Gidan Elmina Castle
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| Suna a harshen gida | (en) Elmina Castle | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iri |
fort (en)  cultural heritage (en) castle (en) factory (en) | |||
| Bangare na |
Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions (en) | |||
| Validity (en) | 1482 – | |||
| Wuri | Elmina, Yankin Tsakiya da Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District | |||
| Ƙasa | Ghana | |||
Template:Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
Turawan Portugal ne suka gina Elmina Castle a cikin 1482 a matsayin Castelo de São Jorge da Mina (St. George of the Mine Castle), wanda kuma aka sani da Castelo da Mina ko kuma kawai Mina (ko Feitoria da Mina), a cikin Elmina na yanzu, Ghana. a da Gold Coast. Itace tashar kasuwanci ta farko da aka gina akan Tekun Ginea, kuma gini mafi tsufa a Turai da aka samu a kudancin hamadar sahara.
Da farko an kafa shi azaman sulhu na kasuwancin gidan sarauta, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tasha akancinikin bayi na Atlantic.
A shekara ta 1637 'yan kasar Holland suƙ kwace katanga daga hannun Turawan Portugal, bayan yƙurin n da bi yi nasara ba a shekara ta 1596, suka kumƙwace e dukkan yankunan Zirin Zinare na Fotigal a shekara ta 1642. Kasuwancin bayi ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Dutch har zuwa 1814. A cikin 1872, Kogin Gold Coast na Dutch, gami da kagara, ya zama mallakin Burtaniya.
Gold Coast, ta sami 'yancin kanta a matsayin Ghana a 1957 daga United Kingdom kuma a yanzu tana iko da gidan sarauta. Gidan Elmina wurine na tarihi, kuma ya kasance babban wurin yin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Werner Herzog na 1987 Cobra Verde. UNESCO ta amince da ginin a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya, tareda sauran katakai da garu a Ghana, saboda shaidarsa ga cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Babban wurin shaƙatawa ne a yankin tsakiyar Ghana.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Pre-Portuguese[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen dake zaune a bakin tekun yammacin Afirka a Elmina kusa da ƙarni na goma sha biyar sun kasance Fante, tareda dangantaka marar tabbas da Akan na zamani wanda ya fito daga arewacin dajin. Daga cikin kakanninsu akwai 'yan kasuwa da masu haƙar ma'adinai waɗanda sukayi cinikin zinari zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum da Gabas ta Tsakiya tun daga zamanin.
Mutanen dake gaɓar tekun Afirka ta Yamma an tsarasu cikin al'ummomi dayawa waɗanda aka zayyana bisa ga dangin. Iyali nada matuƙar muhimmanci acikin al'umma, kuma shugabannin iyali sun kasance da haɗin kai acikin al'ummomi a ƙarƙashin ikon yanki da aka sani. A gefen Gold Coast kaɗai, fiye da jihohi ashirin masu cin gashin kansu sun wanzu. Elmina yana tsakanin masarautun Fante guda biyu, Fetu da Eguafo.
Jama'ar yammacin Afirka sun raya tsohuwar dangantakar kasuwanci da sauran sassan duniya. Cinikin ƙarafa na gama-gari, fitattun siffofin fasaha, da rancen aikin gona sun nuna cewa haɗin kai tsakanin sahara da yankin bakin teku ya bunƙasa. Turawan Portugal a 1471 sune Turawa na farko da suka ziyarci gaɓar tekun Gold a haka, amma ba lallai bane matuƙan jirgin sun isa tashar.
Zuwan Portuguese[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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| Taswirori biyu na ƙarni na 16 na gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, suna nuna A mina (mine) | |
Portuguese ta fara zuwa Gold Coast a cikin shekarar 1471. Yarima Henry Navigator ya fara aika jiragen ruwa don bincika gaɓar tekun Afirka a shekara ta 1418. Mutanen Portuguese suna da dalilai da yawa na yin tafiya kudu. Anja hankalinsu da jita-jita na ƙasashen Afirka masu albarka waɗanda ke da arzikin zinariya da hauren giwa. Har'ila yau, sun nemi hanyar kudanci zuwa Indiya don kaucewa 'yan kasuwa na Larabawa da kuma ƙulla kasuwanci kai tsaye da Asiya.
A cikin layi ɗaya da ƙarfi na addini na lokacin, wani abinda yafi mayar da hankali ga Portuguese shine addinin Kirista. Sun kuma nemi ƙulla ƙawance da fitaccen nan mai suna Prester John, wanda akayi imanin shine shugaban wata babbar al'ummar Kirista a wani wuri mai nisa daga Turai.
Waɗannan dalilai sunsa Portuguese sun bunƙasa kasuwancin Guinea. Sun sami cigaba a hankali akan gaɓar tekun Afirka, kowace tafiya takai matsayi fiye da na baya. Bayan shekaru hamsin na binciken bakin teku, Portuguese sun isa Elmina a shekara ta 1471, lokacin mulkin Sarki Afonso V. Domin sarakunan Portugal sun rasa sha'awar binciken Afirka sakamakon ƙarancin dawowar, cinikin Guinea ya kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar ɗan kasuwa na Portugal, Fernão Gomes. Bayan yakai Elmina a yau, Gomes ya gano kasuwancin zinari mai bunƙasa wanda aka riga aka kafa tsakanin 'ƴan ƙasar da kuma 'ƴan kasuwa Larabawa da Berber masu ziyara. Ya kafa cibiyar kasuwancinsaya zama sananne ga Portuguese a matsayin "A Mina" (Ma'adinan) saboda zinariyar da za'a iya samu a wurin.
Gina katangar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ciniki tsakanin Elmina da Portugal ya girma cikin shekaru goma bayan kafa wurin ciniki a ƙarƙashin Gomes. A shekara ta 1481, João II wanda ya lashe kambu na baya-bayan nan ya yanke shawarar gina katanga a bakin teku domin tabbatar da kare wannan ciniki, wanda aka sake riƙeshi a matsayin mulkin mallaka. Sarki João ya aika da dukkan kayayyakin da ake bukata don gina katangar a kan ayari goma da jiragen ruwa guda biyu. Kayayyakin, wanda ya haɗada komai daga manyan duwatsun harsashi har zuwa fale-falen rufin, an aika su a cikin tsari da aka riga aka tsara, tare da tanadin mutum ɗari shida. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Diogo de Azambuja, rundunar ta tashi a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1481 kuma ta isa Elmina, a wani ƙauye mai suna Of Parts Two[1] bayan wata ɗaya, a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1482. Wasu masana tarihi sun lura cewa Christopher Columbus yana cikin waɗanda sukayi balaguro zuwa gaɓar tekun Gold da wannan jirgin ruwa.[2][3][4][5]
Bayan isowa, Azambuja ya bada kwangilar ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Portuguese, wanda ya zauna a Elmina na ɗan lokaci, don shirya da fassara taron hukuma tareda shugaban yankin, Kwamin Ansah, wanda ya fassara daga Portuguese, "Caramansa". Azambuja ya gayawa shugaban babban fa'idar gina katangar, gami da kariya daga babban sarkin Portugal. A yayin taron, Azambuja da Cif Kwamin Ansah duk sun halarci wani gagarumin bikin zaman lafiya wanda ya haɗada liyafa, mawaƙa, da mahalarta da dama, na Portuguese da na asali.[1]
Cif Kwamin Ansah, yayin da yake karɓar Azambuja, saboda yana da duk wani dan kasuwa na kasar Portugal da ya isa gabar tekun, yayi taka tsan-tsan da zama na dindindin. Koyaya, tare da tsayayyen tsare-tsare da aka riga akayi, ba za'a hana Portuguese din ba. Bayan bayar da kyaututtuka, yin alƙawari, da kuma nuni ga sakamakon rashin bin ƙa'idodin, Portuguese ɗin sun sami yarjejeniyar rashin son Kwamin Ansah.
Lokacin da aka fara ginin washegari, rashin son sarki ya tabbata. Domin gina katangar a cikin mafi girman matsayi a yankin, dole ne Portuguese ta rushe gidajen wasu daga cikin ƙauyen, waɗanda suka yarda kawai bayan an biya su diyya. Portuguese sun yi ƙoƙari su haƙa wani dutse da ke kusa da mutanen Elmina, waɗanda suka kasance masu raɗaɗi, sunyi imanin cewa gidan allahn kogin Benya ne na kusa.[1]
Kafin rugujewar kwata-kwata da gidaje, Azambuja ya aika da wani ma’aikacin jirgin ruwa na kasar Portugal, João Bernaldes da kyaututtuka domin ya kai wa Cif Kwamin Ansah da mutanen kauyen. Azambuja ya aika da kwanonin tagulla, shawl, da dai sauran kyaututtuka da fatan za su samu yardar mutanen kauyen, don kada suji haushin rusa gidajensu da duwatsun alfarma. Duk da haka, João Bernaldes bai bada kyaututtukan ba sai da aka fara ginin, inda mutanen ƙauyen suka ji haushi sa’ad da suka ga rugujewar da aka yi ba tare da annabta ko kuma an biya su diyya ba.[1]
Dangane da haka, mutanen yankin sun ƙirƙiro wani harin da yayi sanadiyar mutuwar Portugal da dama. A ƙarshe, an cimma fahimtar juna. Ci gaba da adawa ya sa Portugueseawa suka kona ƙauyen yankin don ramuwar gayya. Ko da a cikin wannan yanayi na tashin hankali, an kammala labarin farko na hasumiya bayan kwanaki ashirin kacal. Wannan shi ne sakamakon kawo kayan gini da aka kera da yawa. An kammala sauran katangar da cocin da ke tare da shi jim kadan bayan haka, duk da juriya.[1]
Tasiri kai tsaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wannan katangar ita ce ginin farko da aka kera na asalin Turai da aka tsara kuma aka aiwatar da shi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Bayan kammala shi, an kafa Elmina a matsayin birni mai kyau. An nada Azambuja a matsayin gwamna, kuma Sarki João ya kara lakabin "Ubangijin Guinea" a cikin manyan mukamansa. São Jorge da Mina ya ɗauki aikin soja da mahimmancin tattalin arziki wanda masana'antar Portugal ta kasance a baya a tsibirin Arguim, a gefen kudu na Mauritania. A tsayin daka na cinikin zinari a farkon karni na sha shida, oz na zinari 24,000 ana fitar da su a duk shekara daga gabar tekun Gold, wanda ya kai kashi goma na kayayyakin da ake samarwa a duniya.
Sabon katangar, dake nuni da shigar da turawan ke yi na dindindin a yammacin Afirka, yayi tasiri sosai ga 'yan Afirka mazauna gabar teku. A bisa bukatar Turawan Portugal, Elmina ta ayyana kanta a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, sannan Gwamnanta ya dauki nauyin tafiyar da harkokin garin. An baiwa mutanen Elmina kariya daga Portuguese daga hare-hare daga kabilun da ke kusa da bakin teku, wadanda Portuguese din ba su da dangantaka da juna sosai, duk da cewa suna da abokantaka da kasashe masu karfi a cikin Afirka.
Idan wani dan yankin ya yi yunƙurin yin kasuwanci da wata ƙasa ban da Portugal, Portuguese ɗin sun mayar da martani da ƙarfi, sau da yawa ta hanyar kulla kawance da maƙiyan ƙasar da suka ci amanar ƙasar. Kiyayya a tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ya karu, kuma tsarin al'ada na al'ummomin 'yan asalin ya sha wahala, musamman bayan da Portuguese suka gabatar da su ga makamai masu linzami, wanda ya sa rinjaye na kasashe masu karfi a cikin sauƙi.
Ciniki tare da Turawa ya taimaka wajen samar da wasu kayayyaki, kamar su tufafi da ƙwanƙwasa, don samun dama ga mutanen bakin teku. Har ila yau shigar Turawa ya tarwatsa hanyoyin kasuwanci na gargajiya tsakanin mutanen bakin teku da mutanen arewa ta hanyar yanke masu tsaka-tsaki na Afirka. Al'ummar Elmina sun cika da 'yan kasuwa daga wasu garuruwa suna fatan yin kasuwanci da Portuguese, wadanda a hankali suka kafa mulkin mallaka na yammacin Afirka.
Kasuwancin bayi na Afirka ta Yamma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tun da farko, hukumomin Portugal sun yanke shawarar cewa São Jorge da Mina ba za ta shiga cikin cinikin bayi ba kai tsaye, saboda ba sa son kawo cikas ga ayyukan hakar gwal da hanyoyin kasuwanci na yankinta tare da yake-yaken da suka wajaba don kama mutane masu 'yanci da bautar da su. Maimakon haka, Portuguese sun tura fursunonin zuwa São Jorge da Mina daga wani wuri, musamman Slave Coast (Benin) da São Tomé . São Jorge da Mina ya yi aiki a matsayin mai jigilar kayayyaki.
A karni na sha bakwai, yawancin ciniki a yammacin Afirka sun fi mayar da hankali kan sayar da bayi. São Jorge da Mina ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cinikin bayi na yammacin Afirka . Gidan ya kasance a matsayin wurin ajiya inda aka shigo da ’yan Afirka bayi daga masarautu daban-daban a yammacin Afirka. 'Yan Afirka, wadanda sau da yawa suka kama a cikin Afirka ta hanyar masu kama bayi na mutanen bakin teku, ana sayar da su ga Portuguese, daga bisani ga 'yan kasuwa na Holland don musanya kayayyaki irin su masaku da dawakai.
A cikin 1596, Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙari na farko da bai yi nasara ba na kame gidan, wanda yayi nasara a 1637,[6] bayan haka ya zama babban birnin Dutch Gold Coast. A lokacin mulkin Dutch an gina sabon ƙaramin kagara a kan wani tudu da ke kusa don kare ginin St. George daga hare-haren cikin ƙasa. Ana kiran wannan kagara Fort Coenraadsburg. Yaren mutanen Holland sunci gaba da hanyar bawan Atlantika mai siffar triangular har zuwa 1814, lokacin da suka soke cinikin bayi, bisa ga yarjejeniyar cinikin bayi na Anglo-Dutch.
A cikin 1872, Burtaniya ta mamaye yankin Dutch da katanga bisa ga yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch Sumatra na 1871.
Gyarawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gwamnatin Ghana ta mayar da katafaren ginin a cikin shekarun 1990s. Ana ci gaba da gyare-gyaren gidan sarauta. A yau tattalin arzikin Elmina ya dore ta fannin yawon bude ido da kamun kifi. Elmina Castle an adana shi azaman gidan kayan gargajiya na ƙasar Ghana. An sanya wannan abin tunawa a matsayin abin tarihi na duniya a karkashin UNESCO a cikin 1979. Wuri ne na aikin hajji ga Amurkawa da yawa na Afirka da ke neman alaƙa da al'adunsu.[7]
Gyara gadar da ke shiga cikin katafaren ginin na ɗaya daga cikin ayyuka mafi fifiko a cikin aikin. Tun daga watan Agustan shekarar 2006, an kammala gyaran gadar kuma ana ci gaba da yin gine-ginen filayen sama.
Takaddun 3D tare da sikanin Laser na ƙasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin 2006, Aikin Zamani ya rubuta Elmina Castle tare da sikanin laser na 3D na ƙasa. Samfurin 3D, yawon shakatawa, ɗagawa, sassa da tsare-tsare na Elmina Castle ana samunsu akan gidan yanar gizon aikin. Ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta ta ƙware a cikin takaddun dijital na 3D na al'adun gargajiya na zahiri. Bayanan da Tsarin Zamani ya samar ya haifar da rikodi na dindindin wanda za a iya amfani da shi don bincike, ilimi, maidowa, da kiyayewa. [8][9]
Gallery[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The Portuguese In West Africa, Cambridge University Press, 1950, p. 93.
- ↑ Wada, Kayomi (11 January 2010), "El Mina São Jorge da Mina", BlackPast. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ↑ Hair, P. E. H. (1995). "Was Columbus' First Very Long Voyage a Voyage from Guinea?" History in Africa, vol. 22, pp. 223–237. doi:10.2307/3171915.
- ↑ "Ghana History - Early Contact", GlobalSecurity.org.
- ↑ Asomaning, Hannah (3 January 2006), "Elmina Deserves World's Attention", GhanaWeb.
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A cikin shahararrun al'adu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hotuna daga wani yanayi na yanayi na 6 na jerin FX Snowfall an harbesu a Elmina Castle. Taken shirin mai suna "Ƙofar da Babu Komawa", tana nuni ne ga ƙofa ta alama da miliyoyin 'yan Afirka suka shiga lokacin da suka shiga rayuwar bauta ta katanga irin wannan.
Ayyuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- yawon shakatawa na kasashen waje
- Kofar Komawa
- Jerin manyan gidaje a Ghana
- Shekarar dawowa, Ghana 2019
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Template:Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire
Kara karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Andrea, Alfred J., da James H. Overfield. "Mallaka na Afirka," Rikodin Dan Adam: Tushen Tarihin Duniya, Bugu na Biyar, Juzu'i na 2. Boston: Kamfanin Houghton Miffin, 2005.
- Bruner, Edward M. "Yawon shakatawa a Ghana: wakilcin bauta da kuma dawowar Black Diaspora." Masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka 98 (2): 290-304.
- Claridge, Walton W. Tarihin Gold Coast da Ashanti, Bugu na Biyu. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, 1964.
- Daku, Kwame Yeboa. Ciniki & Siyasa akan Gold Coast 1600–1720 . London: Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1970.
- DeCorse, Christopher R. Archaeology na Elmina: 'Yan Afirka da Turawa a Gabashin Zinare, 1400-1900 . Washington, DC: Cibiyar Nazarin Smithsonian, 2001.
- Gashi, PEH Kafa Castelo de São Jorge da Mina: nazari na tushen . Madison: Jami'ar Wisconsin, Shirin Nazarin Afirka, 1994. ISBN 0-942615-21-2
- Pacheco, Duarte. Esmeraldo de situ orbis, c. 1505-1508.
- Kasashen Duniya-Ghana
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- www.zamaniproject.org Yana ba da ƙirar 3D, yawon shakatawa na panorama, ɗagawa, sassan da tsare-tsaren Elmina Castle.
- Gidan yanar gizon Ghana-pedia - São Jorge da Mina