Guy Warren

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Kofi Ghanaba
Sunan haihuwa Warren Gamaliel Kpakpo Akwei
Pseudonym (en) Fassara Kofi Ghanaba; Guy Warren of Ghana; The Divine Drummer
Born (1923-05-04)4 Mayu 1923
Greater Accra, Gold Coast
Mutuwa 22 Disamba 2008(2008-12-22) (shekaru 85)
Accra, Ghana
Genre (en) Fassara African jazz
Singer-songwriter, arranger, actor, record producer
Kayan kida Drums
Record label (en) Fassara Safari, Decca, RCA Victor
Associated acts The Tempos


Guy Warren Dan Ghana, wanda aka fi sani da Kofi Ghanaba (4 ga Mayu 1923 - 22 ga Disamba 2008), ya kasance mawaƙin Ghana, wanda ya fi shahara a matsayin mai kirkirar Afro-jazz - "sake haɗuwa da jazz na Afirka da tushensa na Afirka" [1] - kuma a matsayin memba na The Tempos, tare da E. T. Mensah. Ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga mawaƙa kamar su Fela Kuti . Kw Warren a kan drum din Afirka ya ba shi suna "The Divine Drummer". A matakai daban-daban na rayuwarsa, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida, DJ da mai watsa shirye-shirye.[2] [3]

Tarihin rayuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haife shi Warren Gamaliel Kpakpo Akwei a Accra a cikin Gold Coast a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1923, ga Richard Mabuo Akwei, wanda ya kafa Makarantar Kasa ta Ghana, da Susana Awula Abla Moore . Iyayensa [4] suka sanya masa suna bayan Warren Gamaliel Harding, shugaban Amurka na 29, ya canza sunansa a 1943 zuwa Guy Warren.Lokacin [5] yake Amurka ya zama "Guy Warren na Ghana". canza sunansa zuwa "Ghanaba" a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1974, Ranar Jamhuriyar Ghana.[6] [7] [8]

Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Yara ta Gwamnati, Accra, daga 1928 zuwa 1939. A wannan lokacin, ya haɓaka sha'awar kiɗa ta hanyar yin wasa ga ƙungiyar makaranta. Bayan ya wuce da bambanci, ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Odorgonno a 1940. A wannan shekarar, ya shiga ƙungiyar Accra Rhythmic Orchestra a ƙarƙashin Yeboah Mensah a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya sami tallafin horar da malamai na gwamnati a Kwalejin Achimota, Accra, a cikin 1941 tare da niyyar zama malami a makarantar mahaifinsa. Yayinda yake Achimota, ya shiga wasanni. [9] bar kwalejin a shekarar 1942 saboda, kamar yadda ya ce daga baya, "Na gaji da karatun da na yi da kuma tsananin horo na kwalejin, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya canza ni zuwa ɗan Ingila".

A shekara ta 1943, Warren Akwei ya shiga cikin Ofishin Ayyuka na Dabarun, reshe na Sojojin Amurka wanda ke hulɗa da ayyukan bayyane da ɓoye a yakin duniya na biyu. Ya koma Accra a wannan shekarar kuma ya shiga Spectator Daily a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a ƙarƙashin editan Robert Wuta-Ofei . Ya kasance editan Daily Echo, Gold Coast Independent, da Star of West Africa tsakanin 1950 da 1952. A shekara ta 1944, ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen jazz yayin da yake aiki a Gold Coast Broadcasting Service a karkashin sunan Guy Warren, wanda ya ci gaba da amfani da shi na shekaru talatin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1951, ya yi jerin shirye-shiryen jazz don Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya (BBC), ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya dauki bakuncin shirye-shirye tare da sabis ɗin. Ya kuma yi aiki a fim din 1951 The Boy Kumasenu, yana taka rawar Yeboah . Ya yi aiki a Station ELBC, National Broadcasting Service of Laberiya, a matsayin mataimakin darektan da kuma disc jockey tsakanin 1953 da 1955.

[10] shiga E. T. Mensah da sauransu don kafa ƙungiyar jazz The Tempos amma ya bar ƙungiyar a shekara ta 1951. A shekara ta 1955 Warren ya tafi Chicago kuma ya shiga Gene Esposito Band a matsayin jagora, mai ba da gudummawa, da kuma mai shirya. Tare da su ya rubuta kundi na farko, Africa Speaks, America Answers (Decca, 1956). Kiɗa na Afirka ya shahara, amma ba a haɗa shi da Kiɗa na duniya ba har sai Warren. Fela Anikulapo Kuti da Osibisa sun shahara da kiɗan Ghanaba. lokacin da ya zauna a Amurka, ya yi aiki tare da Duke Ellington, Max Roach, Charlie Parker, da Louis Armstrong.

A shekara ta 1974 ya koma Ghana, inda a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1974, Ranar Jamhuriyar, ya canza sunansa zuwa "Ghanaba". Daga ba ya ce: "Bayan Amurka ta ba ni kunya, ina so in tayar da bangaren Afirka na jazz. Fassarar Afirka na jazz sun bambanta da sigar Afirka ta Amurka da na ji a Amurka Na gano Afirka a Amurka ... Ina so in yi kiɗa na Afirka. "[11]

A cikin shekarun 1990s, ya taka rawar gani a fim din Sankofa (1993), wanda Haile Gerima ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, wanda ke aiki a Amurka. An kuma yi fim din a Ghana da Burkina Faso . [12] Ghanaba ci gaba da yin kiɗa har zuwa mutuwarsa yana da shekaru 85 a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2008 37 Asibitin Soja 37 a Accra. An binne shi a cikin akwatin gawa da Eric Adjetey Anang na Kane Kwei Carpentry Workshop ya tsara a matsayin drum.

Iyali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Iyayen Ghanaba sune Susana Awula Abla Moor da Richard Mabuo Akwei, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na Makarantar Kasa ta Ghana a Accra . Yayinda yake yaro Ghanaba ya kasance mai ba da kyauta wanda ya sami kwanciyar hankali da ta'aziyya kaɗan tare da tsananin mahaifinsa. Richard Akwei, mai horo, masanin ilimi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Makarantar Tunawa da Akwei a tsakiyar Accra; kuma mai kula da wasanni, an yaba shi da kasancewa Babban Darakta na farko na Ghana na Kungiyar Wasanni ta Tsakiya (COS), wanda daga baya aka sani da Majalisar Wasanni.

Ghanaba ta yi aure sau biyu kuma tana da 'ya'ya shida. Ɗansa na farko, Guy Warren Jr., wanda aka fi sani da "Odinga Oginga", ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya ƙware a cikin zane-zane, zane da zane-zane. Ɗansa na biyu, Glenn Gillespie Warren, wanda kuma ake kira "Ghanababa" (ɗan Ghanaba), ɗan wasan jazz ne wanda ya buga a cikin kundin That Happy Feeling (Safari, 1979). Ya rubuta Bomdigi (Safari, 2008), kundi na karshe wanda ke nuna Ghanaba . Ghanaba ta zabi Glenn don ci gaba da aikinsa, wanda aka yi alama a hukumance lokacin da Ghanaba ta ba Glenn sandunansa. Ɗan Ghanaba na uku, Gamal Abdel Nasser Warren, wanda aka fi sani da "Shugaba", an sanya masa suna ne bayan shugaban kasar Nasser na Masar. Ɗan Gha na huɗu, Gamaliel Joseph Warren, ya gaji baiwar kiɗa ta mahaifinsa a matsayin mai bugawa na jazz.

A shekara ta 1976, Ghanaba ta sadu kuma ta auri Mrs Felicia Ghanaba, 'yar Togo da ke zaune a Ghana. Ta haifa masa 'yar, wacce suka ba ta suna Medie ("na"); an san ta da suna Medie Ghanaba Lemay . A shekara ta 1982, ma'auratan sun haifi 'yar ta biyu, mai suna Gye Nyame Hosanna Ghanaba .

Ayyukan kiɗa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

1940–80[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya fara aikinsa a karkashin sunan Guy Warren a matsayin mai ba da faifai a cikin 1944 tare da shirye-shiryen jazz da yawa a kan Gold Coast Broadcasting Service (daga baya Ghana Broadcasting Corporation) da Z.O.Y. Accra . Ya bayyana aikinsa a kan drum din a matsayin soyayya, yana ganin drum din Afirka a matsayin mace wacce ba za ta iya gamsuwa ba. Duk da yake bugun da ƙarfin wasansa cikin sauƙi ya tsage murfin vinyl a kan drum ɗin da aka yi a Yamma, fatar dabba da ke rufe drum ɗin Afirka ta kasance ba ta lalace ba. Nii Anum Telfer ya bayyana hawa kan mataki tare da Ghanaba a matsayin jin da zai tuna koyaushe. Wani wuta zai sanar da shigarsu.

Kamar Seth Paris ya lura, "Tare da 'yan uwan mawaƙa, kamar saxophonist Joe Kelly da bassist Oscarmore Ofori, Guy ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙarni don kawo tasirin salon kiɗa na Afirka-Amurka zuwa al'adun Ghana. A cikin 1948, Guy Warren ya yi aiki tare da Kenny Graham's Afro-Cubists a Burtaniya, kuma lokacin da ya koma Ghana, ya taimaka wajen gabatar da rhythms na Afirka-Cuban ga ƙasar. "

[13] zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1954, Ghanaba ya shafe wasu shekaru yana aiki a can, kodayake bai sami nasarar kasuwanci ba. Sau ɗaya, kafin wasan kwaikwayon Amurka, Warren ya bayyana a bayan fage a cikin ainihin tufafin Afirka. Koyaya, mai kulob din (African Room) yana ƙoƙarin tilasta masa ya sa abin da ya ɗauka "Uncle Tom" kayan aiki tare da hat mai laushi, wanda shine al'ada ga mawaƙa na Calypso da Afirka a lokacin. Ghanaba ta ki canzawa, ta fara yanayin da aka kwafe a ciki da waje.

Ghanaba ce a cikin wata hira da John Collins a shekara ta 1973, "Dole ne in yi zabi tsakanin kasancewa mummunan kwaikwayon Buddy Rich ko yin wani abu da ba za su iya ba. Zan iya kunna jazz da kyau, amma ina da wani abu da babu wanda yake da shi, don haka na fara kunna kiɗa na Afirka tare da ɗan jazz da aka jefa, ba jazz tare da ɗan Afirka da aka jefa ba. "

A shekara ta 1956, an rubuta kundi na farko na Ghanaba, Africa Speaks, America Answers, don Decca. Ya tabbatar da sunansa a matsayin mai kida mai inganci. Ya haɗu da rhythms na Afirka da Yamma kuma ya gabatar da kayan aiki na ainihi a cikin kiɗa. shekara ta 1964, Decca da mawaƙin Jamus Bert Kaempfert sun fitar da wani nau'in kiɗa na "That Happy Feeling", waƙar da ta fi shahara a kan Africa Speaks, America Answers, a ƙarƙashin taken asali "Eyi Wala Dong (Addu'ar Afirka) " a kan kundin Kaempfèr na 1962 A Swingin' Safari .


[14] shekara guda, Ghanaba ya yi aiki a kan sakin Themes for African Drums (RCA Victor, 1958), wanda yake so ya yi amfani da muryoyi, drums, da trombone, tare da tasirin Afirka. Ya haɗu a kan wannan kundin tare da trombonist Lawrence Brown, wanda ya ce abin da Ghanaba ke yi ba sabon abu ne a jazz. [15]Art Blakey da Randy Weston ne suka rubuta nau'ikan murfin "Love, the Mystery of", [1] wadanda suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin waƙarsa ta taken shekaru 40.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1959 masu karatu na mujallar Drum sun zabi Ghanaba a matsayin mai bugawa na farko. Kundin sa na African Rhythms (Decca, 1962), ya kamata a saki shi a shekara guda da ta gabata ta Columbia amma yarjejeniyar ta rushe. Daga nan sai ya shiga Martin Salkin da Milt Gabler na Decca . Ghanaba an jera ta a cikin Encyclopaedia na Jazz a matsayin mai ba da labari wanda ya yi amfani da rhythms da kayan aiki na Afirka a cikin jazz na yau da kullun. A wani lokaci a farkon shekarun 1970s, lokacin da ya yi kide-kide a Filin wasa na Ohene Djan a Accra, taron sun fita. Ya daina wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye kuma ya daina buga kara. Ya fitar da kundi biyu ne kawai a cikin shekarun 1970s: The African Soundz (RCA Victor, 1972) da The Divine Drummer (1978).

Ya tambayi Nii Anum Telfer ya gano wata wasika daga Afirka Obonu, daga baya za a san shi da Ghanababii, ƙungiyar ƙwanƙwasawa da ke zaune a La a Accra wanda ya rubuta wa Ghanaba. Bayan an tuntubi Ghanababii ne ya sake fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya buga wasanni da yawa, ciki har da Free South Africa na kowane wata ya nuna cewa shi da Nii Anum Telfer sun shirya a Cibiyar Al'umma ta Accra don nuna hadin kai ga Nelson Mandela, wanda a lokacin yana kurkuku, da mutanen Afirka ta Kudu da ke yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1979, ya hada Zagba Oyortey, Ofei Nkansah, Wendy Addae, Dorothy Gordon (aiti-KACE), Akuoko, Akwasi Adu Amankwa, Anthony Akoto Ampaw (Che-Che), Tsatsu Tsikata, Fui Tsikata, Farfesa Akilagpa Sawyerr, Nii Kwate Owoo, George Quaynor-Mettle, Takyiwa, Manu Kwaku Opoku, F. Ato da James Quarshie. Manufar su ita ce tattara, adanawa, rubuce-rubuce, da inganta fasahar Afirka da al'adunsu. A lokacin kide-kide na Soul to Soul a Accra a ranar 8 ga Maris 1971, Ghanaba ta yi tare da ƙungiyar 'yan wasan gourd daga Benin.

1980–2008[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon shekarun 1980s Ghanaba ya koma Achimota kuma yana da 'yarsa ta biyu, Gye Nyame Hosanna Ghanaba . A shekara ta 1983, don neman zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, ya koma kauyen Korleman. Kodayake bai fitar da manyan kundin ba a wannan lokacin, ya ci gaba da aiki a masana'antar kiɗa a Ghana. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar mawaƙa ta Ghana kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar a matsayin shugaban kasa daga 1989 zuwa 1992, yana ba da shawarar bukatar mawaƙa na Ghana su yi amfani da kayan kiɗa na asali. Ghanaba [16] yi la'akari da aikinsa mafi girma a matsayin fassarar drum din Afirka na "Hallelujah Chorus" na Handel. A shekara ta 1981, Aklowa, ƙauyen Tarihin Afirka, wanda ke Takeley, kusa da London, ya yi masa sata a matsayin Odomankoma Kyrema (The Divine Drummer). An gudanar da kide-kide na tarihi guda uku a cikin sadaukar da gudummawar Afirka ga Duniya a Royal Albert Hall na London a watan Maris na shekara ta 1986. Daga wannan lokacin, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Goethe-Institut, Cibiyar DuBois, da sauran wuraren a Ghana. [17] shekara ta 2001, ya shiga matsayin The Divine Drummer a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Yaa Asantewaa: Warrior Queen wanda Margaret Busby ta rubuta. Adzido Pan-African Dance Ensemble, da African and Caribbean Music Circuit, Black Voices, da Pan-Afircan Orchestra da West Yorkshire Playhouse ne suka samar da shi, wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya kuma ya yi a Accra da Kumasi.

Ghanaba tana son raba ra'ayoyi tare da mawaƙa. Sabine Hentzch na Goethe-Institut a Accra ya gabatar da shi ga Robyn Schulkowsky, wata mace mai bugawa daga Amurka da ke zaune a Jamus, ya ce: "Dukan rayuwata na yi tunanin ni kaɗai ne a duniya wanda ya isa ya magance kiɗa kamar yadda nake yi. Kuma yanzu dole ne in gane cewa akwai wani; mace, fari. " A cikin 1992 ya kuma kafa kuma gyara Hwe (Observe), jaridar mako-mako.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, a lokacin bukukuwan Black History Month, an ba Ghanaba lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award a Cibiyar WEB Dubois a Accra. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, ya ba da sandunansa ga ɗansa Glenn "Ghanababa" Warren a wani bikin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Accra .

Ghanaba ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2008. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 2009, an gudanar da haraji a Jazz Gallery a New York tare da Randy Weston, Obo Addy, da Kwaku Martin Obeng . [18]

Afirka ta farko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1974, ranar tunawa da Ranar Jamhuriyar Ghana, ya karbi sunan Ghanaba . Tun yana ƙarami yana so ya kasance mai aminci ga asalinsa na Afirka. An bayyana girman kai game da al'adunsa na Afirka a cikin kiɗansa da tufafin da ya sa. Manufarsa ita ce ta sa kasancewar Afirka ta ji a cikin kiɗa na duniya.

[19][13]Max Roach ya ce a shekara ta 1974 cewa Ghanaba na so ya karfafa "kiɗan Afirka na Amurka" ta hanyar juyawa zuwa kiɗan Afirka don wahayi.

Ya damu da sha'awar 'yan Ghana da yawa don kayan kayan da aka ƙera a waje da ƙasar. Ghanaba na daga cikin mutane uku da Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah ya zaba don ba da shawara kan batutuwan siyasa, ruhaniya, da na mutum. Ya sake maimaita wannan hidimar ga Jerry John Rawlings lokacin da ya zama shugaban kasa.

A cikin shekarun 1970s, Ghanaba ta shiga African Obonu (wanda aka fi sani da Ghanababii) da sauransu don yin Nunin Afirka ta Kudu na kowane wata. An shirya waɗannan a Cibiyar Al'umma ta Accra don nuna hadin kai tare da Nelson Mandela da mutanen Afirka ta Kudu a cikin yaki da wariyar launin fata. An shirya wasu shirye-shirye don tunawa da muhimman ranakun tarihin Afirka, kamar Ranar Independence ta Namibia, da kuma girmama 'yan Afirka kamar masu dambe Azumah Nelson da Ike Quartey. Ya kasance mai karatu mai ƙwazo wanda ke da alamar a gidansa wanda ya karanta "Zan fi so in karanta". Ya tattara littattafai, jaridu, da sauran kayan da yake fatan za a iya tsara su. Jami'ar New York ta nuna sha'awar tarin sa. Wani farfesa Nazarin Afirka a makarantar ya kafa Laburaren Tarihin Afirka a Accra tare da mafi yawan kayan da suka fito daga tarin Ghanaba. Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, ya so ya ba da gudummawa ga gwamnatin Najeriya saboda jajircewarta ga bugu na biyu na Bikin Duniya na Black Arts a shekarar 1977.

Pan-Africanist, ya yi imanin cewa idan ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki bai tafi tare da ci gaban al'adu ba za a sami ci gaba ba.

Gidan Tarihin Afro-Jazz [20] Ghanaba wani aikin fasaha ne mai zaman kansa "wanda aka keɓe don girmamawa, da adanawa, gadon almara Kofi Ghanaba" da kuma inganta kiɗa da al'adun Afro-Jzz.

[21] littafin Robin D. G. Kelley na Africa Speaks, America Answers (2012) an ɗauke shi ne daga kundin Ghanaba na 1956 na wannan sunan.

Hallelujah!, fim din Steven Feld game da Ghanaba, an nuna shi a bikin Jazz na shekara-shekara na 6 na New Mexico, Albuquerque, sannan kuma tattaunawar bayan nunawa tare da Randy Weston da Steven Feld .

Littattafai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • I Have a Story to Tell …, by Guy Warren, Accra [Ghana]: Printed by the Guinea Press, c. 1962. Tells the story of Guy Warren's sojourn in America as an African jazz musician.
  • Hey Baby! Dig Dat Happy Feelin' – A biographical retrospective; produced by Roger Davies, Chelmsford, UK, 2003.

Bayanan da aka yi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Africa Speaks America Answers (Decca, 1956)
  • Themes for African Drums (RCA Victor, 1959)
  • African Rhythms (Decca, 1962)
  • Emergent Drums (Lansdowne, 1964)
  • Afro-Jazz (Columbia, 1969)
  • Native Africa (KPM Music, 1969)
  • The African Soundz of Guy Warren of Ghana (Regal Zonophone, 1972)

Bayanan da aka ambata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarin karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Jon Lusk, "Kofi Ghanaba: Drummer who pioneered Afro-jazz", The Independent, 9 March 2009.
  2. ↑ Jon Lusk, "Kofi Ghanaba: Drummer who pioneered Afro-jazz", The Independent, 9 March 2009.
  3. ↑ "Guy Warren 'The Divine Drummer'" Archived 25 Oktoba 2018 at the Wayback Machine, RetroAfric.com.
  4. ↑ Steven Feld, Jazz Cosmopolitanism in Accra: Five Musical Years in Ghana, Duke University Press, 2012, p. 57.
  5. ↑ Thus, according to Feld (Jazz Cosmopolitanism in Accra, 2012, p. 73), "signaling his concern to be known as an African, and not mistaken for an African American."
  6. ↑ Kelley, Robin D. G. (2012). Africa Speaks, America Answers: Modern Jazz in Revolutionary Times. Harvard University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-674-06524-6.
  7. ↑ Steven Feld, Jazz Cosmopolitanism in Accra: Five Musical Years in Ghana, Duke University Press, 2012, p. 57.
  8. ↑ "Ghana: Kofi Ghanaba – Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz". Ghanaian Chronicle. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  9. ↑ "Kofi Ghanaba – The Divine Drummer" Archived 2017-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, Ghanaba Afro-Jazz Gallery website.
  10. ↑ Lloyd Gedye, "Reliving West African highlife", Mail & Guardian, 20 April 2017.
  11. ↑ Shipley, Jesse Weaver (22 June 2015). Trickster Theatre: The Poetics of Freedom in Urban Africa. Indiana University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-253-01659-1. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  12. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Max Roach, "Ghanaba is a genius" Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Graphic, 30 August 1974. From Anumnyam Archives.
  14. ↑ "The Guy Warren Soundz – Themes for African Drums", Soundologigal Investimigations, 2 August 2008: "In fact, Guy Warren is pretty much checked as the start of afrojazz, bringing Yoruba rhythms and melodic sensibilities to NYC & Chicago in the 50s. He was so far ahead of the curve that they didn't know what to do with him back then (so of course the record company marketing men played up the sensationalist savage drummer angle) but his effect on the jazz idiom and popular music has been profound."
  15. ↑ "Love, The Mastery Of... Kofi Ghanaba (Guy Warren)", WFMU, 31 December 2008.
  16. ↑ Nii Laryea Korley, "'Hallelujah' on screen" Archived 2016-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, Graphic Showbiz, 24–30 April 2008.
  17. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  18. ↑ "Kofi Ghanaba: Memorial to the Divine Drummer", 21 June 2009. Presented by The Jazz Gallery and Jazzmobile as part of "Make Music New York".
  19. ↑ Ian Carr, Digby Fairweather, Brian Priestley (eds), The Rough Guide to Jazz, Rough Guides, 2004, p. 288.
  20. ↑ "Ghanaba Afro-Jazz Gallery". Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  21. ↑ John Robert Brown, "Africa Speaks, America Answers: Modern Jazz in Revolutionary Times, by Robin D. G. Kelley" (book review) Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, first published in Jazz Journal, 2012.
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