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Azerbaijan
Azərbaycan Respublikası (az)
Azərbaycan (az)
Flag of Azerbaijan (en) Emblem of Azerbaijan (en)
Flag of Azerbaijan (en) Fassara Emblem of Azerbaijan (en) Fassara

Take Azərbaycan marşı (en) Fassara
Suna saboda Atropatene (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 40°18′N 47°42′E / 40.3°N 47.7°E / 40.3; 47.7
Babban birni Baku
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 10,180,770 (2023)
• Yawan mutane 117.56 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Azerbaijani (en) Fassara
Azerbaijani Sign Language (en) Fassara
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Caucasus (en) Fassara, KKASASHEN DA SUKA SAMU YANCI DAGA TSHOHUWAR TARAYYAR SOVIET da Yammacin Asiya
Yawan fili 86,600 km²
Wuri mafi tsayi Mount Bazardüzü (en) Fassara (4,466 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Caspian Sea (−28 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Armeniya
Iran
Turkiyya
Rasha
Georgia
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (en) Fassara da Kungiyar Sobiyet
Ƙirƙira 1991
Muhimman sha'ani
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati jamhuriya, unitary state (en) Fassara da semi-presidential system (en) Fassara
Gangar majalisa National Assembly of Azerbaijan (en) Fassara
• President of Azerbaijan (en) Fassara İlham Əliyev (mul) Fassara (31 Oktoba 2003)
• Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (en) Fassara Ali Asadov (en) Fassara (8 Oktoba 2018)
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 54,825,411,765 $ (2021)
Kuɗi Azerbaijani manat (en) Fassara
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
UTC+04:00 (mul) Fassara
Suna ta yanar gizo .az (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +994
Lambar taimakon gaggawa *#06#, 101 (en) Fassara, 102 (en) Fassara da 103 (en) Fassara
Lambar ƙasa AZ
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo mfa.gov.az…
Twitter: azerbaijan Edit the value on Wikidata

Azerbaijan;[1] a hukumance Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan,[2] ƙasa ce mai wuce gona da iri kuma ba ta da ƙasa a kan iyakar Yammacin Asiya da Gabashin Turai.[3] Wani yanki ne na yankin Kudancin Caucasus kuma yana da iyaka da Tekun Caspian zuwa gabas, Jamhuriyar Dagestan ta Rasha zuwa arewa, Jojiya zuwa arewa maso yamma, Iran zuwa kudu maso yamma da Turkiyya. Baku babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma.

Kasar Albaniya ta Caucasian ce ta fara mulkin ƙasar Azerbaijan, daga baya kuma ta wasu daulolin Farisa. Har zuwa ƙarni na 19, ta ci gaba da zama wani bangare na Qajar Iran, amma yaƙin Rasha da Farisa na 1804-1813 da 1826-1828 ya tilastawa Daular Qajar mika yankunanta na Caucasian ga Daular Rasha; Yarjejeniyar Gulistan a 1813 da Turkmenchay a 1828 sun bayyana iyakar da ke tsakanin Rasha da Iran.[4] [5] Yankin arewacin Aras wani yanki ne na Iran har sai da Rasha ta mamaye ta a karni na 19, [6] ,[7]inda aka gudanar da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mataimakin Caucasus.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, asalin ƙasar Azabaijan ya bayyana a lokacin da jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Azarbaijan ta shelanta 'yancin kanta daga Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyya ta Transcaucasian a shekara ta 1918, shekara guda bayan da Daular Rasha ta ruguje, kuma ta zama kasa ta farko da ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta zama ƙasa mai rinjaye na musulmi. A cikin shekarar 1920, an ci ƙasar kuma an haɗa shi cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin Azerbaijan SSR. Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan ta zamani ta ba da sanarwar 'yancin kai a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1991, [8] [9] jim kaɗan kafin rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin Satumba 1991, ƙabilar Armeniya mafi rinjaye na yankin Nagorno-Karabakh sun kafa Jamhuriyar Artsakh mai cin gashin kanta, wacce ta zama mai cin gashin kanta tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin Nagorno-Karabakh na Farko a cikin 1994, kodayake yankin da gundumomi bakwai da ke kewaye sun kasance an san su a matsayin wani ɓangare na Azerbaijan.[10]1 [11] ,[12] Bayan yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na biyu a shekarar 2020, an mayar da gundumomi bakwai da sassan Nagorno-Karabakh ga ikon Azarbaijan.[13] Wani harin Azabaijan a cikin 2023 ya kawo karshen Jamhuriyar Artsakh kuma ya haifar da jirgin Nagorno-Karabakh Armeniyawa.

Azerbaijan jumhuriya ce ta jumhuriya ta rabin shugaban kasa.[14] yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe shida na Turkawa masu cin gashin kansu kuma memba ne mai himma a cikin Kungiyar Kasashen Turkiyya da al'ummar TÜRKSOY. Azerbaijan tana da huldar diflomasiya tare da kasashe 182 kuma tana da memba a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa na 38,[15] gami da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Majalisar Turai, Kungiyar da ba ta dace ba, OSCE, da shirin NATO PfP. Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa GUAM, Commonwealth of Independent States, [16] da OPCW. Azerbaijan kasa ce mai sa ido ta Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya.

Mafi yawan al'ummar kasar (97%) musulmi ne.[17] [18] Kundin tsarin mulkin Azarbaijan bai ayyana addini a hukumance ba, kuma dukkanin manyan rundunonin siyasa a kasar ba su da addini. Azerbaijan kasa ce mai tasowa kuma tana matsayi na 89 a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama. Jam'iyyar New Azerbaijan mai mulki, in po

Asalin suna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarin bayani: Atropatene, Caucasian Albania, da Azerbaijan (toponym) Kalmar Azerbaijan ta samo asali ne daga Atropates, [19] [20] ɗan Farisa [21] [22] satrap a ƙarƙashin Daular Achaemenid wanda aka dawo da shi azaman satrap na Media a ƙarƙashin Alexander the Great.[23] [24]Asalin asalin asalin wannan sunan ana tsammanin yana da tushensa a cikin Zoroastrianism wanda ya taɓa mamayewa. A cikin Frawardin Yasht na Avesta ("Waƙa ga Mala'iku Masu Tsaro"), akwai ambaton âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, wanda ke fassara daga Avestan a matsayin "muna bauta wa fravashi na Atropatene mai tsarki"[25] Sunan "Atropates" shi ne fassarar Hellenanci na Tsohon Iraniyawa, mai yiwuwa Median, hade da suna tare da ma'anar "Wuta (Tsarki) Mai Tsarkaka" ko "Ƙasar Wuta (Mai Tsarki)"[26] Diodorus Siculus da Strabo ne suka ambaci sunan Girkanci. A cikin shekaru millennia, sunan ya samo asali zuwa Āturpātākān (Farshiya ta Tsakiya), sannan zuwa Ādharbādhagān, Ādhorbāygān, Āzarbāydjān (Sabuwar Farisa) da Azerbaijan ta yau.[27]

Gwamnatin Musavat ta fara amfani da sunan Azerbaijan a shekara ta 1918[28]bayan rugujewar daular Rasha, lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Azarbaijan mai cin gashin kanta. Har zuwa lokacin, an yi amfani da nadi na musamman don gano yankin da ke kusa da wannan yanki na arewa maso yammacin Iran,[29] [30] [31] [32] yayin da yankin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Azerbaijan a da ake kira Arran da Shirvan.[33] A kan haka ne Iran ta nuna rashin amincewa da sunan kasar da aka dauka.[34]

A lokacin mulkin Soviet, an kuma rubuta ƙasar da Latin daga fassarar Rasha kamar Azerbaydzhan (Rashanci: Азербайджа́н).[44]. An kuma rubuta sunan kasar da Cyrillic

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: Tarihin Azerbaijan Dada Ƙarin bayani: Caucasian Albania

Petroglyphs a cikin Gobustan National Park tun daga karni na 10 BC wanda ke nuna al'ada mai bunƙasa. Hujja ta farko ta zama ɗan adam a ƙasar Azerbaijan ta samo asali ne tun daga ƙarshen zamanin dutse kuma yana da alaƙa da al'adun Guruchay na kogon Azykh.[35] Matsugunan farko sun haɗa da Scythiyawa a cikin ƙarni na 9 BC.[[36] ] Bayan Scythiyawa, Mediyawan Iran sun mamaye yankin da ke kudancin kogin Aras.[37] sun ƙirƙira daula mai faɗi tsakanin 900 zuwa 700 BC, wadda aka haɗa ta cikin Daular Achaemenid a kusan 550 BC.[38] Achaemenids ne suka mamaye yankin wanda ya kai ga yaduwar Zoroastrianism.[39] [40] Daga zamanin Sasanid zuwa zamanin Safawida Hasumiyar Maiden da Fadar Shirvanshahs da ke Tsohuwar birnin Baku wuri ne na Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO, wanda aka gina a ƙarni na 11-12. Maiden Tower Palace na Shirvanshahs Daular Sasaniya ta mayar da Albaniya na Caucasian zuwa wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta a shekara ta 252, yayin da sarki Urnayr ya karbi addinin Kiristanci a hukumance a karni na 4.[41] da mulkin Sassanid, Caucasian Albania ya kasance wani yanki a yankin har zuwa karni na 9, yayin da yake karkashin cikakken ikon Sassanid Iran, kuma ya ci gaba da mulkinsa. Duk da kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan hadiman sarkin Sasaniya, sarkin Albaniya yana da kamannin iko kawai, kuma Sasanian marzban (gwamnan soja) yana da mafi yawan ikon farar hula, na addini da na soja.[42] A cikin farkon rabin karni na 7, Caucasian Albania, a matsayin wata vassal na ilimin Sassasia, sun zo karkashin mulkin musulmi tare da cin nasarar Farisa. Kalifa na Umayyo ya sake buga kasashen biyu da Byzantes daga Kudancin Caucasus kuma ya koma Caliphate na Vassassion kamar yadda SirriDs, da Shaddadids. A farkon karni na 11, a hankali ya kama yankin da ƙaura Oghratz Turks daga Tsakiyar Asiya, wanda ya dauki hanyar gaishe Turkawa a lokacin. [43] Na farkon wadannan maganin Turkic da aka kafa shi ne Seljuk da Daular ta 1067. [44]

Yaren Pre-Turkic ya yi magana da yaruka na Turai a cikin Turai da na Turai, daga cikinsu Armeniyanci ya maye gurbinsa, farkon wanda aka maye gurbinsa da na Azeri, farkon wanda aka maye gurbinsa na Azerbaijani na yau. [45] masu ilimin likitocin sun kuma bayyana cewa yarukan Azerbaijan da Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan, kamar yadda Tats, ya fito daga tsohon Azeri. [[46] A cikin gida, da kayan seljuk daular Seljuk da Emzuk, wanda aka yiwa selukukins, amma wani lokaci Vassals na Facters da kansu. A ƙarƙashin Seljuks, gida mawaƙan kamar nizami gane wajaivi da Khaqani ya haifar da fure mai fure na litattafan Persian a yankin. [47] farkon zuwan daga cikin sarvids har zuwa karatun 19 na karni. [48] [49] [50] [51]

Tarihin zamani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taswirar siyasa na yankin gabashin Caucasus tsakanin 1795 da 1801 Bayan Safaya, daular daulolin Iranharid ya mallaki yankin. Bayan mutuwar Nader Shah a cikin 1747, yawancin batutuwan da suka gabata game da fashewar rashin ƙarfi. Yawancin Khanates da yawa tare da nau'ikan tsarin mulkin kai [52] [53] ] [54] ] [55] [56] [ Shugabannin waɗannan Khanates sun danganta kai tsaye ga masarautar Iran kuma sun kasance mata da kuma batutuwan Iran Shah. [57] ya yi aiki da iko akan harkokinsu ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa tsakanin Asiya ta Tsakiya da yamma. [58]

Bayan haka, yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin zaman Iran da Qajars. [59] Daga ƙarshen karni na 18, Sinamsia Rasha ta sauya matakan tashin hankali da za a iya zuwa Iran da Daular Ottoman. [60] Rasha ta yi ƙoƙari ya sami damar mallakar yankin Caucasus wanda ya kasance, ga mafi yawan ɓangaren Iran. [61] A cikin 1804, Russiers ne suka mamaye kuma sun kori garin Ganja na Iran, ya zuga yakin Rusto-Persian. [62] Yan bindiga da karfi Russia sun kare yakin tare da cin nasara. [63] Bin asarar asarar Qajar Iran, an tilasta shi don hadewarsu a kan mafi yawan Khanates, tare da Georgia da Dagestan zuwa Mulkin Rasha. [81]


Da kewaye na Ganja sansanin soja a 1804 yayin yakin Russo-Farian na 1804-1813 The area to the north of the Aras River was Iranian territory until Russia occupied it in the 19th century.[14][82][83][84][85][86 Game da shekaru goma daga baya, a cikin keta dokin Gulistan, Russia Russia ta mamaye garin Elivan na Iran. [87] [88] [88] [88] Wannan ya haifar da faduwar karshe na tashinsu tsakanin su biyun, da yakin Ruso-Persian na 1826-1828. Sakamakon yarjejeniya na Turkmenchay ya tilasta Qajar Irfan a Ceeveregnty a kan Erivan Khanate da sauran Talysh Khanate. [81] Bayan hadayar da yankuna na Caicasian daga Iran zuwa Rasha, kan iyakar da aka sa a Kogin Aras. [89]

Duk da nasarar Rasha, a duk karni na 19, picocccupation tare da masana ilimin Iran, da yaki da Tiflis (90] A yanzu Georgia). [90] A tsakanin karni ɗaya, a cikin Iran-na Gabas ta Tsakanin Irassia, asalin ƙasa ya fito a ƙarshen karni na 19. [91] A sakamakon nasarar Rasha, Azerbaijanis ne a zamanin yau da kullun tsakanin kasashe biyu: Iran da Azerbaijan. [92]

Bayan rushewar daular Rasha yayin yakin duniya na, an sanya 'yan gajerun' yan wasan Azerbaijan, Georgia, da Armenia. An bi ta da kwanaki 30 [94] wanda ya faru tsakanin 30 Maris da 2 ga Afrilu 1918 a cikin Baku da wuraren da ke cikin Baku Goodnorate. [95

Lokacin da Jamhuriyar ta narkar da a watan Mayu 1918, jagorar gwamnatin Mushaijar ta ayyana 'yan kasuwar "Azerbaijan na" [38] [] [38] [38] [39] ADR shine Jamhuriyar majalisa ta zamani ta zamani a cikin duniyar Musulmi. [146] [96] [97] Daga cikin mahimman nasarori na majalisar sun kasance fadakarwar tashin hankali ga mata, yin Adr na Musulmi na Musulmi na farko da ya baiwa mata hakkoki ta siyasa da maza. [96] Jami'ar jihar Baku, Jami'ar zamani da aka kafa ta Gabas ta Gabas, an kafa ta a wannan lokacin. [96]


Taswirar Taswirar Azerbaijan a cikin taron tattaunawa ta Paris 1919 Azujan Azerbaijan ya kasance tsawon watanni 23 kawai har sai da Bolshevik Jamhuriyar Soviet ta mamaye shi, Azerbaijanis bai mika taka 'yancinsu na 1918-20 da sauri ko sauƙi. Kamar yadda sojoji 20,000 Azerbaijani suka mutu sun tsayayya da abin da ya kasance mai sulhu da Rashanci. [98] A cikin dawowar farkon Soviet, an ƙirƙira asalin ƙasa na Azerbaijani. [91]

  1. ↑ /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn, -ˈdʒæn/
  2. ↑ ][ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ]
  3. ↑ While often politically aligned with Europe, Azerbaijan is generally considered to be at least mostly in Southwest Asia geographically with its northern part bisected by the standard Asia–Europe divide, the Greater Caucasus. The United Nations' classification of world regions places Azerbaijan in Western Asia,[10] the CIA World Factbook places it mostly in Southwest Asia,[3] and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary places it in both.[11]
  4. ↑ Harcave, Sidney (1968). Russia: A History (6th ed.). Lippincott. p. 267.
  5. ↑ Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts
  6. ↑ Swietochowski, Tadeusz
  7. ↑ The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics
  8. ↑ "Азербайджан. Восстановлена государственная независимость"
  9. ↑ Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 April 1993 года
  10. ↑ Резолюция СБ ООН № 853 от 29 июля 1993 года,
  11. ↑ Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 April 1993 года
  12. ↑ Резолюция СБ ООН № 874 14 октября 1993 года
  13. ↑ "Facing Military Debacle, Armenia Accepts a Deal in Nagorno-Karabakh War"
  14. ↑ LaPorte, Jody (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan". In Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (eds.). Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 91–117. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4. ISBN 978-1-137-38780-6. LCCN 2016939393. OCLC 6039791976. LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan's president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage
  15. ↑ "Azerbaijan: Membership of international groupings/organisations"
  16. ↑ Europa Publications Limited (1998). Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-
  17. ↑ Cornell, Svante E. (2010). Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 165, 284. Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity, an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam.... The government, for its part, has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle.... Unlike Turkey, Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and
  18. ↑ "Azerbaijan"
  19. ↑ Houtsma, M. Th.
  20. ↑ ]Schippmann, Klaus (1989). Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History. Encyclopædia Iranica. pp. 221–224. ISBN 978-0-933273-95-5.
  21. ↑ Hellenistic Civilization
  22. ↑ Bosworth A.B., Baynham E.J. (2002). Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-925275-
  23. ↑ Nevertheless, "despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian Shahanshah, the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority, and the Sassanid marzban (military governor) held most civil, religious, and military authority.
  24. ↑ Swietochowski, Tadeusz
  25. ↑ Darmesteter, James
  26. ↑ .Darmesteter, James
  27. ↑ Sabahi, Farian (2000). La pecora e il tappeto: i nomadi Shahsevan dell'Azerbaigian iraniano (in Italian). Ariele. p. 23. ISBN 978-88-86480
  28. ↑ Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers
  29. ↑ Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B.Tauris. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-86064-554-9.
  30. ↑ Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region
  31. ↑ Fereydan: academisch proefschrift. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-90-485-1928-6. The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been
  32. ↑ Caucasian Albania
  33. ↑ Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran
  34. ↑ The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia
  35. ↑ "National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan"
  36. ↑ Swietochowski, Tadeusz
  37. ↑ Dizadji (2010). Journey from Tehran to Chicago: My Life in Iran and the United States, and a Brief History of Iran.
  38. ↑ .Chaumont, M. L. (1984). "Albania". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 15
  39. ↑ ISBN
  40. ↑ "Khāqānī"
  41. ↑ Shaw, Ian (2017). Christianity: The Biography: 2000 Years of Global History. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-53628-
  42. ↑ Ehsan Yarshater
  43. ↑ Barthold, V.V. Sochineniya; p. 558: "Whatever the former significance of the Oghuz people in Eastern Asia, after the events of the 8th and 9th centuries, it focuses more and more on the West, on the border of the Pre-Asian cultural world, which was destined to be invaded by the Oghuz people in the 11th century, or, as they were called only in the west, by the
  44. ↑ Peacock, A. C. S. (27 April 2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-589-4
  45. ↑ Armenia: A Historical Atlas
  46. ↑ Hewsen, Robert H. (1982). Thomas J. Samuelian, ed. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians". Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity. (Philadelphia: Scholars Press. p. 45.)
  47. ↑ Archived
  48. ↑ The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security
  49. ↑ The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A.D. 1840, Part 1840
  50. ↑ The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule
  51. ↑ Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0. Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalries and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul-Qa'da/May, set off for Azarbaijan, intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura, formerly under Safavid control. This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh, with its capital at Shusha; Ganja, with its capital of the same name; Shirvan across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and to the north-west, on both
  52. ↑ Christopher J. (1980). Armenia, the survival of a nation. Croom Helm. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7099-0210-2. Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Iranian khanates. On the thinnest of pretexts, he captured the Muslim town of Gandja, the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus (...)
  53. ↑ Saparov, Arsène (2014). From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-63783-7. Even though these principalities [the khanates] had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747, they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains. (...) To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities, the appearance of the new Great Power (...)
  54. ↑ "Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran"
  55. ↑ ]Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8223-4648-7. But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small, centralized, semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Iranian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the
  56. ↑ Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0. Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom. Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795, he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalries and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul-Qa'da/May, set off for Azarbaijan, intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura, formerly under Safavid control. This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh, with its capital at Shusha; Ganja, with its capital of the same name; Shirvan across the Kura, with its capital at Shamakhi; and to the north-west, on both banks of the Kura, Christian Georgia (Gurjistan
  57. ↑ Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons, Page 457
  58. ↑ King, Charles
  59. ↑ 978-1-4381-1025-7
  60. ↑ Multiple Authors. "Caucasus and Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved
  61. ↑ Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 1035. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5. January 1804. (...) Russo-Persian War. Russian invasion of Persia. (...) In January 1804 Russian forces under General Paul Tsitsianov (Sisianoff) invade Persia and storm the citadel of
  62. ↑ Goldstein, Erik (1992). Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991. London: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-415-07822
  63. ↑ Goldstein, Erik (1992). Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991. London: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-415-07822-1,
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