zama lauya. Aikin koyarwarsa a Jami'ar Fisk ya ba shi kuɗi don yin rajista a Haikali Mai Ciki a farkon watan Mayu 1944. Ko da yake ya sami isasshen kuɗi don fara karatun yana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗi don kammala shi. Mahaifinsa ya yi hayar wani ɗan gidan dangi wanda ke Lane na Ofishin Jakadancin da ke Accra ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Lebanon kan fam 10 a shekara don shekaru hamsin (50) kuma ya ɗauki hayar shekaru talatin (30) a gaba. Mahaifinsa ya mutu kafin a kammala tattaunawar don haka shi da 'yan uwansa sai da suka rattaba hannu kan takardu kafin dan kasuwa na Lebanon ya biya jimlar £ 300.[6]

A Biritaniya, Ako Adjei ya kasance mai sha'awar siyasa mai mulkin mallaka. Bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu, wasu yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Asiya sun sami 'yancin kai, wannan ya sanya daliban mulkin mallaka daga Yammacin Afirka sun fi damuwa da yanayin gida kuma ya sa suka nemi a soke mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Yamma.[6]

Ako Adjei ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Yamma (WASU) kuma ya zama shugabanta.[9][10] Nkrumah ya isa Biritaniya a cikin 1945, 'yan makonni bayan isowarsa London, Ako Adjei ya rutsa da shi a lokacin zagayen sa a matsayin shugaban WASU. Nkrumah yana fuskantar matsalolin masauki kuma a sakamakon haka ya karɓe shi a lambarsa ta No.25 Lauvier Road, har sai ya sami masauki (Nkrumah) a lamba 60 Burghley Road, kusa da Tufnel Park Tube Station. Nkrumah yana zaune a wurin har ya bar London a 1947. Daga nan Ako Adjei ya gabatar da Nkrumah ga WASU da Kojo Botsio wanda daga baya ya zama na hannun daman Nkrumah. Da yake tunawa da kwanakinsa na WASU, Ako Adjei ya ba da labari, “Lokacin da Nkrumah ya isa London na kasance Shugaban WASU a lokacin. Na dauki Nkrumah zuwa Sakatariyar WASU inda na gabatar da shi ga Kankam Boadu da Joe Appiah, wadanda sauran membobin kwamitin zartarwa ne na WASU, da Kojo Botsio wanda a lokacin muka yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Dakunan kwanan dalibai, a No.l South Villas, Garin Camden, London NWI Dole ne in ce zuwan Nkrumah da shiga cikin aikin WASU ya ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar. A kan wannan yanayin ne muka shirya Babban Taron Pan-African Congress wanda aka yi a Manchester a 1945 tare da George Padmore da Nkrumah a matsayin Sakatarorin Hadin gwiwa da ni kaina a matsayin daya daga cikin masu shirya ayyukan. "[5]

Ako Adjei ya yi rajista a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London don M.Sc. shirin digiri yayin karatun doka a Haikali na ciki. An ba da taken taken karatun, The Dynamics of Social Change, duk da haka, karatun, tare da ayyukansa na siyasa sun hana bincikensa saboda ƙuntataccen lokaci.[5]

Ako Adjei ya ci dukkan jarabawar sa ta Bar kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na ciki a cikin Janairu 1947.[6][5]

Koma zuwa Kogin Zinariya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ako Adjei ya dawo Kogin Zinariya a watan Mayu 1947 kuma a watan Yuni 1947, ya yi rajista a mashayar Ghana. Nufinsa na farko shi ne ya kafa "sarkar jaridu" don ci gaba da tayar da zaune tsaye, kwas ɗin da ya sadaukar da kansa yayin da yake London. Duk da haka, bai iya fara jaridu ba saboda yanayin kuɗin sa a lokacin, daga baya ya shiga ɗakin Adumoa-Bossman da Co don yin aiki a matsayin mai aikin lauya mai zaman kansa.[5][6]

United Gold Coast Convention[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan ya zauna a Accra na 'yan kwanaki, ya ziyarci J. B. Danquah wanda a lokacin yana tare da wasu suna tattaunawa kan yiwuwar kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa kuma Ako Adjei ya shiga cikin tattaunawar.[5] Ako Adjei kamar yawancin ɗaliban Gold Coast a Biritaniya a lokacin sun ƙoshi da rahoton jaridar Burtaniya wanda ya haifar da tunanin cewa Gold Coast ita ce mafi aminci a mulkin mallaka.[6] Danquah ya tabbatar masa da cewa ana kan gudanar da ayyuka da dama don kafa ginshikin siyasar kasa.[6]

A cikin kwanaki huɗu da isowarsa gida J.B. Danquah ya ɗauke shi zuwa taron Kwamitin Tsare -Tsare na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC).[6] Daga nan ya zama memba na kwamitin kuma a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1947 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da babban taron a Saltpond, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobi. A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 1947, aka kaddamar da reshen taron na Accra kuma aka zabe shi sakatare tare da Edward Akufo-Addo a matsayin shugaban kasa da Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey tare da J. Quist-Therson a matsayin mataimakan shugaban kasa. Yayin da membobin babban taron ke ƙaruwa, manyan membobin sun yanke shawarar cewa ya fi kyau a canza motsi zuwa wata ƙungiya ta siyasa. A sakamakon haka, akwai bukatar sakatare na cikakken lokaci. J. B. Danquah ya ba da shawarar Ako Adjei, duk da haka, ya ƙi tayin saboda dalilan gudanar da jaridarsa ta African National Times da yin aikin lauya tare. Daga baya ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar Sakatariyar Ƙasa ta Yammacin Afirka (WANS) a 94 Grays 'Inn, London.[5]

A cewar Ako Adjei ya ba da shawarar Kwame Nkrumah saboda ya girma ya san ƙwarewar ƙungiyarsa kuma ya san zai yi sha'awar aikin. Wannan saboda, kafin ya bar London zuwa Accra Nkrumah ya gaya masa:

"Ako kuna kan gaba da ni. Lokacin da kuka isa yankin Gold Coast kuma akwai wani aiki da kuke tunanin zan iya yi, sanar da ni nan da nan don in zo in yi aiki na ɗan lokaci; ajiye kuɗi kaɗan sannan in dawo zuwa London don kammala karatuna na doka a Gray 'Inn. "

Wannan alkawari ne da ya ɗauka don haka lokacin da ya ji cikakken aikin babban sakataren bai yi jinkirin ba shi shawara ba. Taron ya karɓi shawararsa kuma ya rubuta wa Nkrumah game da hakan sannan daga baya ya aiko masa da fam 100 wanda George Alfred Grant, wanda ya kafa, shugaban ƙasa kuma mai ba da kuɗi na UGCC ya bayar don tafiyarsa zuwa Gold Coast. Bayan isowar Nkrumah, Ako Adjei ya gabatar da shi ga manyan membobin jam'iyyar: "Ya isa a watan Disamba 1947 kuma na gabatar da shi ga G. Grant, J. B. Danquah, R. S. Blay da sauran membobin UGCC."[5]

Manyan Shida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lokacin da Nkrumah ya zama mukamin babban sakataren UGCC sai ya fara ƙaddamar da matakai don faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka da haɓaka membobinta.[5] Manyan membobin UGCC sun kuma nuna sha’awa ta musamman ga halin tsoffin ma’aikatan da ba su karɓi abubuwan tunawa da su ba bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.[11] Tsofaffin yaƙin duniya sun gayyace su don tarurrukan tsoffin mayaƙan su kuma a lokuta daban -daban an mai da su baƙi.[11] Saboda kyakyawan mu'amala da fahimtar juna tsakanin bangarorin biyu, lauyoyin cikin 'yan siyasar UGCC sun taimaka wa tsoffin ma'aikatan su rubuta takardar koken su ga gwamnan.[11] Gabatar da koken a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1948 ya haifar da harbin kan titi wanda a lokacin ya yi daidai da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III (Osu Alata Mantse) ya jagoranci kamfen na kauracewa sakamakon rikicin na Accra na 1948.[5]

Ako Adjei da sauran manyan membobin UGCC wato JB Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, Edward Akufo-Addo, William Ofori Atta da Kwame Nkrumah, wadanda daga baya aka fi sani da Manyan Shida, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sa aka kama su tare da zarge su. don tashin hankalin da ke faruwa a cikin mazaunin kuma Ako Adjei an tsare shi a Navrongo.[5] Sakin Big Six ya ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Nkrumah da sauran membobin UGCC da Nkrumah daga ƙarshe suka rabu a 1949 don samun Convention People's Party (CPP). Ako Adjei duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama tare da UGCC sannan daga baya ya zama mai sukar Nkrumah a jaridunsa, African National Times da Star of Ghana.[5]

Zaben 1951 da Jam'iyyar Congress ta Ghana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin yankin Gold Coast na 1951, Ako Adjei ya tsaya akan tikitin UGCC don wakiltar gundumar zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Tsakiya a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 1,451 yayin da Nkrumah (CPP) 20,780, T. Hutton Mills '(CPP) 19,812, da Emmanuel Obetsebi Lamptey (UGCC) 1,630.[5] Biyo bayan nuna rashin gamsuwa da UGCC a zaɓen, ya shiga cikin wasu don roƙon haɗuwar jam’iyyun adawa. Ya zama Sakataren Jam'iyyar Ghana Congress Party (GCP) lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Mayun 1952. Bayan wani lokaci tare da GCP, Ako Adjei ya ki halartar tarurruka yayin da ake ta sukar sa akai -akai saboda gabatar da Nkrumah don bata UGGC.[5][12]

Convention People's Party[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Maris 1953 Ako Adjei ya sha wuya ga matsin lamba daga abokai kamar E. C. Quaye, Sonny Provencal da Paul Tagoe, kuma ya yarda ya shiga Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Babban Taro. A farkon Maris 1953 an gabatar da shi a cikin babban taro a Arena, Accra inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na farko akan dandamali a matsayin memba na CPP.[5]

A lokacin zaben majalisar dokokin Gold Coast na 1954, ya tsaya kan tikitin CPP don wakiltar Accra Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast. Ya samu kuri'u 11,660 yayin da Nai Tete ya samu 768, Kwamla Armah-Kwarteng ya samu 471, da Nii Kwabena Bonnie III ya samu kuri'u 317.[5] Ya shiga majalisa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1954.

Bayan rikodin sa a rumfunan zaɓe yayin zaɓen 1954, Ako Adjei ya zama memba a majalisar ministocin Gold Coast a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1954 ta Nkrumah, wanda a lokacin shine firayim minista kuma shugaban kasuwancin gwamnati. An nada shi ministan kasuwanci da kwadago.[13] Daya daga cikin dalilan nadin nasa shine kasancewar shi ɗan aji ne da ba a wakilta a cikin CPP, kasancewar shi mai hankali da ƙwazo a aji na tsakiya, ana ɗaukar matakin a matsayin dabarar jawo mutane na matsayin sa zuwa CPP. . A matsayinsa na Ministan Kasuwanci da Kwadago, ya kasance yana da alhakin fannoni da dama na rayuwar kasar nan, ya kasance yana kula da Hukumar Talla da Noma, Kwamitin Talla na koko, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Masana’antu, Kungiyoyin Kwadago da Hadin gwiwa.[5]

A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 1956, an nada shi Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci, matsayin da Archie Casely-Hayford ya fara rike shi da farko. A waccan shekarar, an sake zaɓen shi a zaɓen majalisa na Gold Coast na 1956 don wakiltar yankin zaɓen gundumar Accra ta Gabas a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast.

Buga 'yancin Ghana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ministan cikin gida da shari'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Majalisar ministocin Ghana ta farko a 1957Tsaye (Hagu zuwa Dama): J. H. Allassani, N.A. Welbeck, Kofi Asante Ofori-Atta, Ebenezer Ako-Adjei, J.E. Jantuah, Imoru EgalaZauna (Hagu zuwa Dama): A. Casely-Hayford, Kojo Botsio, Kwame Nkrumah, Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, E.O. Asafu-Adjaye

Bayan samun 'yancin kan Ghana a ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin Dakta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi manyan nade -nade a majalisar ministoci, duk da haka, Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da kasancewa Ministan Cikin Gida da Adalci,[14] wanda aka raba bayan watanni shida. A watan Agustan 1957, an raba Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Adalci zuwa Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Ma’aikatar Shari’a. Ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida Krobo Edusei ce ke jagoranta yayin da Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Shari'a.[15] An ji jita-jitar cewa Nkrumah, Firayim Minista na wancan lokacin ne ya ɗauki wannan matakin, saboda Ako Adjei duk da cewa Ga da kansa ana ganinsa a matsayin "mai taushin hali" don magance matsalolin da Ga-Adangbe Shifimo Kpee (ƙungiya mai ƙabilanci) ta haifar, wanda aka kaddamar ba da dadewa ba a Accra.[16] Wasu sun kasance masu gamsarwa game da sabon nadin nasa suna ganin yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayin da zai magance al'amurran da suka shafi bangaren shari'a na Ghana a matsayin ƙwararren lauya.[16] A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, shi ne ke da alhakin ayyukan Kwamitin Kafa Ƙasa, al'amuran kuɗi da na minista dangane da Kotun Koli, Kotun cikin gida da Dokar Al'ada, da hanyoyin ketare.[15]

Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan shekara guda, Ako Adjei ya koma Ma'aikatar Kwadago da Hadin Gwiwa.[17] A matsayinsa na Ministan Kwadago da Hadin Kai, ya taimaka wa kungiyar kwadago ta Ghana wajen samar da sabbin gine -gine da suka ci gaba har zuwa yau. A lokacin da yake kan wannan mukami ya kan jagoranci wakilan Ghana zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[18]

Ministan Mahalli a Guinea kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Fabrairun 1959, Ako Adjei ya maye gurbin Nathaniel Azarco Welbeck a matsayin Ministan Gini. Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin babban wakilin Ghana a Guinea, an nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Afrilun wannan shekarar.[19] Ya rike mukaman biyu a matsayin ministan mazaunin Ghana a Guinea da kuma ministan harkokin waje na Ghana har zuwa watan Satumba 1959 lokacin da aka sauke shi daga mukaminsa a Guinea.[19] An maye gurbinsa da J. H. Allassani a matsayin Ministan Mahalli na Guinea.[20]

A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1961, Ako Adjei yana birnin New York lokacin da Nkrumah shugaban Ghana na lokacin ya sanar a cikin watsa shirye -shiryen asuba cewa ya cire Harkokin Afirka daga ikon Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje ta haka ya nada Imoru Egala a matsayin karamin Ministan Afirka. Al'amura, wani matsayi da Egala ya riƙe na ɗan gajeren lokaci ba tare da wanda zai gaje shi ba.[21] Ako Adjei ya dawo Ghana ba tare da izini ba don roƙon hanyarsa don ƙarin daidaiton manufofin ƙasashen waje. Ya yi imani cewa makasudin hadin kan Afirka ba zai zama gaskiya ba idan aka nisanta dangantakar Afirka daga ma'aikatar sa.[21] Kokarinsa, na mayar da shawarar shugaban kasa, ya ci tura.[21]

A watan Mayu 1961 aka canza fayil ɗin Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa Ministan Harkokin Waje.[19] Ta haka Ako Adjei ya zama Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana na farko a jamhuriya ta farko.[22] A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin wajen Ghana na farko, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofin ketare na kasar da matakin da kasashen duniya ke dauka. A cewar Sheikh I. C. Quaye, ya "taimaka wajen aza harsashin dangantakar mu ta duniya a lokacin yakin sanyi lokacin da kasar ke bukatar tafiya da igiyar diflomasiyya ba tare da son kai ba".[23] Kwesi Armah da ke yin tunani game da lokacin Ako Adjei a ofis ya ce "ya gabatar da hoto mai kyau na Ghana kuma da ƙarfi ya gabatar da matsayin Ghana ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran taron ƙasa da ƙasa."[24]

A matsayinsa na Ministan Harkokin Waje, ya ba da sanarwar kauracewa kayyayaki, jiragen ruwa da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa cikin kasar, ya kuma ci gaba da cewa za a ba 'yan Afirka ta Kudu damar shiga kasar ne kawai idan sun ayyana adawa da wariyar launin fata.[25] A lokacin da yake rike da mukami a ma'aikatar, Ako Adjei ya yi kira da "Hadin gwiwar Kasashen Afirka, don samar da tsarin da duk wani shiri na hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a zahiri zai iya aiki da shi.[26] A yayin taron Ministocin Harkokin Waje na Afirka a Addis Ababa a watan Yunin 1960, ya ba da shawarar manufar "cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa" ga Afirka kuma ya himmatu ga kafa Ƙungiyar Kwastam ta Afirka, Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka, da Asusun Ci gaban Afirka; Manufofin da suka yi daidai da waɗannan shawarwarin sun sami karbuwa daga Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) wanda aka haifa yayin da yake cikin kurkuku a 1963 da Tarayyar Afirka (AU) waɗanda suka gaji OAU a 2001.[3]

Ako Adjei ya ci gaba da rike Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje har zuwa watan Agustan 1962 lokacin da aka tuhume shi da cin amanar kasa dangane da harin bam na Kulungugu, yunkurin kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban kasa na lokacin, Dakta Kwame Nkrumah a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962. Nkrumah ya maye gurbinsa. ta hanyar ɗaukar mukamin Ministan Harkokin Waje a 1962.[27]

Shari'ar cin amanar kasa da tsarewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wurin a Kulungugu inda aka jefa bam din a kokarin kashe shugaban kasa na lokacin Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

Kwame Nkrumah ya tafi Tenkodogo a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1962 don yin taro da Maurice Yameogo shugaban Upper Volta yanzu Burkina Faso. Taron ya kasance don tattauna ƙarin shirye -shiryen kawar da shingen kwastam tsakanin Ghana da Upper Volta. Yunkurin da ake ganin ƙaramin mataki ne ga haɗin kan Pan-Afirka. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya rikitar da dawowar dawowar daga Tenkodogo a ranar 1 ga Agustan 1962, lamarin da ya sa umarnin da aka saba yi na jerin gwanon ya lalace a kan mummunan hanyar da ta hada kasashen biyu. An ba da rahoton cewa an jefa bam a kan shugaban a Kulungugu, wani gari a Yankin Sama na Ghana lokacin da aka tilasta masa tsayawa ya karbi bouquet daga wani karamin yaro.[3]

Ako Adjei, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje, tare da Tawia Adamafio, sannan Ministan Watsa Labarai, Hugh Horatio Cofie Crabbe, sannan Babban Sakataren CPP, Joseph Yaw Manu, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma ana zargin memba ne na United Party (UP) da Robert Benjamin Otchere , tsohon dan majalisar UP, ana zarginsa da yunkurin kashe shugaban.[3]

Kotun Koli ta yi wa Ako Adjei, Tawiah Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe tuhuma kan cewa hujjojin da aka gabatar a kansu sun kasance na yanayi da yaudara, kuma sun fi mai da hankali kan rarrabuwar kawuna a Convention People's Party(CPP) a matsayin tushen su zargi.[3] Wani dan majalisar Ghana ya bayyana laifin nasu kamar haka:

"A cikin tafiya ... zuwa wurin da abin ya faru, su (Adamafio, Crabbe, da Ako Adjei), sun ware kansu daga Jagoran, wanda suka manne a baya gaba ɗaya tamkar masoyan sa ne. Sun hau cikin motoci daban -daban kuma suna da ɗaruruwan yadudduka sun bar Shugaban a baya. "

— Francis Edward Techie-Mensona cikin wani jawabi ga Majalisar a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1962.[3]

An ce sake tabbatar da shari'ar ya zama dole saboda shaidar wani firist wanda ya zargi mutanen uku da hada baki don kashe shugaban.[3]

Alkalai uku da suka wanke mutanen uku - Mai shari'a Sir. Kobina Arku Korsah, Justice Edward Akufo-Addo (Manyan Shida) da Mai Shari'a Kofi Adumua Bossman-daga baya an tilasta musu yin murabus. An kori wasu alkalai guda biyu, William Bedford Van Lare da Robert Samuel Blay (wanda ya kafa kungiyar United Gold Coast Convention) saboda nuna rashin amincewa da korar alkalan uku. Daga nan Nkrumah ya ci mutuncin alkalan mutane 12 karkashin Mai Shari'a Julius Sarkodee-Addo,[28] wanda ya sami wanda aka wanke, laifin da ya danganci shaidar firist na cikin. A sakamakon haka ne aka yankewa Ako Adjei da wasu biyun hukuncin kisa, duk da haka, shugaban ya sauya hukuncin zuwa daurin rai-da-rai sannan daga baya, zaman gidan yari na shekaru 20 a wani jawabi ga majalisar a ranar 26 ga Maris 1965.[3][5][28]

Ako Adjei yana yin tunani game da taron 1 ga Agusta 1962 yana da wannan cewa:

"Na yi laifi kuma na san cewa abokaina guda biyu, Tawia Adamafio da Cofie Crabbe suma ba su da laifi. Abin da ya faru shi ne na raka Nkrumah a matsayina na Ministan Harkokin Waje zuwa wani ƙaramin taro tsakanin Shugaba Nkrumah da Shugaba Yameogo a Tenkudugu a iyakar arewa tsakanin Togo, Ghana da Upper Volta a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1962. A lokacin dawowar mu, ina cikin jam'iyyar Shugaban kasa wacce ta tsaya ba tare da bata lokaci ba a wata karamar makaranta a Kulungugu. Cikin 'yan mintoci kadan bayan da Shugaban ya sauka sannan ya karbi bouquet daga wani yaro dan makaranta, an jefa masa gurneti. Yaron marar laifi ya sami bugun kai tsaye kuma an kashe shi nan take. An yi sa’a, gurneti na hannu ya rasa Shugaban duk da cewa wasu pellets sun sami hanyar baya. Mun samu Osagyefo zuwa Bawku inda daga baya aka tura shi Tamale. Komawa Accra komai ya tafi daidai. Kuma a karshen watan Yulin 1962 na sami takarda daga Dokta Okechuku Ekejeani, tsohon abokin aiki a Jami'ar Lincoln kuma abokin Nkrumah da ni kaina. Yana tafiya daga Landan kuma ya aika da katin waya a cikin jirgin sa ga Shugaban ƙasa da ni. Lokacin da na nuna wa Nkrumah wayata, sai ya ce in je masa in aike shi gidana in yi masa nishadi a madadinsa. Zan zo da shi washegari gidan Flagstaff don wani liyafar kafin ya tafi Legas da rana. Muna nishadantar da shi a waccan Laraba, 29 ga Agusta, 1962 lokacin da aka kama ni aka tafi da ni. Tsawon shekaru hudu masu zuwa Allah ne kaɗai ya san abin da ya faru da ni. ”[5]

Ako Adjei tare da abokan aikinsa guda uku suna daga cikin fursunonin siyasa da dama da National Liberation Council ta sake bayan hambarar da shugaba Nkrumah da Gwamnatin Republican ta farko a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1966. An sake shi daga tsarewar da aka yi masa a gidan yari na Tsaron Tsaro na Nsawam a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1966 ta hanyar afuwa daga National Liberation Council.[3][5]

Rayuwa daga baya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A jajibirin fitowarsa daga gidan yarin Nsawam a 1966, Ako Adjei ya bar siyasa gaba daya bayan gogewa gaba daya; abin da ya yi imani ya kasance zargin ƙarya ne da lokacin ɗaurin kurkuku. Bayan an sake shi, ya sadaukar da kansa ga danginsa da rayuwarsa ta doka.[5]

Ya mai da hankali sosai ga matarsa ​​da yaransa. A cewarsa, matarsa ​​da yaransa sun taimaka sosai a lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a, aka sake gurfanar da shi sannan aka daure shi.[5]

Ya kuma sake tsara rayuwarsa ta kwararru, ya yi nasarar sake tsara dakunansa, Teianshi Chambers, sannan ya sake fara aikin zaman kansa a matsayin likitan doka.[5]

Bayan juyin mulkin soji na biyu a Ghana, Supreme Military Council ta sanya Ako-Adjei a matsayin mamba a hukumar don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Ghana.

A cewar The Ghanaian Chronicle, karo na ƙarshe da aka ga Ako Adjei a cikin kowane babban taro shine a cikin manyan mutanen da tsohon shugaban ƙasa Rawlings ya shirya a ƙarshen lokacin mulkinsa. Saboda halin da yake ciki a lokacin, danginsa sun hana manema labarai damar yin hira da shi.[29]

Mutuwa da binne jihar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ako Adjei shine mamba na ƙarshe na shahararren Manyan Shida da ya mutu. Bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya, ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2002 a Asibitin Koyarwa na Korle-Bu, yana ɗan shekara 85. Ya rasu ya bar mata da ‘ya’ya hudu.[3]

Mutuwar sa ta yi yabo daga gwamnatocin jihohi ciki har da shugaban kasar Ghana na lokacin, John Agyekum Kufour wanda ya bayyana cewa za a yi masa jana'izar jihar.[3][30] Ya ce “al’umma na da godiya ga Dokta Ako-Adjei a matsayin gwarzo, wanda ya bauta wa kasa tun yana matashi, don mulkin dimokuradiyya a nan gaba. A matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan shida a tarihin siyasar Ghana, rasuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo karshen zagayen farko na tarihi dangane da matsanancin yanayin siyasa a kasar a wancan lokacin. Amma ba za a iya share tunanin wancan zamanin ba ".Ya kuma kara da cewa" Sun kaddamar da tsarin jam'iyyun siyasa wanda gwamnati ke amfana da shi. 'Yan Ghana da ke cin gajiyar wannan babban abin gado da nasarori ya zama wajibi su bi sahun dangin da aka yi wa rasuwa don yiwa Dokta Ako-Adjei jana'izar da ta dace a jihar".[30]

Babban Lauyan Janar na lokacin kuma Ministan Shari’a kuma shugaban kasar Ghana na yanzu, Nana Akufo-Addo ya jinjinawa ya ce; "Mutuwar Dakta Ako-Adjei ya kawo ƙarshen zamanin magabatan ƙasar kuma 'yan Ghana yanzu an bar su da kansu don tsira." Ya kara da cewa "hangen nesan da ya basu karfin gwiwa don tabbatar da mulkin dimokradiyya na yanci yanzu ya mamaye kasar, sun yi wa kasarmu ayyuka da yawa kuma yana daya daga cikin jaruman kasar nan".[30] Yayin da Marigayi Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey, Ministan Watsa Labarai na wancan lokacin shi ma yana da wannan magana: "ba a goge babin zamanin Manyan Shida ba tare da mutuwar Dokta Ako-Adjei saboda abubuwan da suka samu suna samuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Akwai da yawa daga cikin 'yan Ghana tare da Manyan Shida, waɗanda suka yi fafutukar tabbatar da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya."[30]

Jana'izar jaha[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar da aka binne shi, dukkan tutoci sun tashi sama-sama don girmama shi.[30] An gudanar da hidimar jana'izar jihar a farfajiyar gidan gwamnatin jihar. Wadanda suka halarci bikin akwai 'yan siyasa,' yan majalisa, ministocin jihohi, membobin Majalisar Jiha, kungiyar diflomasiyya, sarakuna, dangi, abokai da masu tausayawa.[29]

Shugaban kasa na wancan lokacin, Kufour ya sanya furanni a madadin gwamnati da mutanen Ghana, Mista Hackman Owusu-Agyeman, sannan Ministan Harkokin Waje sannan ya ajiye wani a madadin Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje, Mista Paul Adu-Gyamfi, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta kasar Ghana ya ajiye furanni na uku a madadin kungiyar yayin da wani dan uwa ya ajiye furanni na hudu a madadin dangin mamatan.[29]

Joseph Henry Mensah, sannan Babban Minista, ya karanta harajin gwamnati, yana mai cewa:

"Dakta Ako Adjei yana cikin wadanda suka bayyana mafarkin hadin kan Afirka da tashin hankalin siyasa a cikin kasar. Bayan ficewar jam'iyyar Convention Peoples Party (CPP) daga United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), Dakta Ako-Adjei ya zama gadar tsakanin ƙungiyoyin siyasa guda biyu. Ghana ta yi hasarar ƙima saboda ba za ta iya amfana da gogewarsa da hikimar da ba ta da tabbas. Lokacin da muka yi koyi da rayuwarsa mun yanke shawarar ba za mu sake samun wani mutum tsayinsa ya sha wahala ƙaddararsa ba."[29]

Bayan jana'izar jihar, an gudanar da jana'izar sirri a kabarin Cocin Holy Trinity Church of God, Okoman, Dome, a Accra.[31]

Rayuwar mutum[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ako Adjei ya auri Theodosia Ako Adjei (née Kote-Amon) kuma tare suke da 'ya'ya mata huɗu. Shi Kirista ne kuma memba na Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana. A matsayinsa na Kirista, ya yi imani kuma ya nanata a matsayin falsafar rayuwarsa cewa Allah ne ke sarrafa dukkan al'amuran kuma yana da manufa ga kowa a duniya. "Don haka abin da kowane mutum zai yi shine ya ƙyale Allah ya yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don bauta masa."[5]

Daraja[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • A cikin 1946, an mai da shi memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya[32]
  • A cikin 1952 an sanya shi memba na Cibiyar Kimiyya da Siyasa ta Amurka[32]
  • A 1962 an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Laws daga almajirinsa, Jami'ar Lincoln, Pennsylvania, Amurka[33]
  • A ranar 7 ga Maris 1997 a matsayin wani bangare na bikin cika shekaru 40 da samun 'yancin kai na Ghana, Ako Adjei ya ba Jami'in Order of the Star of Ghana - lambar girmamawa mafi girma ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta hannun shugaban kasar na lokacin Jerry John Rawlings saboda "gudummawar da ya bayar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kan Ghana"[3]
  • A cikin 1999, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award ga Fitattun Jihohi.[23]

Gada[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An canza masa suna Musayar Ako Adjei a Accra, wanda a da can ne Musayar Sankara.[34][35] Hakanan akwai filin shakatawa na Ako-Adjei a Osu, Accra.

Sa farashi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

"Ghana ita ce ƙasarmu. Ba mu da inda za mu je. Anan ne Allah ya sanya mu kuma tun da farko mun gane wannan shi ne mafi alheri a gare mu duka."[3]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Duodu, Cameron (March 2002). "Ako Adjei--the Walking History of Ghana:Cameron Duodu on One of the Founding Fathers of Ghanaian Independence Who Died in Accra on 14 January". New African. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  2. ↑ "Ghana pays tribute to founders' - Graphic Online". www.graphic.com.gh (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Ellison, Kofi (22 February 2002). "Dr. Ebenezer Ako Adjei - An Appreciation". Ghana Web. Ghana Home Page. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
  4. ↑ Adjei, Ako (1992). Life and work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant) (in Turanci). Accra: Waterville Pub. House. ISBN 978-9964-5-0233-1. OCLC 32650474.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 Vieta, Kojo T. (1999). The Flagbearers of Ghana:Profiles of One Hundred Distinguished Ghanaians. Ena Publications. p. 56. ISBN 9789988001384.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Ofosu-Appiah, L H (1974). The life and times of Dr. J. B. Danquah. Waterville Pub. House. p. 64.
  7. ↑ Segal, Ronald (1961). Political Africa:A Who's who of Personalities and Parties. Praeger. p. 7.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Chinebuah, Aidoohene Blay (2017). Ghana's Pride and Glory:Biography of Some Eminent Ghanaian Personalities and Sir Gordon Guggisberg. Graphic Communications. p. 218.
  9. ↑ "Dr. Ako Adjei-Founder member of UGCC". ghanaculture.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  10. ↑ "Six Lessons From Ghana's Big Six". newsghana.com.gh. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "The Contribution Of The Veteran Towards Independence". News Ghana. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  12. ↑ Botwe-Asamoah, Kwame (17 June 2013). Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-Cultural Thought and Politics:An African-Centered Paradigm for the Second Phase of the African Revolution. Routledge. p. 98. ISBN 9780415948333.
  13. ↑ Ministry of Trade and Labour (1955). Gold Coast, Handbook on Trade and Commerce. p. 3.
  14. ↑ Rathbone, Richard (2000). Nkrumah & the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951-60. ISBN 9780821413067.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nkrumah, Kwame (1957). Ghana's Policy at Home and Abroad:Text of Speech Given in the Ghana Parliament, August 29, 1957, by Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister. Information Office, Embassy of Ghana. p. 13.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "New Commonwealth, Volume 38". Tothill Press. 1960: 3. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ↑ "Ghana Today, Volumes 1-2". Information Section, Ghana Office. 1957: 11. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ "Ghana Today, Volumes 1-2". Information Section, Ghana Office. 1957: 2. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Grilli, Matteo (6 August 2018). Nkrumaism and African Nationalism:Ghana's Pan-African Foreign Policy in the Age of Decolonization. Springer. p. 112. ISBN 9783319913254.
  20. ↑ Thompson, W. S. (1969). Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957-1966: Diplomacy Ideology, and the New State. p. 75. ISBN 9781400876303.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Thompson, W. S. (1969). Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957-1966: Diplomacy Ideology, and the New State. p. 199. ISBN 9781400876303.
  22. ↑ Ebenezer, Ako Adjei (1992). Life and work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant). Waterville Publishing House. p. 34. ISBN 9789964502331.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Sankara Interchange re-named after Dr. Ako Adjei". www.modernghana.com. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  24. ↑ Armah, Kwesi (2004). Peace Without Power: Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957-1966. p. 20.
  25. ↑ Asamoah, Obed (2014). The Political History of Ghana (1950-2013): The Experience of a Non-Conformist. p. 106. ISBN 9781496985637.
  26. ↑ Akinyemi, A. Bolaji (1974). Foreign Policy and Federalism: The Nigerian Experience. p. 160.
  27. ↑ Asamoah, Obed (2014). The Political History of Ghana (1950-2013): The Experience of a Non-Conformist. p. 57. ISBN 9781496985637.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Asamoah, Obed (2014). The Political History of Ghana (1950-2013): The Experience of a Non-Conformist. p. 55. ISBN 9781496985637.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Ako Adjei Laid to Rest". Ghana Web. Ghana Home Page. 24 February 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 "Dr Ako-Adjei would be given state burial - JAK". Ghanaweb. 18 January 2002. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  31. ↑ "Ghana: Ako Adjei Laid to Rest". AllAfrica. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Ghana Year Book 1959". Ghana Year Book. Graphic Corporation: 143. 1959.
  33. ↑ "Ako-Adjei, Ebenezer". Biographies. S9.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
  34. ↑ "Sankara Interchange re-named after Dr. Ako Adjei". Modern Ghana (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  35. ↑ "Sankara Overpass Renamed After Ako Adjei". Modern Ghana (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-26.
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