Wariyar jinsi

Wariyar launin fata (wanda kuma ake kira jima'i apartheid ko wariyar launin fata ) ita ce wariyar jinsi ta tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ga mutane saboda jinsi ko jima'i . Tsari ne da ake aiwatar da shi ta hanyar amfani da na zahiri ko na shari'a don mayar da daidaikun mutane zuwa mukamai na ƙasa. Masanin mata Phyllis Chesler, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da nazarin mata, ya bayyana al'amarin a matsayin "ayyukan da ke hukunta 'yan mata da mata zuwa wani rabe-raben da ke karkashin kasa da kuma wanda ke mayar da maza da maza a matsayin masu kula da 'yan uwansu mata". Misalan wariyar launin fata na haifar da ba wai kawai ga lalata zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin daidaikun mutane ba, har ma yana iya haifar da mummunar cutarwa ta jiki.

Etymology

Kalmar wariyar launin fata ta samo asali ne daga wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kafa tsarin mulkin farar fata ( Afrikaans ) da kuma raba mafi yawan bakar fata mazauna kasar da turawa. Afrikaans don wariya ko wariya, yin amfani da kalmar wariyar launin fata don komawa ga jinsi na nuna take haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya haɗa da rabuwa da zalunci. A cikin ayyana wariyar launin fata, Dr. Anthony Löwstedt ya rubuta:

Ma'anar rabuwa a kanta ba lallai ba ne yana nufin cewa kowace ƙungiya tana ko za a fifita su fiye da wata. . . Bambance-bambancen yanayin wariyar launin fata da na sauran nau'ikan rarrabuwa na zalunci shine cewa an samar da yanayi na siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, har ma da yanayin yanki da sane da tsari don a tilasta wa ƙungiyoyi, ko da yaushe don fa'ida-aƙalla fa'idar ɗan gajeren lokaci-na aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi, amma ba, ko kuma kawai da gangan ba, don amfanin dukansu.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wariyar launin fata wani lamari ne na duniya don haka ba a keɓe a Afirka ta Kudu ba. Yayin da aka fi samun rahotannin nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin al'adun Musulunci, lamarin ya zama ruwan dare a duniya. Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun yi ta rade-radin kakaba takunkumi kan jihohin da ke aiwatar da wariyar launin fata, irin wanda aka kakaba wa Afirka ta Kudu karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata.

A addini

An sami misalan wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin addini da al'adu. Misali, an siffanta bangarorin mu'amala da mata a karkashin fassarori masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci, Kiristanci, Yahudanci, Hindu, da addinin Buddah a matsayin wariyar launin fata. Amfani da bangaskiya, sau da yawa ta hanyar tsauraran fassarar ka'idojin addini, don tabbatar da wariyar launin fata na jinsi yana da matukar jayayya.

Katolika

Hakanan an yi amfani da kalmomin wariyar launin fata da jinsi da wariyar launin fata don bayyana bambancin mu'amalar mata a cibiyoyi irin su Cocin Ingila da Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika . Ministar Presbyterian kuma marubuciya Patricia Budd Kepler ta yi nuni ga gwagwarmayar kafa mata don karbuwa cikin malamai da matsayin jagoranci na addini a matsayin misali na wariyar launin fata. Musamman, Kepler ya soki tunanin al'ada na namiji da mace wanda ke iyakance ikon mace a cikin coci, yana mai dagewa a maimakon cewa shigar mata cikin hidima ba ya rushe tsarin Allah. Hakazalika, marubuciya Susan D. Rose ta kwatanta tsarin dangin ubanni na cocin Kirista na bishara a Amurka a matsayin kiyaye wariyar jinsi.

An gano Cocin Roman Katolika a matsayin ci gaba da wariyar launin fata saboda jerin sunayen Vatican na "yunkurin nada mace mai tsarki" a matsayin abin sha'awa - a wasu kalmomi, laifin da ya dace daidai da cin zarafin kananan yara, da "saye, mallaka ko rarraba hotunan batsa da liman ya yi”. Dangane da irin wannan, wasu sun siffanta Cocin Katolika a matsayin mai goyon bayan sarauta kuma daga baya ya nisantar da mata daga matsayin jagoranci a cikin addini.

Musulunci

Dakin sallar mata kawai a masallaci

Wani dan sanda na addini na Taliban yana dukan wata mata a Kabul a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2001 (Hotunan RAWA ). A karkashin mulkin Taliban, an tilasta wa matan Afghanistan su rufe dukkan jikinsu.

An soki addinin Musulunci saboda nuna wariya na dokokin matsayinsa da ka'idojin aikata laifuka kamar yadda aka yi wa mata. Mabiyan addinin Islama sun kasance daya daga cikin ka'idojin da aka fi samun sabani a kansa, bisa ga mabambantan mazhabobi . Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, haƙƙin maza da mata sun bambanta sosai bisa ga dokokin matsayin Musulunci. Misali, an halatta maza musulmi su yi auren mata fiye da daya kuma su auri matan da ba musulmi ba yayin da matan musulmi aka hana su auren maza da yawa da kuma auren mazan da ba musulmi ba, kuma rabon gadon mata rabi ne. na 'yan uwansu maza. Kuma, hukunci daga hukunce-hukuncen laifuka na Musulunci yana ƙara nuna wariya ga mata, saboda ya dogara kacokan ga shaidar shaida. Ana ganin shaidar mace kaɗai ba ta isa a hukunta mai kisan kai ba, tana buƙatar shaidar namiji don tabbatarwa.

Litattafan hadisi da sunna sun shar'anta kiyaye kamun kai da tufafin fili ga musulmi maza da mata ; Ana ganin al'adar sanya suturar tilas a wasu wurare a matsayin wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata. Al'adar sanya suturar dole, a cewar Shahrzad Mojab, ba wai saboda wani ka'idar Musulunci ta duniya ba; a maimakon haka, Shahrzad ya ce "al'adar ta tashi a cikin yanayi daban-daban". An ba da misali da ka'idojin suturar da aka kafa a Afghanistan a karkashin gwamnatin Taliban da kuma makarantun da ke bukatar 'ya'ya mata su sanya lullubi a matsayin misalan sanya mayafi na tilas. An soki waɗannan manufofin sanya lulluɓi na tilas a matsayin kayan tilastawa don rarrabuwa tsakanin jinsi waɗanda ke hana 'yancin cin gashin kai da hukuma. Duk da haka, ƙin yarda da wannan hujja na nuna cewa lulluɓi na dole ba ya zama wariyar launin fata na jinsi kuma gine-ginen zamantakewa na labule sun sanya shi a matsayin alama ta rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi. A cikin shekaru biyar na tarihin daular musulunci ta Afganistan, gwamnatin Taliban ta yi tafsirin shari'a kamar yadda mazhabar Hanafiyya ta fikihu da kuma hukunce-hukuncen addini na Mullah Omar . An hana mata yin aiki, an hana 'yan mata zuwa makarantu ko jami'o'i, an bukaci su kiyaye purdah kuma a raka su a waje da gidajensu da dangi maza; an hukunta wadanda suka karya wadannan hani. An haramta wa maza aske gemu kuma an bukace su da su bar su su girma da tsayin daka bisa ga sha'awar Taliban, da sanya rawani a wajen gidansu. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Taliban ta kuma haramta shiga tsakanin namiji da mace a wasanni, ciki har da kwallon kafa da dara, da kuma abubuwan nishaɗi irin su tashi-yawo da adana tattabarai ko wasu dabbobin gida kuma an hana su, kuma tsuntsaye. an kashe su ne bisa ga hukuncin da Taliban ta yanke.

'Yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata Mahnaz Afkhami ta rubuta cewa ra'ayin ' yan kishin Islama na duniya "ya ware matsayin mata da dangantakarta da al'umma a matsayin babbar jarrabawa ta ingancin tsarin Musulunci." Wannan alama ce ta cibiyoyi na purdah (rabuwar jiki na jinsi) da kuma awrah (boye jiki da tufafi). Kamar yadda yake a yawancin duniya, cibiyoyin da suke murkushe mata suna samun raguwar ƙarfi har zuwa lokacin da aka sake bullowar tushen tsarin Musulunci a ƙarshen karni na 20. Walid Phares ya rubuta cewa Marxism a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da China, da kuma "na duniya antilericalism" a Turkiyya tilasta mata "sauke kansu a cikin wata al'umma mai adawa da addini" wanda ya haifar da koma baya na "wariyar launin fata" daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama. Ya lura cewa wasu addinan kuma sun “shaida irin wannan gwagwarmaya ta tarihi.”

Yahudanci

Sa hannu a gabar tekun Isra'ila don yin wanka keɓe, don ɗaukar Yahudawan Haredi

Haredi Yahudanci, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yahudanci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, an soki shi saboda kafa manufofi da imani na wariyar launin fata. Ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsiraru amma masu ci gaba da girma a cikin al'adun Yahudawa, Haredi Yahudanci ya bambanta a matsayin ƙungiyar malamai, tare da babban rabo na maza da ke ci gaba da karatunsu a yeshiva fiye da mata a makarantar hauza. Mabiya addinin Yahudanci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma sun bambanta da tufafinsu da kamanninsu na gaba ɗaya: gemu marasa aske, dogayen riguna masu duhu, da faffadan huluna ga maza; da mata masu kunya. Zargin wariyar launin fata na jinsi yana nuni ne ga dabi'ar danne al'ada da kuma wariyar jinsi, da kuma aljani ga mata a matsayin jarabar jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, an tozarta hotunan mata a bainar jama'a a cikin al'ummomin Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma an tofa albarkacin bakinsu ga ƴan matan Yahudawa da ake kira karuwai saboda sanya tufafin da ake ganin ba su da kyau. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa galibin ‘yan kungiyar Haredi ne ke da alhakin ayyukan wariyar launin fata, kuma al’ummar Haredi baki daya ba su amince da irin wadannan ayyuka ba.

Ayyukan Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Isra'ila an kira su da nuna wariyar jinsi. Yayin da mata suka saba zama a bayan motocin bas a sassan Isra'ila, babu wata doka ta hukuma da ta tilasta hakan. Sai dai kuma, wani lamari ya faru a cikin watan Disambar 2011 inda wani mutum mai kishin addinin Orthodox ya bukaci wata mata da ke zaune a gaban bas din ta koma baya; Kin amincewarta da ta yi ya jawo babban taro. Shima 'yan sanda daga karshe ya wargaza arangamar. Dangane da taron, firaministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga wuraren taruwar jama'a ga kowa da kowa da hadin kai a tsakanin al'umma. An kuma sami rahotannin Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra’ayi suna tofa wa mata tofi, suna kai wa ma’aikatan talbijin hari, da zanga-zanga da alamu suna koya wa mata yadda za su sa tufafi da kuma guje wa tafiya ta wurin majami’u .

addinin Buddha

Wasu makarantun addinin Buddah na Tibet  yana buƙatar mata su shiga makarantun hauza da sauran nau'ikan ibada bayan maza. Hakanan an ware su daga maza yayin waɗannan abubuwan da sauran lokuta da yawa; misali, taruka na yau da kullun da liyafar cin abinci, musamman idan ana yin waɗannan a gaban babban sufaye. shaida ta gaskiya na maza da mata - ciki har da maza da mata - an tilasta musu yin jigilar kayayyaki daban-daban zuwa wasu al'amuran addinin Buddha.  har ma ana buƙatar zama a ɗakunan otal daban lokacin da suke halartar su.