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Allurar rigakafin subunit

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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

allurar rigakafi Ta kasance wata allurar rigakafi ce da ke dauke da sassan da aka tsarkake na pathogenic waɗanda ke da antigenic, ko kuma ya haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai kariya.[1][2] Ana iya yin allurar rigakafi daga ƙwayoyin cuta masu banbanci a cikin al'adun tantanin halitta ko bayyanar DNA mai haɗuwa, a wannan yanayin allurar rigakafin ce mai haɗuwa.[3]

Allurar rigakafin "subunit" ba ta ƙunshe da dukkan pathogen, ba kamar allurar rigakafi mai rai ba ko inactivated, amma ta ƙunshi sassan antigenic kamar sunadarai, polysaccharides [1] ko peptide.[2][4] Saboda allurar rigakafin ba ta dauke da abubuwan da ke dauke da cutar "rayuwa", babu hadarin gabatar da cutar, kuma tana da aminci kuma ta fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da allurar rigakawa da ke dauke dauke da dukkan cututtukan.[1]Sauran fa'idodi sun haɗa da kasancewa da fasaha mai kyau da kuma dacewa da mutane masu fama da rigakafi.[2] Rashin fa'idodi sun haɗa da kasancewa mai rikitarwa don ƙerawa idan aka kwatanta da wasu allurar rigakafi, mai yiwuwa yana buƙatar adjuvants da harbe-harbe, da kuma buƙatar lokaci don bincika wane haɗin antigenic zai iya aiki mafi kyau.[2]

An samar da allurar rigakafin farko a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 don kare mutane daga Hepatitis B. Sauran allurar rigakanin da aka ba da lasisi sun haɗa da Engerix-B (hepatitis B), Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus), Flublok (influenza), Shingrix (Herpes zoster) da Nuvaxovid (Cutar coronavirus 2019).[5][6][7][8]

Bayan allurar, antigens suna haifar da samar da takamaiman antibodies, waɗanda ke da alhakin ganewa da kuma kawar da abubuwa na kasashen waje. Abubuwan asali na allurar rigakafin recombinant sun haɗa da subunits recombinant, adjuvants da masu dauke da su. Bugu da ƙari, allurar rigakafi recombinant sune sanannun 'yan takara don ci gaban allurar rigakawa akan Cututtukan cututtuka (misali tarin fuka, dengue ) [9][10]

Ana ɗaukar allurar rigakafin recombinant a matsayin mai aminci don allura. Hanyoyin sakamako masu illa sun bambanta dangane da takamaiman nau'in allurar rigakafi da ake gudanarwa. Ƙananan sakamako masu illa sun haɗa da ciwo na allurar allura, zazzabi, da Gajiya, da kuma mummunan sakamako masu illa suna kunshe da anaphylaxis da yiwuwar mummunan rashin lafiyan. Har ila yau, ƙayyadaddun allurar rigakafi ne; ba a ba da shawarar su ga mutanen da ke da tarihin anaphylaxis na baya ga kowane bangare na allurar rigakawa. Ya kamata a nemi shawara daga ƙwararrun likitoci kafin a sami allurar rigakafi.

Bincike

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Magungunan rigakafin farko da aka tabbatar da su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na asibiti a kan mutane shine allurar rigakafin hepatitis B, wanda ke dauke da antigens na kwayar cutar hepatitis B kanta daga marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar kuma an daidaita shi da sabuwar fasahar da aka bunkasa don inganta amincin allurar rigakawa da kuma kawar da yiwuwar gurɓata ta hanyar mutane plasma.[11]

Hanyar aiki

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Allurar rigakafin subunit tana dauke da raguwa na pathogen, kamar furotin ko polysaccharide, wanda aka zaba haɗuwa da hankali don haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai ƙarfi da tasiri.Saboda tsarin rigakafi yana hulɗa tare da pathogen a cikin iyakantaccen hanya, haɗarin sakamako masu illa kaɗan ne.[2]Magungunan rigakafi masu inganci zasu haifar da amsawar rigakafi ga antigens kuma su samar da ƙwaƙwalwar rigakafin da ke ba da damar ganewar cututtukan da sauri ga kamuwa da cuta a nan gaba.[1]

Rashin daidaituwa shi ne cewa takamaiman antigens da aka yi amfani da su a cikin allurar rigakafi na iya rasa alamu na kwayoyin da ke da alaƙa da pathogen wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga ajin pathogen. Wadannan Tsarin kwayoyin zasu iya amfani da Kwayoyin rigakafi don gane haɗari, don haka ba tare da su ba, amsawar rigakafi na iya zama mafi rauni. Wani matsala shi ne cewa antigens ba sa kamuwa da sel, don haka amsawar rigakafi ga allurar rigakafin na iya zama kawai maganin rigakafi, ba na sel ba, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya fi rauni fiye da waɗanda wasu nau'ikan allurar rigakawa suka haifar.Don kara karfin rigakafin, ana iya amfani da adjuvants tare da allurar rigakafin subunit, ko kuma ana iya buƙatar allurar haɓaka.[2]

Nau'o'in

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Nau'o'in Bayyanawa Misalan
Ƙungiyar furotin ya ƙunshi sunadarai masu rarrabe daga cututtuka (kwayar cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta) Hepatitis B, allurar rigakafin cututtukan cututtukat
Polysaccharide ya ƙunshi sarƙoƙi na polysaccharides (kwayoyin sukari) da aka samo a cikin kwayar cutar kamar bangon tantanin halitta na wasu ƙwayoyin cutaGanuwar sel na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta Allurar rigakafin polysaccharide ta pneumococcal, allurar rigakafi ta meningococcal hana cututtuka daga ƙungiyar Neisseria meningitidis A, C, W-135, da Y
Aboki ya ƙunshi sarƙoƙi na polysaccharide da aka ɗaure zuwa sunadarai masu ɗaukar hoto, kamar diphtheria da tetanus toxoid, don haɓaka amsawar rigakafiMagungunan rigakafi Allurar rigakafin pneumococcal conjugate, allurar rigar haemophilus influenzae irin b conjugateAllurar rigakafin meningococcal

Ƙungiyar furotin

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Wani nau'in furotin shine sarkar polypeptide ko kwayar furotin wanda ke haɗuwa (ko "haɗe") tare da wasu kwayoyin furotin don samar da furotin.[12][13][14] Babban tarurruka na sunadarai kamar ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna amfani da ƙananan nau'ikan sunadarai a matsayin tubalan gini.[15] Wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin furotin mai haɗuwa shine ganowa da warewa na wani nau'in furotin daga kwayar cutar wanda zai iya haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai ƙarfi da tasiri, ba tare da haɗa ɓangarorin kwayar cutar ko kwayar cuta ba wanda ke ba da damar kwayar cutar ta haifuwa. Sassan furotin ko Capsid na kwayar cuta sau da yawa sun dace. Manufar ita ce ga ɓangaren furotin don ƙaddamar da amsawar tsarin rigakafi ta hanyar kwaikwayon bayyanar amma ba aikin kwayar cutar ba.[16] Wani tsarin da ya danganci furotin ya haɗa da haɗuwa da kai na ƙananan furotin da yawa a cikin kwayar cuta (VLP) ko nanoparticle. Dalilin kara kamanceceniyar allurar rigakafin ga dukkan kwayar cutar (amma ba iyawarsa ta yaduwa ba) shine ya haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai karfi.[17][16][18]

Ana yin allurar rigakafin furotin gabaɗaya ta hanyar samar da furotin, ta hanyar sarrafa Bayyanawar kwayar halitta ta kwayoyin halitta don ya bayyana adadi mai yawa na kwayar halitta.[16][19] Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don ci gaba dangane da allurar rigakafin da ke ciki.[17] Za'a iya amfani da Yisti, baculovirus, ko al'adun ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa don samar da sunadarai masu yawa a cikin vitro.[16][19][20]

Ana amfani da allurar rigakafin da ke dauke da furotin don cutar Hepatitis B da kuma cutar papillomavirus (HPV).[16][17] Ana amfani da hanyar don ƙoƙarin haɓaka allurar rigakafi don ƙwayoyin cuta masu wahala a yi wa rigakafi kamar ebolavirus da HIV.[21] Allurar rigakafin da ke dauke da furotin don COVID-19 suna da niyya ko dai furotin dinsa ko kuma yankin mai karɓa.[17] Ya zuwa 2021, an ba da rahoton dandalin rigakafin da aka fi bincike don COVID-19 a duk duniya a matsayin rigakafin furotin.[16][22]

Ƙungiyar polysaccharide

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Vi capsular polysaccharide allurar rigakafin (ViCPS) akan typhoid wanda Typhi serotype na Salmonella enterica ya haifar.[23] Maimakon zama furotin, antigen na Vi shine Kwayar cuta polysacchide, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon sarkar sukari da ke da alaƙa da lipid.[24] Allurar rigakafin capsular kamar ViCPS suna da rauni wajen haifar da martani na rigakafi a cikin yara. Yin Allurar rigakafi ta hanyar haɗa polysacchide tare da Toxoid yana ƙara inganci.[25]

Allurar rigakafi

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allurar rigakafi wani nau'in allurar rigakafin ne wanda ya haɗu da antigen mai rauni tare da antigen din mai ƙarfi a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto don Tsarin rigakafi ya sami amsa mai ƙarfi ga antigen mai ƙarfi.[26]

Ƙungiyar Peptide

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Allurar rigakafin peptide tana amfani da peptide maimakon cikakken furotin.[27] Ana amfani da allurar rigakafin da ke da tushe na Peptide saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar, yana da sauƙi kuma yana da araha don samar da yawa. Ƙara ga wannan, mafi girman kwanciyar hankali, tsabtar da kuma abubuwan da aka fallasa.[28] Matakai ukku sun faru wanda ya haifar da kirkirar allurar rigakafin peptide;[29]

  1. Sanarwar Epitope
  2. Ingantawa na Epitope
  3. Inganta rigakafin Peptide

Abubuwan da ke ciki

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Idan aka kwatanta da allurar rigakafi na al'ada da allurar allurar rigakawa marasa aiki, allurar rigakanin recombinant suna da halaye na musamman masu zuwa:

  • Suna ƙunshe da abubuwan da aka gano a bayyane wanda ke rage yiwuwar kasancewar kayan da ba a so a cikin allurar rigakafi.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]
  • An rage ƙwayoyin cuta kamar yadda kawai raguwa na ƙwayoyin cutar suke cikin allurar rigakafi da ba za ta iya mamayewa da yawaitawa a cikin jikin mutum ba.[30]
  • Suna da mafi kyawun Bayanan tsaro kuma sun dace da a ba da su ga marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi. [31][32]
  • Sun dace da samar da taro saboda amfani da fasahar recombinant.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]
  • Suna da babban kwanciyar hankali don haka zasu iya tsayayya da canje-canjen muhalli kuma sun fi dacewa a yi amfani da su a cikin saitunan al'umma.[30]

Koyaya, akwai kuma wasu matsaloli game da allurar rigakafin recombinant:

  • Ƙara adjuvants ya zama dole yayin masana'antu don kara inganci waɗannan allurar rigakafi.[33]
  • Marasa lafiya dole ne su karɓi allurai masu haɓaka don kula da rigakafi na dogon lokaci.[33][34]
  • Zaɓin layin tantanin halitta masu dacewa don noma subunits yana cin lokaci saboda sunadarai na microbial na iya zama ba su dace da wasu tsarin bayyanawa ba.[34]

Ilimin Magunguna

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Bayani mai sauƙi game da matakai da ke cikin amsawar rigakafi ta farko

Allurar rigakafi hanya ce mai karfi don kare mutane daga Cututtukan cututtuka.[35]

Ana iya samun Rigakafin rigakafi ta wucin gadi ta hanyar allurar rigakafi sakamakon tsarin kare jiki wanda ke haifar da bayyanar ƙaramin, sarrafa adadin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka don samar da magungunan rigakafi da sel na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba tare da kamuwa da ainihin pathogen ba.[36]

Hanyoyin da ke tattare da amsawar rigakafi na farko sune kamar haka:

  1. Gabatarwa ga antigens da ke cikin allurar rigakafi yana haifar da amsa ta farko. Bayan allurar, antigen za su sha ta sel masu gabatar da antigen (APCs) , kamar sel dendritic da macrophages, ta hanyar phagocytosis.[36][37]
  2. APCs za su yi tafiya zuwa lymph nodes, inda Kwayoyin T da T marasa girma suke.[38]
  3. Biye da matakai na antigen ta hanyar APCs, antigens za su ɗaure zuwa ko dai Masu karɓar aji na MHC ko masu karɓar ajin II a saman tantanin halitta bisa ga abubuwan da suka hada da siffofin tsari don samar da hadaddun abubuwa.[36]
  4. Gabatarwar antigen tana faruwa, inda masu karɓar tantanin halitta na T ke haɗe da ƙwayoyin antigen-MHC, suna fara fadadawa da bambancin, sabili da haka jujjuyawar Kwayoyin T marasa amfani zuwa ƙwayoyin C cytotoxic (CD8 +) ko ƙwayoyin D masu taimako (CD4 +).[39][40]
  5. Cytotoxic CD8+ cells na iya kai tsaye lalata Kwayoyin B suka kamu da cutar da ke dauke da antigens da APCs suka gabatar musu ta hanyar sakin kwayoyin lytic, yayin da mataimakin CD4+ sel ke da alhakin ɓoye cytokines wanda ke kunna B cells da cytotoxic T cells.[37][41]
  6. Kwayoyin T na iya yin aiki ba tare da sel na T ba ta hanyar hanyar siginar mai karɓar sel na B.[37]
  7. Bayan Kwayoyin dendritic sun kama immunogen da ke cikin allurar rigakafi, za su iya gabatar da abubuwa ga Kwayoyin B marasa amfani, suna haifar da yaduwa Kwayoyin plasma don samar da maganin rigakafi.[42] Canjin isotype na iya faruwa yayin ci gaban tantanin halitta na B don samar da magungunan rIgA daban-daban, gami da IgG, IgE da IgA.[37]
  8. Kwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya B da T sun samo asali ne bayan kamuwa da cuta.[36] Wadannan kwayoyin suna haddace antigens don haka bayyanar da ke biyo baya ga irin wannan antigens zai haifar da amsar ta biyu, inda aka sake haifar da mafi girman maida hankali ga antibodies takamaiman antigens da sauri da inganci a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci don kawar da pathogen.[38]

A karkashin takamaiman yanayi, ana ba da ƙananan allurai da farko, sannan kuma ƙarin allurai da ake kira allurai masu haɓaka. Masu haɓaka zasu iya kula da matakin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a jikin mutum, saboda haka suna ba da rigakafi mutum.[33][33][43]

Masana'antu

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Tsarin masana'antu na allurar rigakafi recombinant sune kamar haka: [ana buƙatar ambaton][ana buƙatar hujja]

  1. Bayyanawa na ɓangaren rigakafi
  2. Bayyanawa da kira
  3. Cirewa da tsarkakewa
  4. Ƙara adjuvants ko haɗawa da vectors
  5. Shirye-shiryen da isar da shi.

Bayyanawa na ɓangaren rigakafi

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Za a zaɓi rukunin 'yan takara da farko ta hanyar rigakafin su.[44] Don zama rigakafi, ya kamata su kasance na yanayin kasashen waje kuma su kasance masu rikitarwa don amsawa tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na Tsarin rigakafi da 'yan takara su faru.[45] Ana kuma zaɓar 'yan takara bisa ga girman, yanayin aiki (misali sigina) da kuma wurin salula (misali transmembrane).[44]

Bayyanawa da kira

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Bayan gano ɓangaren da aka yi niyya da kwayar halitta, za a ware kwayar halitta kuma a canja ta zuwa ta biyu, kwayar halitta ba ta cututtuka ba, kuma ta al'ada don samar da taro.[46] An kuma san wannan tsari a matsayin maganganun heterologous.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

An zaɓi tsarin magana mai dacewa bisa ga buƙatun gyare-gyare na fassarar, farashi, sauƙin cire samfurin da ingancin samarwa. Tsarin da aka saba amfani dashi don duka lasisi da haɓaka allurar rigakafi recombinant sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, yisti, ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, ƙwayohin kwari.[47]

Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta

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Escherichia coli

Ana amfani da Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a ko'ina don aiwatar da cloning, gyaran kwayar halitta da ƙananan kayan aiki.[48] Ana amfani da Escherichia coli (E. Coli) a ko'ina saboda binciken kwayoyin halitta, kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta da ke samuwa a ko'ida don bayyana kwayar halitta, ingantaccen bayanin martaba da kuma ikon sa na girma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu arha a babban ƙwayoyin halitta.[49]

E. Coli ya fi dacewa da sunadarai masu sauƙi saboda rashin iya aiwatar da gyare-gyare na fassarar, rashin tsarin sakataren sunadarai da kuma yiwuwar samar da jikin hadawa wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin solubilisation.[48][49][50] Game da aikace-aikace, ana amfani da E.Coli a matsayin tsarin bayyanawa allurar rigakafin dengue.[10]

Yisti

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Yisti ya dace da tasirin Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, inganci da yiwuwar fasaha.[48] Bugu da ƙari, yisti yana ɓoye sunadarai mai narkewa kuma yana da ikon yin gyare-gyare na fassarar kama da ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa.[50]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae mazauna a kan yisti cire glucose chloramphenicol agar (YGC).

Musamman, yisti ya haɗa da ƙarin kwayoyin mannose a lokacin N-glycosylation idan aka kwatanta da sauran eukaryotes, wanda zai iya haifar da martani na damuwa na sel.[51] Irin waɗannan martani na iya haifar da gazawar isa ga tsarin furotin na asali, wanda ke nuna yiwuwar rage rabin rayuwar serum da rigakafi.[48] Game da aikace-aikace, duka antigen na kwayar cutar hepatitis B (HBsAg) da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da kwayar cutar (VLPs) na babban furotin capsid L1 na kwayar cuta ta mutum nau'in 6, 11, 16, 18 ana samar da su ta hanyar Saccharomyces cerevisiae.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Kwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa

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Kwayoyin Dabbobi masu shayarwa sanannu ne saboda ikon su na yin gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci na warkewa da kuma bayyana yadda ya kamata, glycosylated da kuma sunadarai masu aiki.[49][52][53] Koyaya, ingancin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa na iya iyakance ta hanyar shiru na kwayar halitta da kuma samar da aggresome (ƙaddamar da furotin).[49] Ga ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, an ruwaito sunadarai da aka haɗa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da aka bayyana ta hanyar sunadarai, wanda zai iya sauƙaƙa cire furotin da tsarkakewa.[48]

Misali mafi shahara a ƙarƙashin wannan aji shine ƙwayoyin Hamster Ovary na kasar Sin (CHO) da aka yi amfani da su don kira na recombinant varicella zoster virus surface glycoprotein (gE) antigen don SHINGRIX.[7] Ana gane Kwayoyin CHO don saurin girma da kuma ikon su na bayar da tsarin sassauci. Hakanan ana iya al'adunsu da suka dace da dakatarwa a cikin matsakaici mara furotin, saboda haka rage haɗarin gurɓataccen prion.[48][49]

Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta

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Bayani na tsari na tsarin baculovirus da sake zagayowar kamuwa da cuta.

tsarin bayyanawa kwayar cuta na kwari yana da ikon bayyana sunadarai iri-iri a manyan matakan kuma samar da mahimman damar sarrafa furotin na eukaryotic, gami da phosphorylation, glycosylation, Myristoylation da palmitoylation.[54] Kamar kwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, sunadarai da aka bayyana galibi suna narkewa, an ninka su daidai, kuma suna aiki da kwayoyin halitta.[55] Koyaya, yana da saurin girma kuma yana buƙatar tsada mafi girma fiye da ƙwayoyin cuta da yisti, kuma yana ba da haɗarin haɗari. Wani sanannen fasalin shine kasancewar abubuwa na sarrafawa waɗanda ke ba da damar bayyana sunadarai masu ɓoyewa da membrane-bound a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na Baculovirus.[48][54]

allurar rigakafi da aka ba da lasisi wanda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta sun HA da Cervarix (papillomavirus C-terminal truncated major capsid protein L1 iri 16 da 18)[56] da Flublok Quadrivalent (haemagglutinin (HA) sunadarai daga nau'ikan Kwayoyin mura guda huɗu ).[6]

Cirewa da tsarkakewa

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A cikin tarihi, hanyoyin cirewa da tsarkakewa sun samo asali ne daga daidaitattun Hanyoyin chromatographic zuwa amfani da alamun zumunci.[57] Koyaya, tsarin cirewa na ƙarshe da tsarkakewa da aka yi ya dogara sosai da tsarin furcin da aka zaɓa. Da fatan za a yi la'akari da furcin subunit da kira don ƙarin fahimta.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Ƙara adjuvants

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Adjuvants kayan aiki ne da aka kara don inganta rigakafin rigakafi recombinant subunit.[58]

Adjuvants kara girman amsawar daidaitawa ga allurar rigakafi kuma jagorantar kunnawa na mafi inganci nau'ikan rigakafi ga kowane takamaiman pathogen (misali karuwar ƙarni na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalyar T).[59][60][61] Ƙara adjuvants na iya ba da fa'idodi ciki har da adana kashi da daidaita tsarin allurar rigakafi na ƙarshe.[62][61]

Ana zaɓar adjuvants masu dacewa bisa ga aminci, haƙuri, jituwa da antigen da la'akari da masana'antu. adjuvants da aka saB amfani da su don allurar rigakafi recombinant sune Alum adjuvants (misali Aluminium hydroxide), Emulsions (misali MF59) da Liposomes hade tare da kwayoyin rigakafi (misali AS01B).[60]

Tsari da kuma isarwa

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Tsarin isar da farko an raba shi zuwa tsarin isar da polymer-based (microspheres da liposomes) da tsarin isarwar rayuwa (gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria da ƙwayoyin cuta) [ana buƙatar ambaton][ana buƙatar hujja]

Tsarin isarwa polymer

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Ana amfani da Antigen na rigakafi a cikin microspheres ko liposomes. Microspheres na yau da kullun da aka yi ta amfani da Poly-lactic acid (PLA) da poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) suna ba da izinin sarrafa antigen ta hanyar ƙasƙantar da hankali yayin da liposomes ciki har da multilamellar ko unilamellar vesicles suna ba da damar saki mai tsawo.[60]

Tsarin isar da polymer yana ba da fa'idodi kamar karuwar juriya ga lalacewa a cikin GI tract, sarrafa antigen release, haɓaka Kwayoyin rigakafi da haɓaka ikon haifar da martani na cytotoxic T cell. Misali na allurar rigakafin recombinant mai lasisi wanda ke amfani da isar da liposomal shine Shringrix.

Tsarin isarwa na kai tsaye

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Tsarin isar da shi, wanda aka fi sani da vectors, ƙwayoyin halitta ne da aka gyara tare da ligands ko antigens don inganta immunogenicity na recombinant subunits ta hanyar canza gabatarwar antigen, biodistribution da fataucin mutane.[60] Ana iya saka subunits a cikin mai ɗaukar ko kuma an tsara su ta hanyar kwayar halitta don a bayyana su a saman vectors don ingantaccen gabatarwa ga Tsarin rigakafin mucosal.[46]

Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi

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Fa'idodi

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  • Ba za su iya komawa ga ƙwayoyin cuta ba ma'ana ba za su iya haifar da cutar da suke da niyyar karewa daga ba.[63][64]
  • Tsaro ga marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi [65]
  • Zai iya tsayayya da canje-canje a cikin yanayi (misali zafin jiki, hasken haske, danshi) [63]

Rashin fa'idodi

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  • Rage rigakafin rigakafirigakafin rigakafi da rigakafin da aka rage [64][65]
    • Yana buƙatar adjuvants don inganta rigakafin rigakafi [63][64]
    • Sau da yawa ana buƙatar allurai da yawa ("doses masu haɓaka") don samar da rigakafi na dogon lokaci[63][64]
  • Zai iya zama da wahala a ware takamaiman antigen (s) wanda zai haifar da amsawar rigakafin da ake bukata.[65]
  • Ba abu ne mai sauƙi a kula da ilmin sunadarai wanda ke haifar da bambancin da ba a ci gaba ba [65]

Sakamakon da ba daidai ba

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allurar rigakafi da aka haɗu da ita tana da aminci ga gudanarwa.[66][67]Koyaya, ana iya haɗuwa da halayen gida masu sauƙi, gami da induration da kumburi na shafin allurar, tare da zazzabi, Gajiya da ciwon kai bayan allurar rigakafi.[66][68][69] Abubuwan da ke faruwa na matsanancin halayen hypersensitivity da anaphylaxis ba su da yawa, amma suna iya haifar da Mutuwa mutane.[70] Sakamakon mummunan sakamako na iya bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi dangane da yanayin lafiyar jiki, shekaru, jinsi da kuma yanayin kwayar halitta.[71][72]

Ana hana allurar rigakafiallurar rigakafi mutanen da suka fuskanci halayen rashin lafiyan da anaphylaxis ga antigens ko wasu abubuwan da ke cikin allurar rigakanin a baya.[73][74] Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan yayin ba da allurar rigakafi ga mutanen da ke ciki rashin lafiya da kuma lokacin daukar ciki, inda ya kamata a jinkirta allurar su har sai yanayin su ya zama mai ɗorewa kuma bayan haihuwa bi da bi.[73]

Allurar rigakafin da aka ba da lasisi

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Ciwon hanta na B

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Allurar rigakafin Engerix B (Hepatitis B)

ENGERIX-B (wanda GSK ya samar) da RECOMBIVAX HB (wanda merck ya samar) allurar rigakafi ne guda biyu da aka ba da lasisi don kariya daga cutar Hepatitis B. Dukansu suna dauke da HBsAg da aka girbe kuma an tsarkake su daga Saccharomyces cerevisiae kuma an tsara su azaman dakatar da antigen da aka haɗa da alum.[75][76]

Maida hankali na Antibody ≥10mIU / mL akan HBsAg an gane su a matsayin ba da kariya daga kamuwa da cutar hepatitis B.[75][76]

An nuna cewa rigakafin rigakafi na farko na mutane masu lafiya yana da alaƙa da ≥90% na kariya ta seroprotection don ENGERIX-B, duk da raguwa tare da tsufa. Ƙananan ƙarancin kariya suna da alaƙa da kasancewar cututtukan da ke tattare da cututtukani da ƙarancin rigakafi. Duk da haka, GSK HepB har yanzu yana da Bayanan tsaro mai karɓa a cikin dukkan mutanen da aka yi nazari.[77]

Kwayar cutar Papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV)

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Allurar rigakafin Gardasil da akwatin

Cervarix, GARDASIL da GARDASIL9 allurar rigakafi ne guda uku da aka ba da lasisi don kariya daga kamuwa da cutar HPV. Sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan da suke kare marasa lafiya daga kamar yadda Cervarix ke ba da kariya daga nau'in 16 da 18, Gardasil yana ba da kide-kide daga nau'ikan 6, 11, 16 da 18, kuma Gardasil 9 yana ba da kari daga nau'i 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 bi da bi.[78]allurar rigakafi ta ƙunshi tsarkakewar VLP na babban furotin L1 wanda aka samar ta hanyar Saccharomyces cerevisiae.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

An nuna shi a cikin sake dubawa na tsarin 2014 cewa allurar rigakafin HPV (Cervarix) tana da alaƙa da ciwo (OR 3.29; 95% CI: 3.00-3.60), kumburi (OR 3.14; 95% CI, 2.79-3.53) da ja (OR 2.41; 95% CI: 2.17-2.68) kasancewar mafi yawan sakamako masu illa. Ga Gardasil, abubuwan da aka fi bayar da rahoton akai-akai sune ciwo (ko 2.88; 95% CI: 2.42-3.43) da kumburi (ko 2.65; 95% CI: 2.0-3.44).[79]

An dakatar da Gardasil a Amurka a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2017, bayan gabatarwar Gardasil 9 kuma an janye Cervarix da son rai a Amurka a mokolo ta 8 ga Agusta, 2016. [80][81]

Rashin lafiya

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Flublok Quadrivalent allurar rigakafi ce mai lasisi don rigakafin mura. Ya ƙunshi sunadarai na HA na nau'ikan Kwayar cuta mura guda huɗu da aka tsarkake kuma aka cire ta amfani da tsarin bayyanawa kwari na Baculovirus. Ana daidaita nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda huɗu a kowace shekara bisa ga bukatun Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka (USPHS).

Flublok Quadrivalent yana da kwatankwacin bayanin aminci ga maganin rigakafin gargajiya na trivalent da quadrivalent. Flublok kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙananan halayen gida (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98, RCTs uku, FEM, I2 = 0%, ƙananan tabbacin tabbacin) da haɗarin sanyi (RR= 1.33, 95% CI 1.03-1.72, RCTs guda uku, FIM, I2=14%, ƙananan tabbaci).[82]

Herpes Zoster

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SHINGRIX rigakafi ne mai lasisi don kariya daga Herpes Zoster, wanda haɗarin ci gaba ke ƙaruwa tare da raguwar kwayar cutar varicella zoster (VZV) . Allurar rigakafin ta ƙunshi ɓangaren antigen na VZV gE wanda aka cire daga sel na CHO, wanda za a sake gina shi tare da dakatarwa mai suna AS01B.

An gudanar da sake dubawa na tsari da meta-analysis akan inganci, tasiri da aminci na SHINGRIX a cikin marasa lafiya masu shekaru 18-49 da suka fi lafiya masu shekaru 50 da sama. Wadannan binciken sun bayar da rahoton rigakafin rigakafin humoral da cell-mediated ya kasance tsakanin 65.4 da 96.2% da 50.0%-93.0% yayin da inganci a cikin marasa lafiya (18-49 yo) tare da cutar haematological an kiyasta shi a 87.2% (95%CI, 44.3-98.6%) har zuwa watanni 13 bayan rigakafin tare da bayanin aminci mai karɓa.[83][84]

CUTAR COVID 19

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NUVAXOVID allurar rigakafi ce mai lasisi don rigakafin kamuwa da Cutar SARS-CoV-2. An bayar da izinin kasuwa a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2021.[85] Allurar rigakafin ta ƙunshi furotin na SARS-CoV-2 wanda aka samar ta amfani da tsarin bayyanawa baculovirus, wanda daga ƙarshe aka haɗa shi da Matrix M adjuvant.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da yake ana iya gano aikin rigakafi zuwa Karni na 12, inda tsoffin Sinanci a wannan lokacin suka yi amfani da dabarar variolation don ba da rigakafi ga kamuwa da kyanda.[ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] zamanin zamani na allurar rigakafi yana da ɗan gajeren tarihin kusan shekaru 200. Ya fara ne tare da kirkirar allurar rigakafi ta Edward Jenner a cikin shekara ta 1798 don kawar da kyanda ta hanyar yin allurar kwayar cutakwayar cuta rauni a cikin jikin mutum. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]

Tsakiyar karni na 20 ta nuna zamanin zinariya na kimiyyar rigakafi.  [ana buƙatar hujja]Ci gaban fasaha mai sauri a wannan lokacin ya ba masana kimiyya damar noma al'adun sel a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje, daga baya ya haifar da samar da allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna, kyanda da cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban.[86]  [ana buƙatar hujja]An kuma kirkiro allurar rigakafin da aka haɗa ta amfani da alamun rigakafi ciki har da capsular polysaccharide da sunadarai.[86] Samar da samfuran da ke da niyya ga cututtukan yau da kullun ya sami nasarar rage Mutuwa da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da cuta da rage nauyin Kiwon lafiya na jama'a.

Fitowar dabarun injiniyan kwayoyin halitta sun sauya kirkirar allurar rigakafi. A ƙarshen karni na 20, masu bincike suna da ikon ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafi ban da allurar rigakawa ta gargajiya, misali allurar rigar Hepatitis B, wacce ke amfani da antigens na kwayar cuta don fara amsawar rigakafi.

Yayin da hanyoyin masana'antu ke ci gaba da haɓakawa, ba makawa za a samar da alluran rigakafin da ke da tsarin tsarin mulki a nan gaba don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacensu na warkewa zuwa cututtukan da ba su iya kamuwa da su ba .[ana buƙatar hujja]</link> don kiyaye lafiyar ƙarin mutane.

Hanyar gaba

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Ana amfani da allurar rigakafi na recombinant don haɓakawa don tarin fuka, [9] zazzabin dengue,[10] helminths da ke watsa ƙasa, [87] cutar sankarar bargo [88] da COVID-19 . [89]

Ba a yi la'akari da allurar rigakafin subunit masu tasiri ga SARS-COV-2 kawai ba, har ma a matsayin 'yan takara don haɓaka rigakafin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, tetanus, salmonella enterica, da sauran cututtuka.

COVID-19

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An gudanar da bincike don gano yuwuwar haɓaka wani yanki mai haɓaka mai karɓa na SARS-CoV (RBD) azaman rigakafin ɗan adam akan COVID-19 . Ana goyan bayan ka'idar ta hanyar shaida cewa maganin convalescent daga marasa lafiya na SARS-CoV suna da ikon kawar da SARS-CoV-2 (kwayar da ta dace don COVID-19 ) da kuma kamannin amino acid tsakanin SARS-CoV da SARS-CoV-2 spike da RBD furotin yana da girma (82%).[89]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Module 2 - Subunit vaccines". WHO Vaccine Safety Basics e-learning course. Archived from the original on 2021-08-08.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "What are protein subunit vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19?". GAVI. Archived from the original on 2021-08-17.
  3. ↑ Francis MJ (March 2018). "Recent Advances in Vaccine Technologies". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. Vaccines and Immunology. 48 (2): 231–241. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.002. PMC 7132473. PMID 29217317.
  4. ↑ Lidder P, Sonnino A (2012). Biotechnologies for the Management of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Advances in Genetics. 78. Elsevier. pp. 1–167. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394394-1.00001-8. ISBN 9780123943941. PMID 22980921.
  5. ↑ "Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant)". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-08-29. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Flublok Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine)". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Shingrix (Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, Adjuvanted)". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  8. ↑ "Nuvaxovid dispersion for injection,COVID-19 Vaccine (recombinant, adjuvanted)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mascola JR, Fauci AS (February 2020). "Novel vaccine technologies for the 21st century". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 20 (2): 87–88. doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0243-3. PMC 7222935. PMID 31712767.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A (2018-08-23). "Recent Developments in Recombinant Protein-Based Dengue Vaccines". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 1919. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01919. PMC 6115509. PMID 30190720.
  11. ↑ Cuffari B (2022). "What is a Subunit Vaccine?". News medical lifesciences. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  12. ↑ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). The Shape and Structure of Proteins (in Turanci). New York: Garland Science. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  13. ↑ Stoker HS (1 January 2015). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (in Turanci) (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 709–710. ISBN 978-1-305-68618-2. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  14. ↑ Smith MB (27 April 2020). Biochemistry: An Organic Chemistry Approach (in Turanci). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 269-270. ISBN 978-1-351-25807-4. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  15. ↑ Vijayan M, Yathindra N, Kolaskar AS (1999). "Multi-protein assemblies with point group symmetry". In Vijayan M, Yathindra N, Kolaskar AS (eds.). Perspectives in Structural Biology: A Volume in Honour of G.N. Ramachandran (in Turanci). Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. pp. 449–466. ISBN 978-81-7371-254-8. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Plummer EM, Manchester M (2011). "Viral nanoparticles and virus-like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology. 3 (2): 174–196. doi:10.1002/wnan.119. PMC 7169818. PMID 20872839.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME (January 2022). "Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines". Annual Review of Medicine. 73 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212. PMID 34637324 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 238747462 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  18. ↑ Noad R, Roy P (September 2003). "Virus-like particles as immunogens". Trends in Microbiology. 11 (9): 438–444. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00208-7. PMID 13678860.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Wang M, Jiang S, Wang Y (April 2016). "Recent advances in the production of recombinant subunit vaccines in Pichia pastoris". Bioengineered. 7 (3): 155–165. doi:10.1080/21655979.2016.1191707. PMC 4927204. PMID 27246656.
  20. ↑ Bill RM (March 2015). "Recombinant protein subunit vaccine synthesis in microbes: a role for yeast?". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 67 (3): 319–328. doi:10.1111/jphp.12353. PMID 25556638. S2CID 22339760.
  21. ↑ "Vaccines". Immunology Course 419. Department of Veterinary Science & Microbiology at The University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2003-06-10.
  22. ↑ Bayani F, Hashkavaei NS, Arjmand S, Rezaei S, Uskoković V, Alijanianzadeh M, et al. (March 2023). "An overview of the vaccine platforms to combat COVID-19 with a focus on the subunit vaccines". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 178: 32–49. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.02.004. PMC 9938630 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36801471 Check |pmid= value (help).
  23. ↑ Raffatellu M, Chessa D, Wilson RP, Dusold R, Rubino S, Bäumler AJ (June 2005). "The Vi capsular antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi reduces Toll-like receptor-dependent interleukin-8 expression in the intestinal mucosa". Infection and Immunity. 73 (6): 3367–3374. doi:10.1128/IAI.73.6.3367-3374.2005. PMC 1111811. PMID 15908363.
  24. ↑ Hu X, Chen Z, Xiong K, Wang J, Rao X, Cong Y (August 2017). "Vi capsular polysaccharide: Synthesis, virulence, and application". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 43 (4): 440–452. doi:10.1080/1040841X.2016.1249335. PMID 27869515. S2CID 205694206.
  25. ↑ Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC, et al. (April 2001). "The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (17): 1263–1269. doi:10.1056/nejm200104263441701. PMID 11320385.
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  27. ↑ Malonis RJ, Lai JR, Vergnolle O (March 2020). "Peptide-Based Vaccines: Current Progress and Future Challenges". Chemical Reviews. 120 (6): 3210–3229. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00472. PMC 7094793. PMID 31804810.
  28. ↑ Skwarczynski M, Toth I (May 2011). "Peptide-based subunit nanovaccines". Current Drug Delivery. 8 (3): 282–289. doi:10.2174/156720111795256192. PMID 21291373.
  29. ↑ Kalita P, Tripathi T (May 2022). "Methodological advances in the design of peptide-based vaccines". Drug Discovery Today. Elsevier. 27 (5): 1367–1380. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.004. PMID 35278703 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 247399368 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Baxter D (December 2007). "Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing". Occupational Medicine. 57 (8): 552–556. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqm110. PMID 18045976.
  31. ↑ Nascimento IP, Leite LC (December 2012). "Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 45 (12): 1102–1111. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2012007500142. PMC 3854212. PMID 22948379.
  32. ↑ Wang M, Jiang S, Wang Y (April 2016). "Recent advances in the production of recombinant subunit vaccines in Pichia pastoris". Bioengineered. 7 (3): 155–165. doi:10.1080/21655979.2016.1191707. PMC 4927204. PMID 27246656.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Sedova ES, Shcherbinin DN, Migunov AI, Smirnov I, Logunov DI, Shmarov MM, et al. (October 2012). "Recombinant influenza vaccines". Acta Naturae. 4 (4): 17–27. doi:10.32607/20758251-2012-4-4-17-27. PMC 3548171. PMID 23346377.
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  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 LeBien TW, Tedder TF (September 2008). "B lymphocytes: how they develop and function". Blood. 112 (5): 1570–1580. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-02-078071. PMC 2518873. PMID 18725575.
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  39. ↑ Kallon S, Samir S, Goonetilleke N (April 2021). "Vaccines: Underlying Principles of Design and Testing". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 109 (4): 987–999. doi:10.1002/cpt.2207. PMC 8048882 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33705574 Check |pmid= value (help).
  40. ↑ Curtsinger JM, Johnson CM, Mescher MF (November 2003). "CD8 T cell clonal expansion and development of effector function require prolonged exposure to antigen, costimulation, and signal 3 cytokine". Journal of Immunology. 171 (10): 5165–5171. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5165. PMID 14607916. S2CID 24326081.
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  42. ↑ Wykes M, MacPherson G (May 2000). "Dendritic cell-B-cell interaction: dendritic cells provide B cells with CD40-independent proliferation signals and CD40-dependent survival signals". Immunology. 100 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00044.x. PMC 2326988. PMID 10809952.
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  47. ↑ Francis MJ (March 2018). "Recent Advances in Vaccine Technologies". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 48 (2): 231–241. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.002. PMC 7132473. PMID 29217317.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 Ferrer-Miralles N, Domingo-Espín J, Corchero JL, Vázquez E, Villaverde A (March 2009). "Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals". Microbial Cell Factories. 8 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-8-17. PMC 2669800. PMID 19317892.
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  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Taguchi S, Ooi T, Mizuno K, Matsusaki H (November 2015). "Advances and needs for endotoxin-free production strains". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (22): 9349–9360. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6947-9. PMID 26362682. S2CID 8308134.
  51. ↑ Gerngross TU (November 2004). "Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi". Nature Biotechnology. 22 (11): 1409–1414. doi:10.1038/nbt1028. PMID 15529166. S2CID 22230030.
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  67. ↑ Cox MM, Izikson R, Post P, Dunkle L (July 2015). "Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of Flublok in the prevention of seasonal influenza in adults". Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines. 3 (4): 97–108. doi:10.1177/2051013615595595. PMC 4591523. PMID 26478817.
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  77. ↑ Van Den Ende C, Marano C, Van Ahee A, Bunge EM, De Moerlooze L (August 2017). "The immunogenicity and safety of GSK's recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in adults: a systematic review of 30 years of experience". Expert Review of Vaccines. 16 (8): 811–832. doi:10.1080/14760584.2017.1338568. PMID 28573913. S2CID 4721288.
  78. ↑ "Gardasil[Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant]" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-16.
  79. ↑ Gonçalves AK, Cobucci RN, Rodrigues HM, de Melo AG, Giraldo PC (2014). "Safety, tolerability and side effects of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic quantitative review". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 18 (6): 651–659. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2014.02.005. PMC 9425215 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 24780368.
  80. ↑ "Gardasil-4 is no longer available". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  81. ↑ "GSK exits U.S. market with its HPV vaccine Cervarix". Fierce Pharma. 2016-10-21. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
  82. ↑ O Murchu E, Comber L, Jordan K, Hawkshaw S, Marshall L, O'Neill M, et al. (February 2022). "Systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of recombinant haemagglutinin seasonal influenza vaccines for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in individuals ≥18 years of age". Reviews in Medical Virology. 33 (3): e2331. doi:10.1002/rmv.2331. PMID 35106885 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 246475234 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  83. ↑ Racine É, Gilca V, Amini R, Tunis M, Ismail S, Sauvageau C (September 2020). "A systematic literature review of the recombinant subunit herpes zoster vaccine use in immunocompromised 18-49 year old patients". Vaccine. 38 (40): 6205–6214. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.049. PMID 32788132. S2CID 221123883.
  84. ↑ Tricco AC, Zarin W, Cardoso R, Veroniki AA, Khan PA, Nincic V, et al. (October 2018). "Efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of herpes zoster vaccines in adults aged 50 and older: systematic review and network meta-analysis". BMJ. 363: k4029. doi:10.1136/bmj.k4029. PMC 6201212. PMID 30361202.
  85. ↑ "Nuvaxovid COVID-19 Vaccine (recombinant, adjuvanted)". 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Plotkin S (August 2014). "History of vaccination". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (34): 12283–12287. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11112283P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1400472111. PMC 4151719. PMID 25136134.
  87. ↑ Noon JB, Aroian RV (December 2017). "Recombinant subunit vaccines for soil-transmitted helminths". Parasitology. 144 (14): 1845–1870. doi:10.1017/S003118201700138X. PMC 5729844. PMID 28770689.
  88. ↑ Marciani DJ, Kensil CR, Beltz GA, Hung CH, Cronier J, Aubert A (February 1991). "Genetically-engineered subunit vaccine against feline leukaemia virus: protective immune response in cats". Vaccine. 9 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1016/0264-410x(91)90262-5. PMID 1647576.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Chen WH, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME (June 2020). "Potential for developing a SARS-CoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant protein as a heterologous human vaccine against coronavirus infectious disease (COVID)-19". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 16 (6): 1239–1242. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1740560. PMC 7482854. PMID 32298218.
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