Tarayyar Sobiyet
 Tarayyar Sobiyet | |||||
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| Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (ru) | |||||
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| Take | State Anthem of the Soviet Union (en)  (1 ga Janairu, 1944-26 Disamba 1991) | ||||
| Kirari | «Workers of the world, unite! (en) » | ||||
| Suna saboda | soviet (en) , socialism (en) da jamhuriya | ||||
| Wuri | |||||
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| Territory claimed by (en) | Lua error a mw.lua, layi na 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'. | ||||
| Babban birni | Moscow | ||||
| Yawan mutane | |||||
| Faɗi | 293,047,571 (1989) | ||||
| • Yawan mutane | 13.08 mazaunan/km² | ||||
| Demonym (en) | Lua error a mw.lua, layi na 656: invalid value (nil) at index 1 in table for 'concat'. | ||||
| Harshen gwamnati | Rashanci Harshan Ukraniya Belarusian (en) | ||||
| Addini | secular state (en) | ||||
| Labarin ƙasa | |||||
| Yawan fili | 22,402,200 km² | ||||
| Sun raba iyaka da | Czechoslovakia (en) Finland Iran Turkiyya Mongolian People's Republic (en) Sin Koriya ta Arewa Afghanistan Japan Poland Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (mul) (6 ga Faburairu, 1946-29 Disamba 1989)Bulgairiya Socialist Republic of Romania (en) Tarayyar Amurka Romainiya Dai-Nippon Teikoku (mul) Interwar Estonia (en) Republic of Lithuania (en) Interwar Latvia (en) Nazi Germany (en) (28 Satumba 1939-30 ga Yuli, 1941)Hungariya Second Polish Republic (en) (1922-5 ga Faburairu, 1946)
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| Bayanan tarihi | |||||
| Mabiyi | Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (en) da Interwar Latvia (en) | ||||
| Wanda ya samar | Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (en) , Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (en) , Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка (mul) da Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (en) | ||||
| Ƙirƙira | 30 Disamba 1922 | ||||
| Rushewa | 26 Disamba 1991 | ||||
| Ta biyo baya | Rasha, Ukraniya, Belarus, MOldufiniya, Georgia, Armeniya, Azerbaijan, Kazakystan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Istoniya, Laitfiya da Lithuania | ||||
| Muhimman sha'ani | Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (en) (30 Disamba 1922)dissolution of the Soviet Union (en) (26 Disamba 1991)Belovezh Accords (en) (8 Disamba 1991)Great Patriotic War (en) New Economic Policy (en) perestroika (en) Era of Stagnation (en) Yakin Duniya na II 1924 Soviet Constitution (en)
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| Ranakun huta | |||||
| Tsarin Siyasa | |||||
| Tsarin gwamnati | soviet republic (en) , parliamentary republic (en) , one-party state (en) , tarayya da dictatorship of the proletariat (en) | ||||
| Gangar majalisa | Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (en) | ||||
| • Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (en) | Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (en) (30 Disamba 1922) | ||||
| • Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (en) | Vladimir Lenin (6 ga Yuli, 1923) | ||||
| Ikonomi | |||||
| Kuɗi | Soviet ruble (en) | ||||
| Bayanan Tuntuɓa | |||||
| Suna ta yanar gizo | .su | ||||
| Lambar ƙasa | no value da SU | ||||
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Kungiyar Sobiyet wato Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), ƙungiya ce wacce ta mamaye ƙasashe da nahiyoyi wacce ta mamaye mafi akasarin yankin Eurasia tun daga shekara ta 1922 har zuwa shekarar ta alif 1991.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cikakken bayani kan Tarayyar Sobiyet (USSR)
Tarayyar Sobiyet (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – USSR) wata babbar ƙasa ce da ta kasance daga 30 ga Disamban shekarar 1922 zuwa 26 ga Disamba, 1991. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi a tarihin duniya, inda ta mamaye yanki mai faɗi daga Gabashin Turai zuwa Arewacin Asiya. Faɗin ƙasarta ya kai kusan kilomita murabba'i miliyan 22.4, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a duniya a lokacin.
Asalin kafuwa
Tarayyar Sobiyet ta samo asali ne bayan Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na shekarar 1917, lokacin da jam'iyyar Bolshevik ƙarƙashin jagorancin Vladimir Lenin ta karɓi mulki daga gwamnatin wucin gadi. Bayan shekaru na yaƙin basasa tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da masu adawa, an kafa Tarayyar Sobiyet a ranar 30 ga Disamban shekarar 1922.
Da farko ta ƙunshi jamhuriyoyi huɗu:
Rasha (Russian SFSR)
Ukraine
Belarus
Transcaucasian SFSR (wanda daga baya ya kasu zuwa Armenia, Azerbaijan da Georgia)
Daga baya ƙarin jamhuriyoyi suka shiga har suka kai 15.
Tsarin mulki
Tarayyar Sobiyet ta kasance ƙasa mai bin tsarin kwaminisanci. Jam'iyyar Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) ce kaɗai ke da ikon mulki. Shugabannin ƙasar sun haɗa da:
Vladimir Lenin
Joseph Stalin
Nikita Khrushchev
Leonid Brezhnev
Mikhail Gorbachev
Tattalin arziki
USSR ta gudanar da tattalin arzikinta ne ta hanyar tsarin tsare-tsaren gwamnati. Gwamnati ce ke mallakar:
Manyan masana'antu
Gonaki
Ma'adinai
Hanyoyin sufuri
Bankuna
An fi mai da hankali kan masana'antu masu nauyi, makamashi, ƙarafa, da aikin soja.
Sojoji da makaman nukiliya
Tarayyar Sobiyet ta gina ɗaya daga cikin manyan rundunonin sojoji a duniya. Ta mallaki:
Makaman nukiliya masu yawa
Tankokin yaƙi
Jiragen sama na yaƙi
Jiragen ruwa na soja
Ta kasance babbar ƙasa mai fafatawa da United States a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki.
Yaƙin Cacar Baki
Daga bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu har zuwa shekarar 1991, Tarayyar Sobiyet da Amurka sun shiga gasa ta siyasa, tattalin arziƙi, fasaha da makamai. Wannan lokaci ana kiransa Yaƙin Cacar Baki (Cold War).
Duk da cewa ba su yi yaƙi kai tsaye ba, sun yi gogayya a fannoni daban-daban kuma suka goyi bayan ɓangarori masu saɓani a yaƙe-yaƙe na wasu ƙasashe.
Nasarorin kimiyya
Tarayyar Sobiyet ta zama ta farko a abubuwa da dama:
Ta ƙaddamar da Sputnik 1, tauraron dan Adam na farko a duniya (1957).
Yuri Gagarin ya zama mutum na farko da ya shiga sararin samaniya a shekarar 1961.
Ta samar da manyan masana a fannin lissafi, kimiyya da injiniya.
Al'umma da ilimi
Gwamnati ta samar da:
Ilimi kyauta
Kiwon lafiya kyauta
Tallafin gidaje
Ayyukan yi ga yawancin jama'a
Sai dai kuma akwai ƙarancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na kafafen yaɗa labarai.
Jamhuriyoyi 15
Tarayyar Sobiyet ta ƙunshi:
1. Rasha
2. Ukraine
3. Belarus
4. Estonia
5. Latvia
6. Lithuania
7. Moldova
8. Georgia
9. Armenia
10. Azerbaijan
11. Kazakhstan
12. Uzbekistan
13. Turkmenistan
14. Kyrgyzstan
15. Tajikistan
Rushewar Tarayyar Sobiyet
A shekarun 1980 tattalin arziki ya fara rauni, sannan matsalolin siyasa suka ƙaru. Shugaba Mikhail Gorbachev ya aiwatar da manufofin Perestroika (gyaran tattalin arziki) da Glasnost (buɗe siyasa), amma matsalolin suka ci gaba.
A ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1991, Tarayyar Sobiyet ta rushe. Jamhuriyoyin 15 suka zama ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu, yayin da Russia ta zama magajiyar mafi yawan kadarori da kujerar USSR a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.
Muhimmancin Tarayyar Sobiyet
Tarayyar Sobiyet ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi tasiri a ƙarni na 20 saboda:
Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kayar da Jamus a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.
Ta jagoranci yaɗuwar tsarin kwaminisanci a ƙasashe da dama.
Ta yi babban ci gaba a kimiyya da binciken sararin samaniya.
Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe biyu mafi ƙarfi a duniya na tsawon kusan rabin ƙarni.
Ko da yake Tarayyar Sobiyet ta rushe a shekarar 1991, tarihinta da tasirinta har yanzu suna da muhimmanci a siyasa, tattalin arziki, da dangantakar ƙasashen duniya.