Sanarwar Alkahira Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam A Musulunci

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Sanarwar Alkahira Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam A Musulunci
Asali
Shekarar ƙirƙira 1990
Characteristics

Sanarwar da Alkahira ta fitar kan hakkin dan Adam a Musulunci ( CDHRI ) sanarwa ce ta kasashe mambobin kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi (OIC) da aka fara amincewa da ita a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1990,[1] (Taron ministocin harkokin waje, 9- 14 Muharram 1411H a cikin kalandar Musulunci[2] ), daga baya kuma aka sake duba shi a cikin 2020[3] kuma aka amince da shi a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 (Majalisar ministocin harkokin waje a zamanta na 47 a Yamai, Jamhuriyar Nijar).[4] Yana bayar da bayani kan mahangar Musulunci game da hakkin dan Adam. Sigar 1990 ta tabbatar da shari'ar Musulunci a matsayin tushenta, yayin da sigar 2020 ba ta yin kira na musamman na shari'a ba. Manufar wannan labarin shine sigar 1990 na CDHRI.

CDHRI ta bayyana manufarta ta zama "babban jagora ga Membobin kungiyar OIC a fagen haƙƙin ɗan Adam". An yarda da wannan sanarwar a matsayin martanin Musulunci ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (UDHR), wacce aka amince da ita a shekarar 1948. Yana ba da tabbacin wasu, amma ba duka ba, na UDHR kuma yana aiki a matsayin takarda mai rai na ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tsara don duk membobin OIC su bi, amma ta taƙaita su a sarari ga iyakokin da shari'ar ta gindaya. Saboda wannan iyaka, an soki CDHRI a matsayin wani yunƙuri na kare ƙasashe membobin OIC daga sukar ƙasa da ƙasa kan take haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma gazawa wajen ba da yancin yin addini, tabbatar da hukuncin jiki da kuma barin wariya ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba da kuma mata.

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashen musulmi daban-daban sun soki sanarwar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya ta shekara ta 1948 saboda rashin yin la'akari da yanayin al'adu da addini na kasashen da ba na yammacin Turai ba.[5] A cikin 1981, Said Rajaie-Khorassani - wakilin Iran bayan juyin juya hali a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - ya bayyana matsayin kasarsa game da UDHR, yana mai cewa "fahimtar duniya ce ta al'adar Yahudu da Kirista", wanda ba zai iya kasancewa ba. wanda musulmi suka aiwatar ba tare da keta dokar Musulunci ba. [6]

A cikin 1990 mambobi ne na kungiyar kasashen musulmi suka amince da CDHRI. Tun daga 2012, jihohi 45 ne suka sanya hannu. [7] A cikin 1992, an gabatar da CDHRI ga Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, inda Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da ita.

Abubuwan da ke ciki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayanin ya fara ne da cewa “Dukkan ‘yan Adam suna kafa iyali guda ne wadanda ma’abotansu suka hade ta hanyar bin Allah da zuriyarsu daga Adamu. kuma ya hana " wariya a kan kabilanci, launi, harshe, imani, jima'i, addini, alaƙar siyasa, matsayin zamantakewa ko wasu la'akari". Ta ci gaba da shelanta tsarkin rayuwa, kuma ta ayyana "kiyayyar rayuwar dan Adam" a matsayin "aiki ne da Shari'a ta tanada". Har ila yau, CDHRI ta ba wa waɗanda ba yaƙi ba—kamar tsofaffi maza, mata da yara, waɗanda suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya, da fursunonin yaƙi — yancin samun abinci, matsuguni, da samun lafiya da magani a lokacin yaƙi.

CDHRI tana ba wa mata ''daidaicin darajar ɗan adam''' 'yancin cin moriyarta'' 'ayyukan da za su yi'' '' ƙungiyoyin jama'a '' 'yancin kai na kuɗi'' da 'yancin riƙe sunanta da zuriyarta. Dukansu maza da mata an ba su “haƙƙin yin aure” ba tare da la’akari da ƙabila, launi, ko ƙasarsu ba. Sanarwar ta ce ya wajaba a kan iyaye biyu su kiyaye yaron kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa, yayin da ya jaddada cewa maigida ne ke da alhakin kare zamantakewa da kuma kula da iyalansa, ciki har da kowane yara da mata.

Sanarwar ta amince da haƙƙin mallaka da keɓantawa ga daidaikun mutane. [8] Mataki na 18 (b) ya ce “Kowa yana da hakkin ya keɓe kansa wajen tafiyar da al’amuransa na sirri, a cikin gidansa, da iyalinsa, dangane da dukiyarsa da dangantakarsa. Ba ya halatta a yi masa leken asiri, a sanya shi a cikin sa ido, ko kuma a bata sunansa mai kyau. Gwamnati za ta kare shi daga tsoma baki ba bisa ka’ida ba.” Ya haramta rugujewa da kwace gidan kowane iyali da korar iyali. Bugu da ƙari, idan an raba iyali a lokacin yaƙi, alhakin gwamnati ne ta "shirya ziyara ko haduwar iyalai".

Mataki na 10 na sanarwar yana cewa: “Musulunci addini ne na dabi’ar da ba ta lalacewa. An haramta yin duk wani nau'i na tilasci ga mutum ko a yi amfani da talaucinsa ko jahilcinsa don a mayar da shi wani addini ko kuma zuwa ga zindikanci." Tunda a cikin al'ummar musulmi duk dalilan da suka sa aka musulunta ana daukarsu a matsayin tilas ne ko kuma jahilci, wannan ya hana muslunci nesa da Musulunci.

Sanarwar tana kare kowane mutum daga kamawa, azabtarwa, zalunci, ko rashin mutunci. Bugu da ƙari, babu wani mutum da za a yi amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen likita ko na kimiyya ba tare da izininsa ba ko kuma cikin haɗarin lafiyarsa ko na rayuwarsa. Har ila yau, ya haramta yin garkuwa da kowane mutum "don kowace manufa ko ta yaya". Bugu da ƙari, CDHRI yana ba da tabbacin zato na rashin laifi ; Za a tabbatar da laifin ne kawai ta hanyar gwaji a cikin "wanda [wanda ake tuhuma] za a ba shi duk tabbacin tsaro". Sanarwar ta kuma hana fitar da "dokokin gaggawa wadanda za su ba da ikon zartarwa kan irin wadannan ayyuka". Mataki na 19 ya nuna cewa babu wani laifi ko hukunci da ya wuce wadanda aka ambata a cikin sharia. Sharia ta yarda da hukuncin jiki ( bulala, yankewa) da kuma hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko yanke gashin kai. [9] ‘Yancin rike mukaman gwamnati ba za a iya amfani da su ba ne kawai kamar yadda shari’a ta tanada. [10]

Sanarwar ta kuma jaddada "cikakkiyar 'yancin 'yanci da cin gashin kai", da adawa da bautar da zalunci da cin zarafi da mulkin mallaka. CDHRI tana shelanta bin doka da oda, tana tabbatar da "daidaici da adalci ga kowa", tare da iyakoki da aka tanada a karkashin shari'ar Musulunci . Har ila yau, CDHRI ta bai wa kowane mutum “yancin shiga, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a harkokin tafiyar da al’amuran kasarsa”. CDHRI ta kuma haramta duk wani cin zarafi na hukuma "wanda ya shafi Shari'ar Musulunci."

Mataki na 22 (a) na sanarwar ya ce "Kowa yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa ta hanyar da ba za ta saba wa ka'idojin Shari'a ba." Mataki na ashirin da biyu (b) ya ce "Kowane mutum yana da hakkin ya yi umurni da abin da yake daidai, da yada abin da yake mai kyau, da kuma gargadi game da mummuna da mummuna kamar yadda shari'ar Musulunci ta tanada." Mataki na ashirin da biyu (c) ya ce: “Bayanai abu ne mai muhimmanci ga al’umma. Maiyuwa ba za a yi amfani da shi ba ko kuma a yi amfani da shi ta hanyar da za ta keta alfarmar Annabawa, tauye kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ko wargajewa, lalata ko cutar da al'umma, ko raunana imaninta." Wannan taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen taƙaitawa ne akan 'yancin yin duk wata magana da za a iya ɗaukar saɓo, hukuncin yin wanda zai iya zama kisa kuma don haka kalmar wannan sashe ta ba da damar hukuncin kisa don sabo a cikin bayyanannen saba wa UDHR. Mataki na ashirin da biyu (d) ya ce "Ba a halatta a tayar da kiyayyar kasa ko akida ko kuma yin wani abu da zai iya zama tsokana ga kowane nau'i na wariyar launin fata."

Siffofin addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ko da yake CDHRI tana amfani da yare na duniya baki ɗaya daidai da shelar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya, "yawancin fasalulluka [ta] suna bayyana ƙayyadaddun Musulunci." Gabatarwa galibi maganganun addini ne, kuma bayanan CDHRI sun ƙunshi nassoshi masu yawa ga Alƙur'ani, shari'a, da fagagen bangaskiyar Musulunci waɗanda ba su cikin jerin sunayen ƙasashen duniya makamancin haka. [11] CDHRI ta kammala a shafi na 24 da 25 cewa duk hakkoki da 'yancin da aka ambata suna karkashin shari'ar Musulunci ne, wanda ita ce tushen ayyana.[12] CDHRI ta ayyana addini na gaskiya a matsayin "tabbacin haɓaka irin wannan mutuncin a kan hanyar tabbatar da mutuncin ɗan adam". Haka nan kuma ta dora alhakin kare wadannan hakkokin a kan dukkanin al'ummah.

Suka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An soki CDHRI saboda aiwatar da wasu jahohin da ke da mabambantan manufofi da ayyuka na addini wadanda ke da "masu sha'awar kwance damara da sukar kasa da kasa kan hakkin dan Adam na cikin gida."

Mataki na 24 na sanarwar yana cewa: "Dukkan hakkoki da 'yancin da aka tanadar a cikin wannan shela suna karkashin Shari'ar Musulunci." Mataki na 19 kuma yana cewa: "Babu laifi ko hukunci sai abin da Shari'a ta tanada." [13]

An soki CDHRI saboda gazawa wajen tabbatar da 'yancin yin addini, musamman 'yancin kowane mutum na canza addininsa, a matsayin "haki mai tushe kuma wanda ba shi da tushe". A cikin wata rubutacciyar sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (AWC) ta kara da cewa CDHRI ta iyakance 'yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin addini, da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Sanarwar ta karkare da cewa, "Bayanin Alkahira na 'yancin ɗan adam a Musulunci, a fili, ƙoƙari ne na iyakance haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin UDHR da kuma yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Ba za a iya ganin shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da sanarwar Duniya ba." [14] A cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2008, a cikin wata makala ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Cibiyar Bincike ta rubuta cewa, CDHRI "tana lalata daidaiton mutane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da addini ta hanyar sanya takunkumi kan kusan kowane 'yancin dan Adam bisa tsarin shari'ar Musulunci."[15]

Rhona Smith ta rubuta cewa, saboda maganar da CDHRI ta yi game da Shariah, tana nuna wani matsayi na fifiko na maza. [16]

Adama Dieng - mamba na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya - ya kuma soki CDHRI. Ya kara da cewa sanarwar tana matukar yin barazana ga ra'ayin al'adu tsakanin al'ummomin da aka kafa ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa; cewa yana gabatar da nuna bambanci ga wadanda ba musulmi ba da kuma mata. Ya ci gaba da cewa, hukumar ta CDHRI ta bayyana wani hali na takurawa da gangan dangane da wasu muhimman hakki da yanci, ta yadda wasu muhimman tanade-tanade ba su kai matsayin doka ba a kasashen musulmi da dama; tana amfani da murfin “Shari’ar Musulunci” don tabbatar da halaccin ayyuka, kamar hukumci na jiki, wanda ke kawo hari ga mutunci da mutuncin dan Adam. [17]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Yarjejeniya Ta Larabawa Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam
  • Hakkin Dan Adam A Musulunci
  • Hakkin dan Adam a Afirka
  • Hakkin Dan Adam a Asiya
  • Musulunci da dimokradiyya

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Brems, E (2001). "Islamic Declarations of Human Rights". Human rights: universality and diversity: Volume 66 of International studies in human rights . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 241–84 . ISBN 90-411-1618-4
  2. ↑ "University of Minnesota Human Rights Library" . hrlibrary.umn.edu .
  3. ↑ Organization of Islamic Cooperation. "Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam, 2021" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-13.
  4. ↑ Organization of Islamic Cooperation (2020-11-28). "Resolution No. 63/47-POL: On Cairo Declaration of the OIC on Human Rights" . Archived from the original on 2021-11-25.
  5. ↑ National Review Online, Human Rights and Human Wrongs Archived 2016-08-16 at the Wayback Machine , David G. Littman, January 19, 2003, retrieved 30 May, 2012
  6. ↑ "Universal Human Rights and 'Human Rights in Islam' " . Midstream.
  7. ↑ Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, Benjamin Glahn: Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law p. 113. Oxford University Press, 2012.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Baderin2003
  9. ↑ There shall be no crime or punishment except as provided for in the Schari’a.
  10. ↑ Smith (2003), p. 195
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Brems
  12. ↑ Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5, 1990, U.N. GAOR Archived 2010-06-03 at the Wayback Machine , World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993)
  13. ↑ Kazemi, F (2002). "Perspectives on Islam and Civil Society". In Hashmi SH (ed.). Islamic Political Ethics: Civil Society, Pluralism and Conflict . Princeton University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0-691-11310-6 .Empty citation (help)
  14. ↑ "The Cairo Declaration and the Universality of Human Rights" . Archived from the original on 2008-10-31.
  15. ↑ "CFI Defends Freedom of Expression at the U.N. Human Rights Council" . 17 September 2008.
  16. ↑ Rhona, Smith. Textbook on International Human Rights , Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 1-84174-301-1 , p. 195
  17. ↑ David Littman , Universal Human Rights and "Human Rights in Islam" , dhimmitude.org, archived from the original on 2002-11-13, retrieved 2006-02-24 (Article published in the journal Midstream (New York) February/ March 1999)

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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